Discovering Useful Structure

语法训练

探究发现

1.“Why should girls learn so much?Finding a good husband should be their final goal!” her brother complained,thinking of the high tuition fees. 

2.Thinking of all the people still in need of help,Dr Lin opened a private clinic. 

3.At times she was even seen riding a donkey to faraway villages to provide medical care. 

4.The new People’s Republic of China saw Dr Lin Qiaozhi playing a key role. 

课文中以上四个句中均含有一个动词-ing形式或动词-ing短语,它们在句中充当不同的成分。在句(1)和句(2)中充当状语成分;在和句(3)和句(4)中充当宾语补足语成分。

动词-ing形式的用法(2)

一、动词-ing形式做宾语补足语

(1)用在感官动词feel,hear,notice,observe,see,smell,watch,listen to,look at等之后做宾语补足语。

I saw a boy playing basketball on the playground.

我看见一个男生在操场打篮球。

We could hear her singing as she ran upstairs.

我们可以听到她边唱歌边跑上楼。

(2)用在使役动词get,have及bring(致使),keep(使),leave(使), send(使),set(使开始),start(使开始)等之后做宾语补足语。这种情况往往表示“让或使某人/某物处于某种状态”。

The doctor will soon have you walking about again.

医生将很快地使你能再走动。

The children kept the fire burning all the time.

孩子让火一直燃烧着。

(3)用在其他动词catch,discover,find等之后做宾语补足语。

The manager caught me smoking in the office again.

经理又抓住我在办公室抽烟了。

(4)用在with复合结构中。

I couldn’t do my homework with the noise going on.

由于噪音不断,我没法做家庭作业。

With so many people looking at her,she felt nervous.

这么多人看着她,她感到紧张。

温馨提示 (1)动词的-ing形式和动词不定式做宾语补足语的区别:

动词的-ing形式做宾语补足语表示动作正在进行,不是指全过程;不定式做宾语补足语表示动作的完成,指全过程。

He saw a girl getting on the car.

他看见一个女孩在上汽车。(She was getting on the car.)

He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.

他看见一个女孩上车开走了。(She got on the car and drove off.)

(2)动词的-ing形式和过去分词做宾语补足语的区别:

当宾语与做宾语补足语的动词在逻辑上是主动关系时,用动词-ing形式(正在进行或一直处于某种状态);当宾语与做宾语补足语的动词在逻辑上是被动关系时,用过去分词。

We saw him talking to her.

我们看到他在与她谈话。(正在进行)

I saw him beaten by Tom.

我看到他被汤姆打了。(him与beaten是被动关系)

(3)动词的-ing形式做宾语补足语的被动语态:

含动词的-ing形式做宾语补足语的句子在转换为被动语态时,该动词的-ing形式的宾语补足语就变成主语补足语了。

He was found lying on the floor.

有人发现他躺在地上。

分析:“He”在句子中做主语,“was found”做谓语,使用

了被动语态,lying on the floor做主语补足语。

二、动词-ing形式做状语的用法

动词-ing形式(短语)在句中做状语用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。

1.做时间状语

动词-ing形式做时间状语时,常放在句首,相当于一个时间状语从句。

Hearing the noise,I turned round.

= When I heard the noise,I turned round.

听到响声我转过身去。

温馨提示 动词-ing形式(短语)强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,前面可带when,while,after,before,since等从属连词。如:

When visiting a strange city,I like to have a guide-book with me.

游览陌生城市时,我喜欢随身带着导游手册。

2.做原因状语

动词-ing形式做原因状语时,相当于一个原因状语从句,也可以放在句首。

Being poor,he couldn’t afford a TV set.

=Because he was poor,he couldn’t afford a TV set.

由于穷,他买不起一台电视机。

3.做条件状语

动词-ing形式做条件状语时,相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。

Working hard,you will succeed.

=If you work hard,you will succeed.

只要努力学习,你将会成功的。

4.做结果状语

动词-ing形式做结果状语时,通常放在句末,中间用逗号隔开,表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。

The fire lasted a whole night,causing great damage.

大火持续了一整夜,造成了巨大损失。

温馨提示 动词-ing形式做结果状语,是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果,其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况,前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式做结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果,常用only to do结构,其被动形式为only to be done。

He was caught in the rain,thus making himself catch a cold.

被雨淋后他感冒了。

I hurried to school,only to find it was Sunday.

我匆忙赶到学校,结果发现是星期天。

5.做让步、方式和伴随状语

动词-ing形式做让步、方式和伴随状语时,说明动作发生的背景和情况,做伴随状语时,表示分句的动作和主句的动作同时发生,此时它可转换成并列句。

Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.

=Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.

玛丽坐在教室的窗边读书。

温馨提示 动词-ing形式做状语注意事项

1.动词-ing形式的时态

动词-ing形式做状语时,要注意动词-ing形式的时间性,是用动词-ing形式的一般式(doing),还是用完成式(having done)。

(1)当动词-ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,用动词-ing形式的一般式。

Walking in the street,I met an old friend of mine.

我正在大街上行走时,遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)

(2)当动词-ing形式的动作先发生,而谓语动词的动作后发生时,用动词-ing形式的完成式。

Having finished the letter,he went to post it.

他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished 是先发生的,went是后发生的)

2.动词-ing形式的语态

使用动词-ing形式的主动式还是被动式,这主要取决于动词-ing形式和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是动词-ing形式的逻辑主语。

Having been shown around the factory,they were very happy.(动词-ing形式的被动式)

被领着参观了工厂后,他们很高兴。

Having finished his homework,he went to bed.(动词-ing形式的主动式)完成了作业后,他上床睡觉。

3.动词-ing形式的否定式:not doing;not having done

Not knowing this,he didn’t come.

他不知道这件事,所以没来。

Not having made full preparations,we put off the sports meeting.

因为没有做好充分的准备,我们把运动会延期了。

4.独立主格

动词-ing形式做状语,有时它也可以有自己独立的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构,通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况,也可以表示时间、原因或条件。

The trees are extremely tall,some measuring over 90 metres.

那些树非常高,其中一些高达90多米。

The weather being fine,we went out for a walk.

由于天气好,我们去散步了。

5.动词-ing形式做评注性状语

有些动词-ing形式在句中没有逻辑主语,它们往往做句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子,表明说话者的态度观点等。例如:generally speaking“一般来说”,judging by/from...“从……判断”,taking everything into consideration“从全盘考虑”。

Judging by/from his behaviour,he must be mad.

从他的行为来判断,他一定是疯了。

Generally speaking,girls are more interested in literature than boys.一般来说,女孩比男孩对文学感兴趣。

随堂练习

建议用时：10分钟

I. 单句语法填空

II. 单句改错

(1)She is popular among her friends because no matter who is in trouble she always comes to his or her assist.

assist→assistance  

III. 句型转换

IV. 完成句子