1 . The Yurok people have lived along the Klamath River, which flows from the Cascades in Oregon southwest through Northern California, for thousands of years, protecting the region and river from which they — and others — draw sustenance (生计).

But as development and pollution continue to reduce the number of fish in the river and the quantity and quality of its waters, the Yurok Tribe is legalizing (合法化) the tribe’s longstanding care by granting the Rights of Personhood to the Klamath, the first river in North America to have such rights declared.

The Yurok Tribal Council’s May 2019 resolution means the river has the same legal rights as a human under tribal law. This order allows people to bring law cases on behalf of the river when its rights are violated. According to the resolution, the tribe’s intention is to provide a legal basis for safeguarding the river and its ecosystem, especially in the face of water diversion, industrial pollution, and climate change impacts, among other threats. In a testimony (证词) delivered to the U. S. House of Representatives in October 2019, Yurok Tribe Vice Chairman Frankie Myers said this legal framework could create a path to ward a more thoughtful view of the rights of nature in other communities and courts, and that any money awarded by the Yurok courts will fund cleanup and restoration projects to remedy the litigated harms.

The Yurok Tribe’s resolution draws lessons from the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and echoes the efforts of other Indigenous tribes, including the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, which adopted the Rights of wild rice, in December 2018. “This is a very important step forward in the Rights of Nature movement,” Mari Margil, Associate Director of the Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund commented.

1. Which of the following can be used to describe Yurok people?

A．A conqueror.

B．A guardian.

C．A governor.

D．A consumer.

2. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?

A．The process of legalization.	B．The tradition of Yurok tribe.
C．The reason behind the legalization.	D．The importance of the Klamath River.

3. What does the law aim to do?

A．Win an award in cleanup projects.

B．Protect the personhood of the river.

C．Fight against global water pollution.

D．Improve the government legal system.

4. What can we learn from Yurok Tribe according to the last paragraph?

A．Time and tide wait for no man.

B．Birds of a feather flock together.

C．Past experience is a guide for the future.

D．All things are difficult before they are easy.

4 . “There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, “that is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s statement and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are charged with corruption (腐败).

The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse (分散的) “halo effect” its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.

Previous studies on CSR have had trouble distinguishing these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions (起诉) under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.

The study finds that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tend to get more lenient punishments. Their analysis rules out the possibility that it is the firm’s political influence, rather than its CSR stance, that accounts for the leniency: Companies that contribute more to political campaigns do not receive lower fines.

In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labor-rights concern, such as child labor, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.

Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are relying on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

1. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with___________.

A．uncertainty

B．interest

C．approval

D．tolerance

2. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by___________.

A．guarding it against malpractices	B．protecting it from consumers
C．winning trust from consumers	D．raising the quality of its products

3. The underlined expression “more lenient” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to___________.

A．less debatable

B．more lasting

C．more effective

D．less severe

4. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record___________.

A．comes across as reliable evidence	B．has an impact on their decision
C．is considered part of the investigation	D．increases the chance of being punished

5 . 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

China’s top legislature (立法机构) passed the Yellow River Protection Law on Sunday. Due     1     (come) into effect from April 1, the law explains water conservation on the river basin, ecological protection and     2     (restore), conservation and intensive use of water resources, flood control and pollution prevention among other measures.

The Yellow River, the second     3     (long) river in China, is called the mother river of the Chinese nation. Since the founding of new China, large-scale protection of the river     4     (carry) out and remarkable achievements made. The introduction of the Yellow River Protection Law will further enhance the river’s governance (管理) and protection.

The law     5     (cover) a series of key issues, such as ecological environment fragility and water shortage. This means the settlement of some of the “pain points”     6     have long troubled the river now has a legal basis. The law also     7     (specific) highlights the need to strengthen the protection, inheritance and promotion of the Yellow River culture.

The Yellow River basin is home     8     a lot of cultural relics, ancient documents and other important cultural heritage, and     9     (they) protection is a very important part of the river’s protection and governance, since it is of irreplaceable significance to promoting     10     inheritance (继承) of Chinese civilization.

7 . 课本原文填空。

Besides such ethical concerns, the legal situations the autonomous vehicle industry is likely to be confronted with have     1     heated debates. In this emerging industry, manufacturing and programming standards are not yet     2    . Moreover, the quality and safety of the technology used in self-driving cars is still being challenged. This could lead to extraordinary cases like who should be held     3     when self-driving cars are involved in accidents — should it be the driver, the software programmer or the manufacturer? Manufacturing and programming standards first have to be agreed upon to make it possible for law courts to decide who is at fault when things go wrong. As     4     in autonomous vehicle design and technology are in progress, the final agreement on laws and regulations     5     this industry remains to be seen.

8 . New York has become the most recent state to ban the sale of some animals in pet stores. A new law signed by Governor Kathy Hochul bans the sale of dogs, cats, and rabbits in retail shops. The new law encourages pet stores to work with animal rescue groups and shelters to make space for rescued animals that are available for adoption.

California was the first state to pass a retail ban in 2017. Maryland followed in 2018 and a statewide ban in Illinois went into effect in February. Maine and Washington passed laws that ban the sales in new pet stores. Now, more than 300 cities and counties throughout the United States have passed pet-sale bans. There are at least 10,000 commercial pet stores in the country, and fewer than 3,000 of them are regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, according to the estimates from the Humane Society of the United States.

In these commercial pet stores, animals are usually kept in dirty, crowded cages with limited access to medical care and human interaction. They often don’t get enough to eat or drink, have little protection from cold or heat; and don’t have a separate place to go to the bathroom. Many animals raised in the commercial pet stores go on to have physical and emotional problems.

Although conditions are often horrible, commercial pet stores are usually legal unless authorities are called in to close those with extremely inhumane (不人道的) conditions. “Dogs, cats, and rabbits across New York deserve loving homes and humane treatment,” Governor Hochul said in a statement. “I’m proud to sign this law, which will make meaningful steps to cut down on bad treatment and protect the welfare of animals across the state.” However, some pet store owners have argued that the law will cause a large quantity of pet stores in New York to close.

1. What is the new law signed by Governor Kathy Hochul about?

A．Avoiding abusing pets.

B．Preventing adopting pets.

C．Forbidding distributing pets.

D．Forbidding trading certain pets in pet stores.

2. What’s the main idea of paragraph 3?

A．The operation mode of commercial pet stores.

B．The problems faced by commercial pet stores.

C．The poor living conditions of the pets in pet stores.

D．The physical and emotional problems of some animals.

3. What can we learn about the law from the last paragraph?

A．It is well received.

B．It is highly profitable.

C．It takes ages to see the results.

D．It may also have its shortcoming.

4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A．New York state offers medical care to animals

B．New York state bans pet stores from selling some animals

C．New York state assists pet store owners with laws

D．New York state ignores the horrible conditions of pets

10 . 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A TV play called The Knockout (《狂飙》) has been heatedly discussed by national lawmakers, political advisers and cultural experts. It reminds them     1    (create) a good environment for the rule of law.

It is the first play to describe the country’s fight     2     organized crime and educate people about the judicial (司法的) system. It tells the story of     3     police officer’s 20-year journey in the battle against such crime, and also shows the rise and fall of underworld figures and dishonest     4    (official). The 39-episode play began screening on CCTV and iQiyi, a provider of     5    (stream) services at the beginning of this year. It received a rating of 8.5 out of 10 on Douban, one of the country’s most-visited review platforms. Even though more than a month     6    (pass) since the series ended, discussion continues on China’s social media platforms, with many people praising the plot and the actors’ performances.

Talking about the play’s success, Jiang Shengnan, a scriptwriter, suggested that people in the film     7     TV industries should focus more on legal issues because the rule of law is     8    (great) close to everyone’s interests. She highlighted the     9    (profession) nature of the scripts, adding that such qualities are vital to attracting audiences and helping     10    (far) develop people’s legal awareness.