【推荐1】A full moon is appearing—and it will have a big impact on animals, especially those in the ocean.

Recent studies show that many types of animals have biological clocks finely tuned to the cycles of the moon, which drives interesting and sometimes strange patterns of behavior.

Besides discovering hidden aspects of animal life, the research also has intention of better understanding the circadian clocks(生物钟)present in all animals, including humans.

The first circadian clocks evolved in the oceans, so studying them in ocean animals can tell us a lot about how they evolved and how they work and interact with each other, explains Kim Last, a researcher at the Scottish Association for Marine Science.

Oysters(牡蛎), which open their shells to eat and spawn, also have a lunar rhythm, a new study shows.

In a recent experiment, French researchers carefully monitored how widely a dozen oysters opened their shells during a 3.5-month period. The team used a high-tech device that quantified the valve opening every two seconds, as described in a paper published in the journal Biology Letters.

They found that two types of oysters in Arcachon Bay in southwestern France were significantly more open during new moons and more closed when the moon was full. In addition, the oysters could tell the difference between the first quarter moon and the third quarter moon, and were significantly more open (by nearly 20 percent) at the latter.

It’s unknown why the oysters do this, though it could be due to more algae(海藻) or other food being available during the new moon and as the year progresses, says study leader Damien Tran, a researcher at the University of Bordeaux.

The lunar cycle could influence food availability by its impact on the tides and thus the ocean’s currents. When the moon is full or new, it is directly in line with Earth and the sun, forcing a strong pull on the ocean and thus causing more pronounced tides, explains David Wilcockson, a ocean biologist at Aberystwyth University in Wales who wasn’t part of the study.

1. Where did the earliest life forms probably evolve?

A．In the tides.	B．In the oysters.
C．In the moon.	D．In the ocean.

2. Based on the observations, what is the likely order of when the oysters are most open and most closed?
①The new moon;       ②The full moon;
③The first quarter;            ④The third quarter

A．①-②-③-④	B．①-②-④-③
C．①-④-③-②	D．①-③-④-②

3. What is it that leads to the huge tides?

A．A strong pull.	B．A straight line.
C．The lunar cycle.	D．The ocean’s current.

4. Why are oysters mentioned as an example?

A．To explain why they open their shells.

B．To further stress the moon’s impact on animals.

C．To show the difficulty of science experiments.

D．To introduce how the high-tech device is used in experiments.

【推荐2】E

Looking for a low-cost path to self-knowledge? A way to mine your subconscious (潜意识的) for clues to your motivations, desires and fears? No need to have years of treatments or analyses. Just look to your dreams. “You can ignore your dreams, but you are really doing harm to yourself,” says Lauri Quinn Loewenberg. “If so, you’re letting red flags pass you by, letting great ideas pass you by.”

Some sleep researchers believe dreams are more directly related to our moods and emotions and can serve as tools to self-understanding. Dreams occur during the REM (rapid eye movements) cycles of sleep each night. For adults, that means about every 90 minutes. The first period of REM sleep may be short, 5 to 10 minutes, followed by longer periods, finally reaching an hour or more in the fourth or fifth period.

When people are dreaming, brain scans show a lot of activities. The brain is online during dreams. The experiences you have during the day are connected during dream sleep. People we know or experiences we’ve had at different times in our lives may be different in the same dream.

Amy Beth Gilstrap has had the same recurring dream that annoyed her since Hurricane Katrina drove her and her daughter and friends out of New Orleans. Mrs. Gilstrap says, “It is always spies. My job is to get people to some place.” She’s certain the dream is related to her efforts in the hurricane to help several families leave. Sometimes her cats also are part of that dream. That’s because she went back into New Orleans, before it was allowed, to rescue her cats.

Today, through brain scans scientists have known that the parts of the brain that control emotions and long-term memories are active during the REM sleep.

1. The passage is mainly to tell readers                    .

A．dreams are mainly caused by hard work	B．dreams can offer us key to self-knowledge
C．dreams are only activities of our brains	D．how dreams help us solve our problems

2. According to the words from Lauri Quinn Loewenberg,                    .

A．dreams can make you feel badly ill	B．you often have red flags in your dreams
C．dreams will make your life colorful	D．you may get great help from your dreams

3. According to the passage, the underlined word “It” in Paragraph 4 refers to              .

A．Mrs. Gilstrap’s dream	B．Mrs. Gilstrap’s job
C．Hurricane Katrina	D．New Orleans

4. According to the passage, when you are dreaming at night,                .

A．your dream is connected with your work in the day

B．the dream will generally last about 5 to 10 minutes

C．the longer dream should be in the later part of the sleep

D．your eyes will not move during the time

【推荐1】Archaeologists used DNA taken from a broken clay pipe stem found in Maryland to build a picture of an enslaved woman who died around 200 years ago and had origins in modern-day Sierra Leone. One researcher called the work “a mind-blower.”

“In this particular context, and from that time period, I think it's a first,” team member Hannes Schroeder told The Washington Post. “To be able to get DNA from an object like a pipe stem is quite exciting. Also it is exciting for descendant(后裔) communities... Through this technology, they're able to make a connection not only to the site but potentially back to Africa.”

The pipe stem was found at the Belvoir plantation in Crownsville, Maryland, where enslaved people lived until 1864 and where a likely slave cemetery was recently found. DNA taken from the pipe linked back to a woman either directly from or descended from the Mende people, who lived in west Africa, in an area now part of Sierra.

Julie Schablitsky, the chief archaeologist with the Maryland state highway administration, told The Post the discovery, based on saliva(唾液) absorbed into the clay pipe, was a “mind-blower”. She also said records show the existence of a slave trade route Sierra Leone to Annapolis, plied(定期往来) by British and American ships. "As soon as people stepped on those slave ships in Africa," she said, “whether they were from Benin or whether they were from Sierra Leone, wherever they were from, that identity was lost. Their humanity is stripped from. Who they are as a people has gone.”

The new analysis is part of ongoing research around Belvoir that has given descendants of the people enslaved there new insight into the lives of their ancestors. Speaking to The Post, Nancy Daniels, a genealogist from Laurel, Maryland, who thinks she is a descendant of enslaved families from Belvoir but was not linked to the research on the pipe, called the discovery “overwhelming.” “I'm sitting here about ready to cry,” she said. “I'm sorry. I'm so happy ... Thank God for the DNA.”

This year, events and ceremonies are being held to mark the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved people in America, at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. Slavery was effectively abandoned in the US on 1 January 1863, with the issue by Abraham Lincoln of the Emancipation Proclamation. It formally ended in December 1865, after the civil war, with the approval of the 13th amendment(修正案).

1. What does the phrase “a mind-blower” in paragraphs 1 and 4 refer to?

A．A surprise	B．A confusion
C．An excitement	D．A fascination

2. According to Hannes Schroeder, the pipe stem was of great significance because________.

A．it was the first direct evidence that slaves living in Maryland were originally from Africa.

B．it helped the archaeologists to draw a portrait of the enslaved woman.

C．it might contribute to identifying the birthplace of the descendant communities.

D．it contained genic clues to the ancestral background of its owner.

3. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The owner of the pipe once lived in what is now an area in west Africa.

B．The history of slavery in America is an ongoing topic of concern.

C．African slaves lost their identities when they arrived at the Belvoir plantation.

D．Nancy Daniels, a genealogist was sorry for not being involved in the research.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A．DNA from an old pipe throws lights on the origins of the enslaved

B．A new research reveals the origins of enslaved African woman

C．The descendants of enslaved people seek their identities

D．DNA contributes to the breakthrough of a new research

【推荐2】People who have trouble walking or moving around often have a hard time enjoying the beach. But hundreds of beaches in Greece now offer a new way for people in wheelchairs to get into the water by themselves. It’s called Seatrac.

Seatrac is basically a chair on a moving ramp (坡道) that can carry a disabled person into the sea. It is operated by remote (远程的) control. Once in the sea, the person can either remain in the chair, enjoying the water, or go for a swim. When the person is ready to get out of the water, the Seatrac system brings the chair back to the top the ramp.

Seatrac was invented and developed in Greece. When one of the inventors, Ignatios Fotiou, was talking with a friend who used a wheelchair, the friend said he enjoyed the sea, but didn’t like having to be carried into the ocean. Mr Fotiou realized there must be a way to make it easier for wheelchair users to get into the water. Mr Fotiou worked with his partner and a professor at a Greek university to design the system. Finnally, they formed a company called TOBEA to build and sell the systems.

The company worked hard to make the system simple enough to be put in place and easy to run. A wooden walkway allows wheerchair users to reach the Seatrac. The system uses solar (太阳能的) power. It doesn’t require outside power, and can continue to run even if the electricity goes out. The Seatrac system can easily be packed up and stored when the swimming season ends.

The Seatrac system is being used at over 220 beaches in Greece, Cypris, Italy, and Latvia. TOBEA hopes to offer Seatrac in other countries. TOBEA has created a website showing where beaches with these special services can be found. The Greek govenment hopes that Seatrac will help attract more tourists to the country.

1. What is Seatrac able to do?

A．Watch out of the disabled in the sea.

B．Choose the suitable beach for the disabled.

C．Help the disabled get in and out of the sea safely.

D．Enable the disabled to move around the beach freely.

2. What made Mr Fotiou decide to develop Seatrac?

A．His partner’s advice.	B．His love for the sea.
C．his wish to start a company.	D．The difficulty his friend faced.

3. What does the author mention about the Seatrac system?

A．It is becoming more popular.	B．It should be well protected.
C．It needs to be fully introduced to the public.	D．It is environmentally friendly and convenient.

4. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?

A．Expectations for Seatrac.	B．The practical application of Seatrac.
C．The popularity of Seatrac.	D．Special services Seatrac provides.

【推荐1】When Denis wants to relax at work, he steps into a quiet room, sits in a chair, slips on a virtual-reality headset, and escapes to the beach. For Denis, those minutes are a tool he relies on regularly to both relieve and prevent stress.

He's not the only one at his company to use the room, where workers can also use a headset to watch a moon walk, take a virtual roller-coaster ride or access a meditation (冥想) app.

Research shows VR can help reduce pain and anxiety. But it's not yet clear why it works. Experts believe it's related to the technology's power to distract.

''Whatever their problems are, whatever their stresses are, they can literally neglect them and have a different emotional pulse, '' Denis said.

Virtual-reality headsets haven't taken off with consumers, but they're now powerful and inexpensive enough for companies to consider investing in them to help make workers and customers happier.

The headsets may help people take a virtual break from their surroundings, but there are challenges to consider. Ramon Llamas, a tech market researcher, noted that there could be challenges in handing out headsets. Some people get sick or dizzy while using virtual reality, and the headsets may get dirty or broken. There's also the task of quickly familiarizing people with using the headsets, especially since VR adoption has been so limited and the ways they are controlled can vary.

For now, Llamas said, he's concerned about privacy and security. What if, for instance, someone manages to back into a headset and insert some content into what you're watching?

Another potential issue is the managing of the headsets and software that goes along with them. This is likely not a complication for an office like Umber Realty's, where people can simply take a headset off if they feel something wrong. But it could be more of a problem if you're stuck in a dentist's chair. ''The last thing you want is that in the middle of extracting a tooth something goes wrong.'' Llamas said.

1. What does Denis's company use Virtual Reality for?

A．Improving the customers' experience.

B．Displaying the schedule of his company.

C．Relieving the staff's work pressure.

D．Saving the trouble of transportation.

2. How can the VR devices help the users by Denis?

A．Ignoring reality for the moment.	B．Improving their thinking.
C．Designing work for the company.	D．Investing in a new industry.

3. What does the author focus on in the last three paragraphs?

A．The potential problems with VR.

B．The privacy policy available for VR.

C．The management of these devices in the market.

D．The standards the VR technology is to follow.

4. What is the best title of the passage?

A．VR, a promising business in future!	B．Is VR always making us relax?
C．The adoption of VR needs investments.	D．Are we saying ''goodbye'' to VR?

【推荐2】If you had asked me then if I would accept a job as a restaurant critic for The New York Times. or any establishment publication, I would have replied, without a second thought, “Of course not!” And not just because I did not want to think of myself as an ambitious sort Working in restaurants was honest labor, anyone could see that. Writing about them for the mainstream press was not; it felt like joining the enemy.

But renewing was fun. so much fun that when mainstream publishers started paying me for my opinions, I didn't do the decent thing. Before I knew it, I had stopped cooking Professionally.

Then I stopped cooking altogether. “She's joined the leisure class.” my friend said.

I disarmed (消解怒气)) my critics by inviting them along; nobody I knew could afford to eat out and nobody refused. We went with equal amounts of guilt and pleasure, with a feeling that we were trespassing (侵入))on the playgrounds of the rich.

We didn't belong in starchy restaurants. We knew it, and when we climbed out of my rent - a - wreck, splendid in years from the Salvation Army, everybody else knew it, too. We always got the worst table. And then, because I didn't own a credit card, I had to pay in cash. The year turned into two and three, and more. I got a credit card. I got good clothes. I was writing for increasingly prestigious (声誉高的)publications. Meanwhile, a voice inside me kept whispering, ^“How could you?”

The voice is still there, yakking (喋喋不休)away. When I receive weekly letters from people who think it is indecent to write about $100 meals while half the world is hungry, the voice yaks right along, “They're absolutely right, you elitist pig is hisses”. And when it asks. “When are you going to grow up and get a real job?^” it sounds a lot like my mother.

And just about then is when I tell the voice to shut up. Because when my mother starts idling me that all I'm doing with my life is telling rich people where to eat, I realize how much the world has changed.

Yes, there are still restaurants where rich people go to remind themselves that they are different from you and me. But there are fewer and fewer of them. As American food has come of age. American restaurants have changed. Going out to eat used to be like going to the opera; today, it is more like going to the movies.

And so everyone has become a critic. I couldn't be happier. The more people pay attention to what and how they eat, the more accustomed they become to their own senses and the world around them.

When I remember that conversation with M. F. K. Fisher, I wish I had not been quite so gentle. When I rerun the loop in my mind, I turn to her and say this: “No, you are wrong. A. J. Liebling had it right. All it really takes to be a restaurant critic is a good appetite.”

1. How did the author feel about the job as a restaurant critic at the very beginning?

A．She didn't think much of it

B．She was the ambitious one for it.

C．It was not suitable for a cook like her.

D．It was not easy to work for the mainstream press.

2. What does the third paragraph talk about?

A．A strong desire to be invited to eat out like the rich.

B．A mixed feeling of guilt and pleasure about eating out.

C．A mixed feeling of guilt and pleasure going into private property.

D．A special treat to be able to go into private property for fun.

3. What does the underlined sentence “The year turned into two, and three, and more.” In paragraph 4 mean?

A．She stayed in the career as a cook for years.

B．She kept on writing as a restaurant critic for years.

C．It was years before she quit the career as a cook.

D．It was years before her application for a credit card got approved.

4. The underlined word ''indecent'' in paragraph 5 most probably means .

A．worthwhile

B．critical

C．unacceptable

D．imperfect

5. What changes have taken place to American restaurants?

A．They have places for both the rich and the poor.

B．They have varieties of means for entertainment.

C．They have become too expensive to be available.

D．They have become affordable to common people,

6. Which of the following statements will the author most probably agree with?

A．The writer is getting tired of the job.

B．good appetite makes a good critic.

C．There is no need for restaurant critics at all.

D．Eating out is no longer a privilege the rich have.

【推荐3】To describe the sorrow of bookstores is to join the dirge-singing chorus. Everyone knows the tune: sales at bookstores have fallen because buyers are ordering books online or downloading them to e-readers. Bookstores may be great places to browse and linger, but online is where the deals are. In the latest chapter in the Borders legend, the bookstore chain has agreed to sell its assets（资产）for $215m to Direct Brands, a media-distribution company owned by Najafi, a private-equity firm, which would also assume an additional $220m in liabilities（债务）. This will serve as the opening bid for the company’s bankruptcy-court auction（拍卖），scheduled for July 19th.

Whatever happens at the auction will decide the fate of the bookseller, which has already closed more than a third of its stores. Because Direct Brands is an online and catalogue-based distributor of music. DVDs and books, some think that a deal with Najafi will do little to keep the remaining bookstores open. Rather, the company will probably see value in the Borders distribution network and liquidate（清算）almost everything else. Regardless, the story doesn’t look good for store employees and their shrinking customers.（The company, which employs more than 11,000 people, has racked up more than $191m in losses since seeking bankruptcy protection in February, according to the Wall Street Journal.）

Nashville, Tennessee, is still facing several bookstore closings, including a Borders and the more beloved Davis-Kidd. The result, as reported in the Nashville Scene, is an“object lesson in how truly awful it is to live in a town where used bookstores and the pitiful offerings of Books-a-Million are all we have.”The problem, however, is that no one seems willing to buy full-price books anymore. Campaigns to get people to buy books from their local bookstores—such as“Save Bookstores Day”on June 25th—miss the point. While there is a demand for real bcicks-and-mortar places to gather, drink coffee and read new books, such places can’t exist if the market can’t accommodate them.

Besides coffee, access to Wi-Fi and yoga mat, what will people pay for to enable a bricks-and-mortar bookstore? Could independent stores charge membership fees, which grant access to books at slightly lower prices? Would a corporate-sponsorship model work? Perhaps bookstores could become tax-subsidized（补贴税收的）places where people can browse and linger, but only borrow the books for limited periods of time—what the hell, let’s call them libraries.

At any rate, the market is squeezing out a meaningful public space. It will be interesting to see what fills the void（真空）these bookstores leave behind.

1. According to Paragraph 1, Borders went bankruptcy because ______.

A．its bookstores are not cozy enough to stay

B．a media-distribution company has purchased it

C．customers tend to buy books online or read e-books

D．online bookstores have totally replaced it

2. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that ______.

A．people in Nashville have protested against bookstore closings

B．the campaign to save bookstores did have some effect

C．people’s reluctance to buy full-price books is a reason for bookstore closings

D．people in Nashville feel indifferent to the bookstore closings

3. Which of the following is true about saving bookstores?

A．Local business and government should help out.

B．There is no proper and feasible method by now.

C．Bookstores should learn management from libraries.

D．Bookstores should enlarge entertainment places.

4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A．Goodbye to Bookstores

B．Online Reading or Buying Books from Bookstores?

C．The Bankruptcy of Borders

D．How to Save Bookstores from Closing?

【推荐1】A review of 100 years of fossil evidence reveals that 100 million years ago part of the Sahara Desert was arguably the riskiest place on our planet,wih a concentration of large predatory(食肉的）dinosaurs unmatched in any comparable modern ecosystem on land. The analysis of fossils from theso-called Kem Kem beds shows the presence in the area of large-scale predatory dinosaurs,reptiles and other hunters, all living together in what was at the time a river system full of very large fish, rather than a desert.

Paleontologist Nizar Ibrahim, lead author of the study, said that the Kem Kem ecosystem was a highly enigmatic place,ecologically speaking, since typically ecosystems present a larger number of plant-eating animals than predators, and predators themselves will come in a variety of sizes,with one larger predator being dominant. In the Kem Kem beds,fossils of predators outnumber those of plant-eating dinosaurs, and several of the predators living together in the area, such as the Carcharodontosaurus, the Spinosaurus,the Abelisaur and the Deltadromeus, were as big as a Tyrannosaurus rex (T.rex) - one of the largest dinosaurs that ever lived. This is strange “even by dinosaur standards,” according to Ibrahim, since the T. rex, which was present in North America tens of millions of years later, was “the unarguable ruler of its ancient ecosystem.”

It is unlikely that the large predators in the Kem Kem ecosystem ate one another. What's more realistic, according to Ibrahim, is that they ate the abundant and supersized fish present in the area - fish like coelacanths"the size of a car” and sawfish that could reach 25 feet in length.

The study of the Kem Kem beds carried out by Ibrahim and a group of international researchers across the U.S., Europe and Africa draws attention to the importance of learning more about Africa,which remains paleontology's forgotten continent.It shows that African ecosystems"do not simply copy the ones we know from North America,Europe or other better-known places,"and it also reveals clues about what happens to life when dramatic changes in climate come into play.

1. What does the underlined word “enigmatic" in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A．Dangerous.

B．Peaceful.

C．Puzzling.

D．Remote.

2. What can be learned about the Kem Kem ecosystem?

A．The T.rex was the real ruler of the ecosystem.

B．There once lived dangerous supersized dinosaurs.

C．There was an underground river instead of a desert.

D．The number of plant-eating dinosaurs went beyond that of predators.

3. Which of the following would Ibrahim agree with?

A．Sawfish once completely dominated North America.

B．Coelacanths were much larger than the Deltadromeus.

C．The Carcharodontosaurus and the Spinosaurus lived on fish.

D．The Abelisaur and the T. rex became extinct at the same time.

4. What does the study of the Kem Kem beds reveal?

A．African ecosystems have their uniqueness.

B．Humans have caused great changes in climate.

C．Fossils of predators proved to be alien species.

D．The Sahara Desert was formed 100 million years ago.

【推荐2】Women are friendly. But men are more competitive. Why? Researchers have found it’s all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷尔蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently.

“Women tend to be social in their behavior. They often share with others. But men tend to be competitive. They are trying to improve their social status,” said Professor Ryan.

Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interaction（互动）such as falling in love or giving birth.

But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.

Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship.

Professor Ryan’s recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants（参与者）received oxytocin. The other half received placebo（安慰剂）. After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material.

Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from competition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions.

The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men’s ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better.

Professor Ryan thus concluded: “ Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people’s abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors（因素）that are mainly hormonal.”

1. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text?

A．Placebo.	B．Oxytocin.
C．The gesture.	D．The social status.

2. What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment?

A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way.

B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love.

C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success.

D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences.

3. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment?

A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions.

B．To know the differences between friendship and competition.

C．To know people's different abilities to answer questions.

D．To test people's understanding of body language.

【推荐3】A new web standard is expected to kill passwords, meaning users will no longer have to remember difficult logins for each and every website or service they use.

The Web Authentication (WebAuthn) standard is designed to replace the password with biometrics and devices that users already own, such as a security key, a smartphone, a fingerprint scanner or webcam. Instead of having to remember an increasingly long string of characters, users can authenticate their login with their body or something they have in their possession, communicating directly with the website via Bluetooth, USB or NFC.

''WebAuthn will change the way that people access the Web, '' said Jeff Jaffe, chief executive of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the body that controls web standards. One example of how WebAuthn will work is that when a user visits a site they want to log into, they input a user name and then get an alert on their smartphone. Tapping on the alert on their phone then logs them into the website without the need for a password.

WebAuthn promises to protect users against phishing attacks and the use of stolen credentials as there will be nothing to steal, the authentication token is generated and used once by their specific device each time the user logs in.

''After years of increasingly severe data breaches and password credential theft, now is the time for service providers to end their dependency on vulnerable passwords and one-time-passcodes and adopt phishing-resistant FIDO Authentication for all websites and applications, '' said Brett McDowell, executive director of the FIDO Alliance, one of the bodies pushing the new standard.

WebAuthn should also help people use unique login details for each and every service they use, instead of using the same login and password for every site, which many people still do, leaving them vulnerable to further attacks if one site is hacked.

The W3C has moved WebAuthn to what's called the ''candidate recommendation'' stage – the penultimate step before it becomes an approved web standard – inviting sites and services to begin implementing it. The web standards body announced that Google, Microsoft and Mozilla had committed to supporting WebAuthn, meaning that all major web browsers short of Apple's Safari will implement the new standard.

''While there are many web security problems and we can't fix them all, relying on passwords is one of the weakest links. With WebAuthn's multi-factor solutions we are eliminating this weak link, '' said Jaffe.

Several sites and services already use similar methods to log in, including Google and Facebook, which can both be logged into using a USB security key. But a single cross-platform, cross-service standard ratified by the W3C will mean that many more sites and services will be able to kill the password as the defacto login method.

WebAuthn is the culmination of many years of work and the change will not happen overnight. But as it increasingly seems inevitable that our email or other online services will get hacked into, removing the password is an important step in improving online security and making using sites and services easier.

1. What's the purpose of the new Web Authentication standard?

A．To create a way to login in place of the traditional password.

B．To help users to improve the way of inventing the password.

C．To make people visit a site much faster and more smoothly.

D．To inform readers of a new tool against phishing attacks.

2. What does the underlined part ''which many people still do'' mean in Paragraph 6?

A．They change their passwords when using a computer system.

B．They use the same login and password on different websites.

C．They copy information from the web in the same way as before.

D．They worry about being attacked while surfing the Internet.

3. According to Jaffe, web security problems ______.

A．have been solved completely at present

B．are often connected with hacking and phishing

C．will disappear one day with the WebAthn

D．may probably be casted by unsafe passwords

4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．WebAuthn is the important product through longtime efforts.

B．WebAuthn will change people's way of using computer sooner or later.

C．Emails are safer ways for people to send and receive information.

D．Removing passwords will surely end the risks caused by hacking.