A new paper published in Environmental Research Letters has some warning news for people living in the lower 48 states: You may be at risk from river flooding and not even know it until the water starts to rise.
In fact, the study, estimates of present and future flood risk in the United States, found that 41 million U. S. residents are at risk from flooding along rivers. That’s three times more than current estimates based on the flood maps produced by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) , which primarily maps the areas at risk for 1-in-100-year floods in populous (人口众多的) river basins.
Why does the big difference come into being? As always, it’s all about the data. Generally, FEMA prioritizes risk-assessment areas based on their population; reserving expensive field-work methodologies (研究方法) for the more populous river basins, but many other rivers have not yet been mapped at all.
The size of the USA means that flood maps made in this way are incomplete. It would be too expensive and time-consuming to survey every river basin in America. The national-scale flood maps produced by FEMA leave the flood risk of many parts of the country unaccounted for.
For this research, scientists from The Nature Conservancy adopted a pioneering methodology that avoids the defects of the FEMA approach, where individual catchments (流域) are studied by making use of big data. The study used a new high-resolution model, produced by the flood-mapping organization Fathom, which copies floods on all rivers across the entire continental United States.
“We were all surprised by how many people are actually exposed to freshwater flooding in the USA,” said Oliver Wing, lead researcher on the study and a PhD student at the University of Bristol. “It’s particularly worrisome considering that most of these people aren’t even aware of the risk they face. This study helps fill that critical information gap.”
1. What did the new paper intend to tell readers?A.The mistakes made by FEMA. |
B.The serious situation of the flood. |
C.The populous river basins of the USA. |
D.The unseen risk of the flood in the USA. |
A.It’s dangerous to research all the rivers. |
B.The size of the USA is too big. |
C.It ignores less populous rivers. |
D.The efficiency of making it is low. |
A.Shortcomings. | B.Potential. |
C.Consumption. | D.Contributions. |
A.Critical. | B.Supportive. |
C.Cautious. | D.Uncaring. |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Learning how to save money on food as a student will translate to successes down the road as an adult.
Food is one of the best things in the world. Eating is a basic necessity for survival, and also can be greatly enjoyable. However, food can be one of the biggest killers of your wallet.
Why save at all?
Do you want to work until the day you die? If your answer is anything other than “yes of course,” then saving is of importance to you. Nowadays companies no longer take care of you after your time with them is done.
Say you are a college student and eat out once a day. Some days you buy a simple sandwich (around $ 10) and other days you choose a fancier meal (at least around $ 20.)—an average of $15 every day (and this is only one meal per day.) Over the course of a year, you would be losing $ 5400 to food. Saving on food makes a difference.
How to save?
So, you have been shown the benefits of saving on food, how much of a difference it can make and how to do it!
A.When can you eat out? |
B.What are you waiting for? |
C.How can a few meals make a difference? |
D.That’s not to say that you shouldn’t ever eat out. |
E.If managed poorly, food could cost you thousands every year. |
F.You work, you get the money. You don’t work, you get nothing. |
G.Buying in large quantities is by far the easiest way to save money on food. |
【推荐2】Sometimes our friends’ behavior can offend (冒犯) us; sometimes we can see changes they need to make — but how do we tell them?
It’s important to have solid evidence that there is indeed a problem. Evidence that can be agreed upon makes it easier for other people to recognize issues.
Be realistic. Complicated problems are unlikely to be solved with one conversation. Consider what is possible in one discussion and that it may be harder than you initially thought.
A.Staying calm is vital. |
B.Are there any ways to make difficult conversations easier? |
C.Some people like to gather evidence to support their concerns. |
D.This will help you to set realistic goals for what you can achieve. |
E.Once you have proof, it’s important to highlight how it impacts us and others. |
F.Should we always be completely honest with our friends about their behavior? |
G.We can lower the potential for conflict by listening to the other person and asking questions. |
【推荐3】September is the month of new arrivals. International students and young professionals arrive in other countries eager to find their new home. Living in a foreign country is hard, and you need to learn to adjust to life there.
Find a new level of open-mindedness. Living abroad long-term requires a whole new level of opening your mind towards everything new, especially if the country has a very different culture to what you’ve been used to.
Don’t have expectations. You may visualize what your new life abroad is going to be like.
When you can’t find an apartment, and your new job starts in a few days, you might think everything is just awful and there’s no way out. What’s so positive about that, you may ask? Well, the universe might be saving your dream apartment for you, so don’t lose hope.
Create a new social circle. It’s common to feel lost and lonely in a new environment.
A.Keep a sense of humor. |
B.See the positive side of things. |
C.But reality will never be as you’ve imagined it. |
D.Think ahead and start creating a new social circle. |
E.Establishing a routine will give you a feeling of safety. |
F.People in this foreign country may do things differently. |
G.Here are a few tips on how to succeed at this challenge. |
【推荐1】More than 5,450 square kilometres have burned across California in the past two weeks, as firefighters continue to battle some of the state’s worst wildfires. Meanwhile, the southern states of the US have experienced their first devastating hurricane this year.
The California fires include some that rank among the largest ever seen in the state. They followed a heatwave that caused blackouts, with Death Valley National Park hitting 54.4℃ in August, the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth.
“Exceptionally hot weather over the past two weeks certainly played an important role in drying out vegetation to this extreme degree,” says Daniel Swain at the University of California, Los Angeles. But the drying of fuel also started earlier, he notes. Last winter was dry in north California, and spring brought heatwaves.
There are several unusual aspects to the current fires. They expanded dramatically in the absence of the usual driver for large and fast-moving fires in the state: powerful, dry winds. “That makes the enormous area burned in such a short time all the more astonishing, since they’re essentially spreading on account of their own intensity,” says Swain.
The ignition (点火) of fires by dry lightning is also rare for the region, says Stephen Pyne at Arizona State University. He says this is California’s fourth major fire year in a row, when historically the state has seen between seven and 12 years between big fire seasons.
In the Gulf of Mexico, it is severe hurricanes that are the problem. Hurricane Laura made landfall in the US on Thursday 27 August amid official warnings of an “unsurvivable” storm surge (风暴潮), widespread flooding and catastrophic wind damage.
The storm is the first of four hurricanes in the Atlantic this year. About four-fifths of oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico has been shut down. The energy heartland of the south-western US was previously battered by Hurricane Harvey in 2017. Researchers later found that the heavy rainfall from the storm was made three times more likely by climate change.
Climate change is almost certainly at work in California too. “It is perfectly clear that climate change is increasing the likelihood and intensity of heatwaves in California,” says Swain.
Although the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection had 14,000 people fighting the fires, observers say it is impossible to have enough crews to stop fires this big.
Authorities last month agreed a five-year plan to do just that. With climate change locked in for the next 30 years, the long-term answer is to reduce carbon emissions (碳排放), says Thomas Smith at the London School of Economics.
1. What is unusual about the current California fires?A.They are driven by powerful winds. |
B.Dry lightning contributes partly to the fires. |
C.They started from north California last winter. |
D.Death Valley National Park is affected most seriously. |
A.It has affected oil and gas production. |
B.It is as big as Hurricane Harvey in 2017. |
C.It is the fourth strongest in the Atlantic this year. |
D.It brings unsurvivable natural disasters to the area. |
A.The fires may last 30 years. |
B.The five-year plan doesn’t work. |
C.It is hard to put out the fires currently. |
D.It is impossible to reduce carbon emissions. |
A.Extreme weathers and fire seasons |
B.Wildfires and hurricanes hit the US |
C.Climate change tops risks for world |
D.Record-breaking wildfires in California |
【推荐2】Earthquake can strike without warning. But many injuries and deaths from this kind of natural disaster can be prevented if people follow these safety tips.
If you’re inside a building, stay there! One of the most dangerous things to do in an earthquake is to try to leave a building. But do remember: do it carefully.
If you are trapped in ruins, cover your mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of clothing. Use your cell phone to call for help if possible. Don’t shout.
Be prepared for aftershocks.
A.Don’t park your car under a tree or any tall object. |
B.Don’t move about or kick up dust. |
C.They can happen in the first hours after the earthquake. |
D.If you’re outside, go to an open space. |
E.Take a good hold of your cell phone in the building. |
F.Most injuries happen when people inside buildings try to go out. |
G.Shouting can cause you to breathe in dust. |
【推荐3】Perhaps the most challenging thing about earthquakes is the great uncertainty around where and when they are likely to strike, which makes taking action that may save lives challenging.
Earthquakes bring about redistribution of mass and this generates observable changes of the Earth’s gravitational field, measurable using specialized instruments. High accuracy gravity measurements may provide a useful tool to help with managing the risk by identifying which faults (断层) are under stress and most likely to be active. By monitoring the progression of fault movements, it’s possible to get a medium-term outlook on which areas are most likely to be affected when the next earthquake happens.
Current earthquake warning systems are based on networks which detect the early arrival “P” seismic (地震的) waves prior to the arrival of the more destructive waves, but are unable to respond before the ground movements have already started, greatly limiting how advanced the warning can be.
While a warning caused by a gravity signal might only give a few additional seconds, such a warning can provide extra time to allow the public to take preventative action.
However, making measurements of gravity with sufficient accuracy, long-term stability and data sampling rate to achieve these signals is of course challenging. Detection of small signals for early warning systems is greatly limited by the background seismic noise which affects the sensor readings. Obtaining measurements which are stable over long periods of time and consistent between different sensors is difficult too.
The Quantum Technology Hub for Sensors and Timing led by the University of Birmingham is developing sensors which meet these challenges by employing the quantum (量子) behaviour of cold atoms to measure gravity accurately. As well as the cold atom sensors being extremely sensitive to small changes in the gravitational field, the identical (完全相同的) nature of atoms makes them ideal test masses which give consistent results.
Furthermore, by measuring two separated atom clouds at the same time, common background seismic noise can be controlled, which helps to overcome the limitations of seismic noise and allows fast and accurate measurements.
1. What is mainly talked about in paragraph 2?A.How earthquakes are formed. | B.How people can better predict earthquakes. |
C.What is used to monitor earthquakes. | D.What is the way to identify active faults. |
A.The number of sensors. | B.The temperature of atoms. |
C.The background seismic noise. | D.The strength of seismic waves. |
A.They have the same nature. | B.They are tiny. |
C.They are sensitive to temperature. | D.They can remove the seismic noise. |
A.To display the uncertainty of earthquakes. |
B.To show the challenges in detecting earthquakes. |
C.To discuss the accuracy of earthquake warning systems. |
D.To introduce a technology to improve earthquake detection. |
【推荐1】Many people maybe suffering from “plant blindness”, mainly because they don’t spend enough time in the great outdoors, a new study suggests. Researchers from the University of Exeter say the phenomenon (现象) basically involved a lack of awareness and appreciation of native plants. Study author explains that humans are not naturally bad at understanding plants, and that plant blindness is “curable” through people’s close contact with plants.
For the study, researchers read 326 articles published in academic journals. Most of them showed people were more interested in and paid more attention to information about animals and plants. However, they did not find evidence that this is an in born (天生的) human characteristic. Instead, it seems to be the result of our less experience with nature in urbanized environments. Nowadays, our increased reliance on urban services and cash economies means that exploring plants does not seem to be indispensable to us, making us strange to plants.
Study showed it was common for children, especially younger kids, to consider plants not as good as animals and not to be able to identify many species. The team also found a difference in plant awareness among teachers and students, particularly primary school teachers who did not study science further at college. Older people had a better understanding of plants, which might be because they were more likely to have nature-related hobbies.
Researchers note that modernization or urbanization has a negative impact on our plant knowledge. Going to work and school also reduces the time we spend in the natural environment. Those factors also reduce the time we spend with family, indicating grandparents do not pass on so much knowledge about plants to their grandchildren.
“People living in highly industrial countries have a plant attention shortage due to a decline in relevant experience with plants,” says study author Dr. Bethan Stagg. “People living in rural communities in low-and-middle-income countries are more likely to have great plant knowledge due to more dependence on natural resources. Interestingly, economic development doesn’t necessarily lead to the knowledge being lost if communities still have access to bio-diverse (生物多样性的) environments. The key is to show some direct benefits of plants to people instead of the indirect benefits,” Dr. Be than Stagg adds.
1. What can we know about plant blindness according to the study?A.It is due to people’s limited contact with plants. |
B.It is an in born human characteristic. |
C.It is common among older people. |
D.It is far from curable. |
A.Harmful. | B.Friendly. | C.Invisible. | D.Necessary. |
A.Ways of passing down plant knowledge to later generations. |
B.Negative impact of modernization on the environment. |
C.Significance of communicating with family members. |
D.Causes of people' slack of plant knowledge. |
A.The key to avoiding “plant blindness” is to show the indirect benefits of plant knowledge. |
B.People living in rural communities are less likely to have great plant knowledge. |
C.People in highly industrial countries usually have less knowledge about plants. |
D.Urbanization can make people pay more attention to biodiversity. |
【推荐2】Butterflies, a familiar sight around the world, are disappearing now.Over the past four decades, more than 450 butterfly species have been affected by threats from climate change. In the US alone, the monarch butterfly has seen a drop of 80%, from millions of them in the 1980s to only 29,000 in 2020; in 2017, scientists in Germany raised alarm bells after stressing that insects had decreased by more than 70% in 30 years.
As of now, there is no long-term data available to develop effective conservation strategies in those areas where the threat is particularly widespread. And long-term monitoring programs worldwide face a challenge—training locals as citizen biologists, which, although successful, requires significant and constant funding to cover wages.
In Ecuador, however, scientists have come up with a novel approach.In Yasuni National Park, they started a monitoring project where park rangers(护林员) were trained and then performed monitoring.The rangers were able to identify sampled butterflies with impressive accuracy-an 85% success rate-which is key to the success of these monitoring programs. The data gathered by the park rangers was so accurate that it did not significantly differ from data obtained by trained biologists in the area.
Other monitoring projects select individuals from the community to act as citizen biologists, so scientists may pull the plug on them when funding dries up. However, this study represents a long-term solution.Monitoring with an infrastructure (基础设施)already in place means that it can continue into the future regardless of funding.
"Our approach increases the possibility of constant monitoring in the long term by reducing costs such as lodging(住宿)and wages,"said lead author Maria Checa. "Furthermore, it also empowers(授权)local people, offers opportunities to public institutions to accomplish their environmental goals, and opens up possibilities for expansion into other highly threatened and important areas for biodiversity(生物多样性)conservation."
1. What do the figures in paragraph 1 show?A.The rich varieties of butterflies. |
B.The scientists' close attention to the butterfly. |
C.The growing concern about climate change. |
D.The sharp decline in the number of butterflies. |
A.The high cost of training staff. | B.The wide areas to be monitored. |
C.The lack of professional trainers. | D.The difficulty in dealing with the data. |
A.Improving the lives of park rangers. |
B.Producing many trained biologists. |
C.Providing habitat for endangered butterflies. |
D.Collecting reliable data for butterfly conservation. |
A.End. | B.Control. | C.Examine. | D.Continue. |
【推荐3】Charles Darwin was a British scientist known for his support of evolution and his publications that helped bring the idea into the scientific mainstream. His theory regarding natural selection was supported by sufficient scientific evidences that were collected during his travels around the globe.
Darwin Becoming a Naturalist.
In 1828, Darwin joined Christ’s College, Cambridge, to study to become a parson. However, he was unqualified to join in any course other than an ordinary degree course. He passed his Bachelor of Arts degree in the year 1831. It was in Christ’s College where he met two influential people - Adam Sedgwick and John Stevens Henslow. They would help shape the rest of Darwin’s life as a naturalist and change our understanding of the natural world forever.
Henslow helped Darwin get aboard the HMS Beagle in 1831. During the course of his trip, Darwin collected samples of various natural specimens including fossils, plants, and birds. During this time, Darwin read Principles of Geology, written by Lyell, which suggested that fossils are animals that lived thousands of years ago.
This argument was reinforced in Darwin’s mind by the various geographical features and rich animal life he saw during his voyage. In 1835, the Beagle reached the Galapagos Islands which had a large number of animal and bird species. He collected various specimens and noted that those specimens that belong to the same geographical location were closely related, even though their feeding habits and structures were different.
Making the Theory
In 1836, Darwin returned to England and started to solve the riddles of his observations and understand how species evolve. He then proposed a theory of evolution by the process of natural selection after getting influenced by the ideas of Malthus. According to him, the animal and plant species that are best suited to their surroundings will survive and reproduce easily. They will then pass on the characteristics that helped them survive to their offspring. Gradually, the species change over time.
In 1838, Darwin married Emma Wedgewood. They moved to Down House in 1842 along with their children. This is about the time when he developed the theory of evolution through natural selection more fully. However, it took around 15 years to finalize his manuscript.
In 1858, Darwin joined with another scientist who had similar ideas on evolution. In 1859, Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The book was criticized widely so he tried to answer their questions in an additional five editions which were published during his lifetime. Charles Darwin died in 1882 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
1. What is the best sub-title for Pragraph 3?A.Species on the Islands | B.Travels on the Beagle |
C.Inspired by Fossils | D.Species Collecting |
A.It took Darwin 17 years to polish his theory. |
B.Darwin firmly opposed Lyell’s argument after starting his voyage. |
C.Darwin led a peaceful elder life without disturbance. |
D.The Evolution Theory was criticized by the public, but Darwin ignored those voices. |
A.In college, Darwin was unqualified to join in any course. |
B.It is Adam and John that helped Darwin develop his artistic talent. |
C.Not until Darwin went on travelling did he deeply understand the statement of fossils. |
D.In 1842, he put forward a complete theory. |
A.To introduce the Evolution Theory. |
B.To show readers the proof of natural selection. |
C.To introduce Charles Darwin. |
D.To show how the Evolution Theory was developed. |
【推荐1】Be careful on January 8th --- It’s officially the most dangerous day of the year. The insurance company Hyperion has studied accident statistics (统计数字) and has found that there are more accidents on January 8th than on any other day.
Accidents are certainly more likely to happen at particular times of the year. One general rule is that more accidents happen in winter months, because risk increases in bad weather. In 2004 and 2005 Hyperion found that the worst day was January 8th, with 298 accidents reported to them. March 3rd was the safest day, with only 89 reports. Six of the ten worst days for driving were in January.
It’s clear that icy and snowy conditions are dangerous, but some other statistics are puzzling. A British Medical Journal report in 2001, for example, found that hospital admissions (住院) were always higher than usual on Friday the 13th.
But it is not only when Friday falls on the 13th that it is a dangerous day. Four of the top ten worst days for accidents last year were Fridays --- perhaps because everyone is rushing home for the weekend --- while Thursdays are the safest day of the week.
At what time of the day is an accident most likely to happen? The Health and Safety Authority found that people are most likely to have an accident at 11.00 a.m., while the safest time of day is between 4.00 and 5.00 a.m. --- probably because most people are in bed!
Finally, good news for Harry Potter fans. Doctors at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford noted that fewer children were in hospital on the weekend when Harry Potter books were available to the public. Casualties (伤亡人员) fell by over 50% when the last two books went on sale. So if you want to be really safe, you should read a Harry Potter book in bed, at around 5.00 on a Thursday morning, in summer.
1. What is special about January 8th according to Hyperion?A.More accidents happen than usual. | B.The weather is often the worst. |
C.More people are rushed to hospital. | D.It’s the safest day in winter months. |
A.Fridays often fall on the 13th. | B.Busy weekdays tire people out. |
C.Everyone is in a hurry to go home. | D.It’s easy to get caught in heavy traffic. |
A.It was the safest day of the year. | B.People were more likely to go out. |
C.Fewer children ended up in hospital. | D.The driving conditions were the worst. |
A.To show some research results. | B.To give practical advice. |
C.To tell an interesting story. | D.To solve a problem. |
【推荐2】A new color changing ink could aid in health and environment monitoring for example. allowing clothing to switch colors when exposed to sweat or a woolen blanket to shift colors if a dangerous gas enters the room. The ink could be printed on anything from a T-shirt to a tent.
Wearable sensing devices like smart watches use electronics just to monitor heart rate, blood sugar. and more. Now researchers at Tufts University's Silklab say the new silk-based ink can respond to. and quantify the presence of chemicals on or around the body. “Silk has the ability to add necessary sensing and color changing chemical substances to the ink without losing their functions. " says Fiorenzo Omenetto. a biomedical engineer at Silklab.
The researchers improved on an earlier repetition that worked with inkjet printers, thickening the ink with a chemical to make it capable for screen printing. and then added various reactive substances. With the new ink, they can now easily print a large number of reactive elements onto large surfaces.
The team made the ink by breaking down raw silk fibers into proteins, which the researchers suspended in water. Next they mixed in various reactive molecules (分子) and analyzed how the resulting products changed hues when exposed to changes in their environment. When printed on fabric. pH indicators, for example. could convey information about skin health and a wearer s tiredness levels. The changes are visible to eyes. but the researchers also used a camera- imaging analysis to continuously monitor the color variations and create a database of values.
Omenetto says that the ink could be adapted to track environmental changes in a room, or to respond to bacteria and follow disease progression.
Mechanical engineer Tyler Ray of Hawaii University notes that most of today's wearable monitors are rigid, fairly large and heavy. "The new ink technology has the potential to transform consumer wearable monitors from entertainment devices into body worn, clinical grade physiological measurement tools providing useful information and making it easier for physicians to operate. " he says.
1. What can the new ink be used for?A.Making pictures, | B.Printing documents. |
C.Breaking down fibers and proteins. | D.Detecting health and environment changes. |
A.The chemical substances in silk. |
B.The practical functions of smart watches. |
C.The role of silk in the new ink technology. |
D.The influence of the new ink on the human body. |
A.Levels. | B.Colors. | C.Wearers. | D.Analysis. |
A.Practical. | B.Soft. | C.Large and heavy. | D.Small but inconvenient. |
【推荐3】The Internet brings us many advantages. With the Internet, people can send and receive emails. On the Internet, people can skim over news. Using the Telnet, the user anywhere on the Internet can log into any other machine on which he has an account. It is possible to use the FTP program to copy files from one machine on the Internet to another.
But the Internet also brings us troubles.
Internet use seems to cause a fall in psychological (心理的) health, according to research at Carnegie Mellon University. Even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less often, the twoyear study showed. And it wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually seemed to cause the bad feelings.
Researchers are puzzled over the results, which were completely opposite to what they had expected. They expected that the Net would prove socially healthier than television, since the Net allows users to choose their information and to communicate with others.
The fact that Internet use reduces time used for family and friends may be the reason for the drop in health, researchers said. Faceless, bodiless “virtual” (虚拟的) communication may be less psychologically satisfying than actual conversations, and the relationships formed through it may not be so deep. Another possibility is that exposure to the wider world through the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives.
“But it’s important to remember this is not about the technology; it’s about how it is used,”said one of the researchers. “It really points to the need for considering social factors (因素) when you design new inventions.”
1. The writer mainly wants to tell us that ________.A.the Internet can bring people many advantages |
B.the Internet use may cause psychological problems |
C.the Internet users are not satisfied with their lives |
D.we shouldn't use the Internet |
A.Because the results were completely different from what they had thought. |
B.Because the Net proved socially healthier than television. |
C.Because the Internet users were all healthier. |
D.Because the Internet users experienced less depression and loneliness. |
A.Internet use reduces time used for family and friends. |
B.Virtual communication is less psychologically satisfying than actual conversations. |
C.Exposure to the wider world through the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives. |
D.All of the above. |