Sleep，considered as a luxury by many, is essential for a person’s well-being. Researchers have found that insufficient sleep and tiredness increase a person’s risk of developing severe medical conditions, such as obesity, high blood sugar levels and heart disease. Now, a new study has found that getting sufficient sleep is also the key to improving academic performance.
Jeffery Gross, the university science professor who led the research, was not trying to find the relationship between sleep and grades when he handed out smartwatches to the 100 students in his chemistry class. Instead, the professor hoped the wrist-worn devices, which track a person’s physical activity, would show a connection between exercise and academic achievements.
While Gross’s data showed no relationship between these two factors, the study found something surprising. As the researchers were analyzing the data, they noticed a linear(线性的)relationship between the average amount of sleep the students got and their results in the course’s 11 quizzes, three midterm tests and the final exam.
Even more interesting, it was not sufficient for students to just head to bed early the night before the test. Instead, it’s the sleep you get during the days when learning is happening that matters most.
When students went to bed each night was similarly important. Those went to bed in the early hours of the morning performed poorly, even if the total sleep time was the same as higher-performing student. “When you go to bed matters,” Gross says. “If you go to bed at 10, or 12, or 1 at night, and sleep for 7 hours, your performance is the same. But if you go to bed after 2, your performance started to go down even if you get the same seven hours’ sleep. So, quantity isn’t everything.”
Perhaps the most interesting was the huge impact that small differences in sleep patterns had on the students’ grades. The overall course grades of students averaging six and a half hours of sleep each night were 25% lower than students who averaged just one hour more sleep. Similarly, students who varied their bedtime by even one hour each night had grades that dropped 45% below those with more regular bedtime.
Who knows getting straight A’s just required some extra sleep?
1. Based on his original objective, which best describes Professor Gross’s research findings?| A．Accidental | B．Complete |
| C．Convincing | D．Doubtful |
| A．Middle school chemistry students |
| B．Professor Gross’s own students |
| C．Volunteers from different universities |
| D．University student athletes |
| A．Making the students wear special watches |
| B．Using students’ university entrance test results |
| C．Giving the students regular quizzes after class |
| D．Using the students’ normal test and quiz grades |
| A．A student who has a good night’s sleep the night before an important test. |
| B．A student whose normal bedtime varies between 9 p.m. and 12 p.m. |
| C．A student who sleeps from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. each day. |
| D．A student who sleeps for a total of 7 hours each night. |
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【推荐1】Our species’ incredible capacity to quickly acquire words from 300 by age 2 to over 1, 000 by age 4 isn’t fully understood. Some cognitive scientists and linguists have theorized that people are born with built-in expectations and logical constraints (约束) that make this possible. Now, however, machine-learning research is showing that preprogrammed assumptions aren’t necessary to swiftly pick up word meanings from minimal data.
A team of scientists has successfully trained a basic artificial intelligence model to match images to words using just 61 hours of naturalistic footage (镜头) and sound-previously collected from a child named Sam in 2013 and 2014. Although it’s a small slice of a child’s life, it was apparently enough to prompt the AI to figure out what certain words mean.
The findings suggest that language acquisition could be simpler than previously thought. Maybe children “don’t need a custom-built, high-class language-specific mechanism” to efficiently grasp word meanings, says Jessica Sullivan, an associate professor of psychology at Skidmore College. “This is a really beautiful study, ” she says, because it offers evidence that simple information from a child’s worldview is rich enough to kick-start pattern recognition and word comprehension.
The new study also demonstrates that it’s possible for machines to learn similarly to the way that humans do. Large language models are trained on enormous amounts of data that can include billions and sometimes trillions of word combinations. Humans get by on orders of magnitude less information, says the paper’s lead author Wai Keen Vong. With the right type of data, that gap between machine and human learning could narrow dramatically.
Yet additional study is necessary in certain aspects of the new research. For one, the scientists acknowledge that their findings don’t prove how children acquire words. Moreover, the study only focused on recognizing the words for physical objects.
Still, it’s a step toward a deeper understanding of our own mind, which can ultimately help us improve human education, says Eva Portelance, a computational linguistics researcher. She notes that AI research can also bring clarity to long-unanswered questions about ourselves. “We can use these models in a good way, to benefit science and society, ” Portelance adds.
1. What is a significant finding of machine-learning research?| A．Vocabulary increases gradually with age. |
| B．Vocabulary can be acquired from minimal data. |
| C．Language acquisition is tied to built-in expectations. |
| D．Language acquisition is as complex as formerly assumed. |
| A．Facilitate. | B．Persuade. | C．Advise. | D．Expect. |
| A．Its limitations. | B．Its strengths. | C．Its uniqueness. | D．Its process. |
| A．Doubtful. | B．Cautious. | C．Dismissive. | D．Positive. |
【推荐2】Time to load up some popular games: new research indicates pigs possess the mental capability to play video games. The study, published in Frontiers in Psychology, tested the ability of four pigs (Hamlet, Omelette, Ebony and Ivory) to play a simple joystick game with their noses, moving a cursor (光标) to four targets on the screen. Although the animals didn’t demonstrate the skills to win a round any time, they did show an understanding of some elementary games. Performing well above chance, the pigs appeared to recognize the movement of the cursor was controlled by the joystick. The fact that they did so well despite a lack of flexible fingers is “extraordinary”, according to the researchers.
“It is no small achievement for an animal to grasp the concept that the behaviour they are performing is having an effect elsewhere. That pigs can do this to any degree should give us pause as to what else they are capable of learning and how such learning may impact them,” said Purdue University’s Dr Candace Croney, the study’s lead author.
Researchers also noted that while the pigs could be taught to play the game using food as positive motivation, they also responded well to social interaction. In fact, when the game was made more challenging and the pigs became unwilling to participate in it, “only oral encouragement by the experimenter” would see training continue.
These findings are the latest to highlight the intelligence of pigs. Not only have they been shown to use mirrors to find hidden food, but studies have also demonstrated how pigs can be taught to “come” and “sit” after oral commands.
As with any sentient (有感觉力的) beings, how we interact with pigs and what we do to them impacts and matters to them. We therefore have a moral duty to understand how pigs acquire information, and what they are capable of learning and remembering, because it ultimately offers the potential for how they understand their interactions with us and their environments.
1. What can be learned from Paragraph 1?| A．The pigs sometimes won the video games. |
| B．The pigs operated joysticks with their noses. |
| C．The pigs competed with each other in the games. |
| D．The pigs sometimes performed well accidentally. |
| A．Stop us from advancing. | B．Affect us in learning. |
| C．Make us think seriously. | D．Force us to train pigs better. |
| A．Their being inspired by human words. |
| B．Their being driven by food. |
| C．Their being willing to keep trying. |
| D．Their being motivated by challenges. |
| A．Smart pigs: good players. |
| B．Flexible noses: fun games. |
| C．Oral commands: pig learners. |
| D．Pig players: learning potential. |
【推荐3】The single, decisive factor that made it possible for mankind to settle in lasting communities（社区，聚居地）was agriculture. After farming was developed in the Middle East in about 6500 BC, people living in family units did not have to be on the move continually searching for food or hunting their animals. Once people could control the production of food and be assured of a reliable supply of it, their lives changed completely.
Farming was a revolutionary discovery. It not only made settlements possible and later the building of cities but it also made available a reliable food supply. With more food available, more people could be fed. Population therefore increased. The growing number of people available for more kinds of work led to the development of new social formations. With more and more food, a community could support a variety of workers who were not farmers.
Farming in the world over has always relied upon a dependable water supply. For the earliest societies this meant rivers and streams or regular rainfall. The first great civilizations grew up along rivers. Later communities were able to develop by taking advantage of the rainy seasons.
All of the ancient civilizations probably developed in much the same way, in spite of a few differences. As villages grew, the production of more numerous goods became possible. Cloth could be woven from wool. Houses made of wood, brick, and stone could be put up.
The science of mathematics was an early outcome of agriculture. People studied the movements of the moon, the sun, and the planets to work out seasons, By doing so they created the first calendars（日历）. With a calendar it was possible to find out the arrival of each growing season. Measurement of land areas was necessary if field was to be divided accurately. Measurement of amounts, for example, of seeds or grains was also a factor in farming and housekeeping. Later measures of value as money exchange became common.
All of the major ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China appeared in the 4th millennium（千年）BC. Historians still argue over which one came into being first. It may well have been the Middle East. This place reaches out from the Nile River in Egypt northward along the coast of former Palestine, then eastward into Asia to include Mesopotamia. In this area people settled along the riverbanks and practiced field agriculture. This kind of farming depended on the reproduction of seed, normally from grain crops.
1. The final result of the development of agriculture was that ______.| A．a new social formation came into being |
| B．the population increased slowly. |
| C．a variety of jobs were open to people |
| D．a constant supply of food was certain |
| A．Cloth making marked an important period in agricultural development. |
| B．Modern cities developed out of originally wealthier villages. |
| C．Societies in the past in different parts of the world grew in similar ways |
| D．Mathematics helped create the agricultural society. |
| A．the earliest civilization first came into being in the Middle East. |
| B．the development of agriculture played a very important role in human history |
| C．the development of maths played a decisive role in the birth of modern cities |
| D．all ancient civilizations around the world developed in exactly the same way |
| A．the relationship between agriculture and society | B．the origin of agriculture |
| C．the ancient civilization | D．the importance of agriculture |
【推荐1】Debinha means “little Debs” in Portuguese (葡萄牙语) and she’s 1.57 metres tall. But she has no intention of getting too big for her football shoes. “Never go above someone else.” is her philosophy (人生哲学). Instead, she says, it’s better to be a mirror for someone else, and to always be learning from your teammates in whatever you choose to do. After all, she says, “I didn’t get here alone.”
From street football in a provincial town in southeast Brazil to one of the stars of the US National Women’s Soccer League and a mainstay of the Brazilian women’s team, Debinha, 31, has come a long way. She has appeared for her country more than 130 times and in 2022 was shortlisted for the Best FIFA Women’s Player award, the only South American to be nominated (提名). In addition to Brazilian clubs, she has played for teams in Norway and China, and is now with the Kansas City Current in the US. The greatest moment of her career so far has been standing for Brazil in the 2016 Olympic Games, when they were held in her home nation. This summer she was working hard for her second World Cup.
“I always liked to play ball,” says Debinha, who first started playing it at eight in the square outside the candy factory where her mother worked in their home town of Brasópolis. If she wasn’t playing in the street, she was taking extra physical, education classes after school. Her mother always supported her. “Today, as always, my mother is my number one fan. Seeing my family cheering for me on the field, and seeing my family experiencing that along with me, you couldn’t put a price on it,” she said.
1. What can we know about Debinha in paragraph 1?| A．She always wants to beat others. | B．She is open-minded and likes to learn |
| C．She is very proud and goes above others. | D．She has too big football shoes on matches |
| A．By space. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By comparing. | D．By listing reasons. |
| A．Her strong interest in ball. | B．Her family’s suggestions. |
| C．Her strong wish to win. | D．Her love to her motherland. |
| A．The difficulty Debinha met. | B．Support from a player’s mother. |
| C．A short introduction of Debinha. | D．The secret to success. |
【推荐2】Are you interested in working with animals? Now here comes the CHANCE. Kirby Wildlife Park has set up the unique Keeper Experience package. The fantastic experience is available to anyone over the age of 18 who is reasonably fit. We regret that for health and safety reasons, participants who are pregnant, in a wheelchair or suffering from illnesses cannot take part.
A typical day
9:15 Arrival 9:30 Health and Safety Briefing
10:00 Apes and Monkeys
While cleaning out the enclosure (围场) you will find out about how enclosures are enriched with novel items and new smells to stimulate the animals’ senses and imitate their natural environment.
12:00 Lunch 14:00 Big Cats
As one of the highlights of this volunteer experience, you will feed the cats and learn about their nutritional needs. The keeper will give you an introduction to how cat behavior can be read to get an idea of their welfare and health.
16:30 Meet the Team
Meet more of the staff and learn how you can get further involved with work at the park. Learn about our animal adoption plan, what it takes to be a good keeper and where to obtain the right qualifications for a career in animal welfare.
Booking and cancellation
The Keeper Experience is available on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year, and must be booked at least two weeks in advance. Full payment is needed when booking.
Cancellations must be made more than fourteen days before the event. Otherwise, you won′t receive a full refund.
1. What kind of people can experience working with animals in Kirby Wildlife Park?| A．A pregnant woman. | B．A man who is quite healthy. |
| C．A teenager sitting in a wheelchair. | D．A student under the age of 18. |
| A．a booking should be made over two weeks before the event |
| B．people are allowed to cancel a booking with a full refund at any time |
| C．cancellations need to be made on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays |
| D．participants can have the unique experience every day throughout the year |
| A．Bathe animals. | B．Buy an animal |
| C．Feed apes and monkeys. | D．Create natural environment for animals. |
【推荐3】When Millet was a boy he worked on his needy father’s farm. At the rest hour in the fields the other workers would all take naps, but young Millet would spend time drawing. Finally, the village where he lived gave him a little money to Paris to study art.
When Millet reached Paris, he had a tough time. Fortunately, when he was almost starving, someone bought one of his peasant paintings, which enabled his family to leave for Barbizon.
Millet’s pictures of peasants at work were painted in a unique way. The painter would go out on the farms and watch them carefully — digging, hoeing, spreading manure, sawing wood, or sowing grain. Then he would come home and paint what he had seen. So astonishingly accurate was his memory that he could paint at home without models and get all the movements of his figures right. When he did need a figure to go by, he would ask his wife to pose for him.
One of his noted artworks is called “The Sower”, which shows a man seeding. He reaches into his bag for seed and then swings backward to scatter the seed, and with each swing of his hand the sower strides forward. In Millet’s picture the sower has been working hard, but his swinging step and arm still move smoothly, like a machine. Only the man’s head reveals his great tiredness.
Another masterpiece is called “The Gleaners”. A gleaner is someone picking up the leftover in the field after the wheat harvest. When farmers near Barbizon are extremely badly-off, even the little the gleaners can find is a help. You can see from Millet’s picture what back-breaking work gleaning must be.
1. What do we know about Millet?| A．His wife supported him to be a painter. | B．He was keen on painting as a kid. |
| C．He spent his whole life in Barbizon. | D．He was brought up in Paris. |
| A．Asking models for help. | B．Imagining figures in the field. |
| C．Remembering what he had observed | D．Recalling the days on his father’s farm. |
| A．The farmers’ hardships. | B．The scene of farming. |
| C．His love for the village. | D．His anxiety about the farmers. |
| A．A short-story collection | B．A personal diary |
| C．A magazine of art | D．A science magazine |
【推荐1】A
A woman is swimming at night in a dark sea. Suddenly, she is pulled underwater. She surfaces, cries in terror, then disappears forever. This is the opening scene from the 1975 film Jaws. This film was a great hit, but it made things worse.
Jaws made people frightened of sharks, especially of the great white shark. Some stopped swimming in the sea, afraid of the horrible creature from the film. Others started fishing for sharks, killing as many as they could. At that time, nobody cared if sharks were killed, or how many were killed. People just wanted them killed.
After 1975,the number of large sharks fell quickly around the world.This was not only due to fear of sharks, but also finning, a type of fishing where sharks are caught and their fins cut off. Unexpectedly, finning would have a powerful effect upon Peter Benchley, who wrote the book the film Jaws was based on.
One day in 1980,Benchley was diving when he came across an awful sight.He saw fishermen finning and sharks being killed,which caused a deep change in him.From then on, he saw people as a danger to sharks,rather than the other way round.Also,he admitted that his book was wrong about sharks' behavior."Sharks don't target(以…为目标）humans,"he said.Experts have proved that sharks do not see people as food, and they attack us by mistake. Only around six people are killed by sharks every year.
Today,as we learn more about sharks,more people than ever want to protect them from extinction.
1. The film Jaws led to| A．an end of shark fishing |
| B．a rise in shark population |
| C．the popularity of shark movies |
| D．people's scare about sharks |
| A．It woke him up to his false idea of sharks. |
| B．It inspired him to do research about sharks. |
| C．It drove him to learn how to protect sharks. |
| D．It encouraged him not to be afraid of sharks. |
| A．Sharks:Dangerous or Endangered |
| B．Jaws:the Hottest Shark Movie Ever |
| C．Shark Attacks:Not a Problem Anymore |
| D．Humans:the Favourite Target of Sharks |
【推荐2】Fascinating Venice
Located in the northeast of Italy, Venice is well-known for its cultural treasures, romantic atmosphere and unusual living-on-water experience. The city spreads out over 118 islands, which are linked by more than 400 bridges, in the Venetian Lagoon.
Venice’s historical center consists of six regions. Italy in the south, the busiest main regions, are linked by the Rialto Bridge. The famous stone arch bridge (拱桥) crosses Venice’s main waterway — the Grand Canal. When night falls, many tourists enjoy dinner at the outside tables by the Grand Canal while watching colorfully lit boats going by.
Near the end of the S-shaped Grand Canal lies St. Mark’s Basilica, a must-see. Inside, beautiful mosaics (镶嵌图案) tell stories of Bible figures. Nearby are the Doge’s Palace and the Bridge of Sighs. These were made famous by Lord Byron, “I stood in Venice on the Bridge of Sighs, a palace and prison on each hand.” The story has it that if a couple passes under the bridge, their love will last forever.
In the square outside the Basilica, lovers of literature can sit at Caffe Florian, regarded as the oldest coffee house in Europe. Charles Dickens, Henry James as well as Lord Byron enjoyed the aromatic (芳香的) drink here.
Art lovers should buy a museum pass and visit some of the city’s museums. They can view works by Venetian masters like Giovanni, Titian and Tintoretto.
On five small islands in the Venetian Lagoon, Murano has been home to glass-makers since 1291. Tourists can visit factories, studios and the Glass Museum. Glass artists produce everything from simple souvenir pieces to beautiful works of contemporary art. Only glassworks made using traditional methods on Murano can be called Murano Glass. The nearby island of Burano is famous for lace (蕾丝 )making and colorful houses. Looking at the colorful houses and kaleidoscopic (万花筒似的) streets makes people feel as if they were walking in the fairy tale.
The City of Water promises beauty of all kinds, and it definitely lives up to its promise.
1. Why does the author mention Lord Byron’s words?| A．To introduce the famous British poet. |
| B．To explain why the two places are famous. |
| C．To show why St. Mark’s Basilica is a must-see. |
| D．To compare the Doge’s Palace and the Bridge of Sighs. |
| A．Caffe Florian. | B．The city’s museums. |
| C．St. Mark’s Basilica. | D．The Bridge of Sighs. |
| A．Bridges. | B．Lace making. |
| C．Glassworks. | D．Colorful houses. |
| A．It’s simple. | B．It’s too traditional. |
| C．It’s colorful. | D．It’s very special. |
In order to see and discover the true soul of Scotland today and what formed the character of this splendid region, we have to go towards the northern regions, to the Grampian Mountains（格兰扁山区）, beautiful and plain. The Scots conquered the environment with simple spades and strong arms, for it was difficult to farm.
The history of this ancient struggle, and its people’s ancient love with the hard land, can be felt within the walls of the Angus Folk Museum. You are able to get a feel of the typical rural atmosphere of times past from the everyday artifacts displayed here.
From coastal Aberdeen in towards the Grampian Mountains there runs the Castle Trail, a road that touches on many fortresses（堡垒）, which are witnesses of continual fights against the control of neighboring England in Scottish history.
Perhaps the most exciting moment for Scottish autonomy is
This is Glamis Castle, where King Macbeth and Queen Elizabeth used to live. Among the most frequent guests here are the predictable ghosts, if not actually created, by ancient popular beliefs. These have been handed down over the centuries by people tending to live with mystery, with the forces of the supernatural.
Another attraction here is a legendary monster: the Loch Ness Monster. Whether it’s real or imaginary, this monster, which has been nicknamed Nessie, has collected a good 3,000 sightings over the last 50 years.
The true flag of Scotland, tartan, is recognizable from the brightly colored plaid patterns which are used to distinguish the various social groups.
Bagpipes and dancing open the competitions of local sporting events, which are called Highland Gatherings.
1. Take a look at the Angus Folk Museum, and we can learn about _______. .
| A．the love of ancient Scottish to the hard land |
| B．the rural atmosphere in Grampian Mountains |
| C．ancient Scottish people’s fighting against the enemy |
| D．the history of the Scottish famous palaces and castles |
| A．Fighting against the invaders of England. |
| B．Developing business with neighbor areas. |
| C．Preventing the people from moving around. |
| D．Providing a shelter from tough weather for travelers. |
| A．the film Brave Heart winning the five Oscars |
| B．the plan for Scottish autonomy being carried out |
| C．the instigation of King Robert the Bruce |
| D．the celebration of the Declaration of Independence |
| A．The film Brave Heart is mainly about King Robert Bruce. |
| B．The Scottish film industry is one of the attractions of the land. |
| C．Highland gatherings are often marked with bagpipes and dancing |
| D．The supernatural forces in Glamis Castle may change a person’s belief. |
| A．advise readers to pay a visit to Scotland |
| B．teach students about the customs of Scotland |
| C．introduce cultural background about Scotland |
| D．analyze the geographic formation of Scotland |
【推荐1】
It's often said that you cannot“teach an old dog new tricks”，but either these three New Zealand dogs have never heard of the idiom or have decided to prove otherwise by learning a skill—driving a car!
What's even more impressive is that the three dogs have become excellent in just eight short weeks.To get their training started，10－month－old Porter，18－month－old Monty and one－year－old Ginny were chosen from seven dogs and sent to Animal Q，a talent agency that specializes(专攻)in teaching animals tricks for movies and television shows.
The two－month driving classes that were watched by trainer Marke Vette began with teaching the dogs some basic driving techniques like turning the steering wheels.After that the dogs practiced everything they had learned.And then finally，it was time for the big test—driving a real car!
In order to take into account that human cars are not really built for four－legged animals，the Mini they drove was improved so that the dogs could sit comfortably and easily reach the steering wheel with their paws.A long bar attached to the accelerator(油门)and brake made sure they were able to stop and go.
Though they all seemed to do very well，the real test came on Monday night when Monty，the best driver of the three，showed his courage on live television without human help.And，he passed with flying colors!
It is hoped that these three pioneers will land their names in the Guinness World Records as the world's“First Driving Dogs”—a category that probably does not even exist today!
1. What can we learn about the driving training given to the dogs?| A．It lasted more than two months. |
| B．It began with practice on wooden cars. |
| C．It began with teaching basic driving skills. |
| D．It was aimed at making the trainer well－known. |
| A．making the dogs able to control the car |
| B．making the dogs able to sit comfortably |
| C．keeping the dogs interested in driving the car |
| D．making the car look more attractive to the dogs |
| A．dogs are able to drive any car |
| B．dogs are humans'good friends |
| C．dogs are the cleverest of all animals |
| D．dogs have the ability to do something surprising |
| A．Dogs Are Foolish？You'd Better Doubt It! |
| B．Dogs Can Drive？You'd Better Believe It! |
| C．Is It Easy to Train Dogs？Of Course No! |
| D．What Animals Can Drive？Just Dogs! |
【推荐2】Fantastic Magazines for Learning English
Digital Photographer
Perfect if you like: taking pictures with your camera or phone.
What you’ll find inside: This magazine is full of colorful photos and very pleasing to look at. There are many tips and guides on how to take great pictures, and they are written in simple and easy-to-understand English though there are some technical camera terms. You feel like the writers are talking to you! You can impress your friends with your improved English and your new photography skills!
Fast Company
Perfect if you like: business and learning how successful companies work.
What you’ll find inside: Fast Company is one of the most approachable magazines about business and companies. It has many interviews of successful people, as well as general news about interesting new companies. It does use a higher level of writing than what is usual for magazines, so give it a try first to make sure you can understand the articles.
Cricket and Cicada
Perfect if you like: excellent literature and short stories.
What you’ll find inside: Cricket and Cicada are literary magazines aimed at teenagers. Each issue is full of wonderful short stories and poems, and beautiful illustrations. Even though these are technically children’s magazines, they are perfect for learning English because they have high quality writing.
Mental Floss
Perfect if you like: interesting trivia and facts.
What you’ll find inside: What does outer space smell like? Why isn’t cat food mouse-flavored? If you’re the kind of person who asks yourself these questions, you’ll love Mental Floss. Each issue is full of bite-sized trivia and mostly short articles with really interesting facts that you’ll want to share with others.
While the print edition of the magazine stopped publishing in 2016, you can still read Mental Floss online. Click here to get more information.
1. Which magazine tells something about business and companies?| A．Digital Photographer. | B．Fast Company. |
| C．Cricket.and Cicada. | D．Mental Floss. |
| A．They focus on drawing skills. |
| B．They can only be bought online. |
| C．They are intended for teenagers. |
| D．They are full of colorful pictures. |
| A．On a website. | B．In a newspaper. |
| C．In an English textbook. | D．From a science magazine. |
【推荐3】Two years ago this month, a 19-year-old American shot and killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida. Fourteen of the victims were students； the other three were teachers. The gunman was a former student at the high school.
On this anniversary, as with other anniversaries of school shootings, Americans continue debating how to make sure students are safe in schools.
To increase preparedness for such an event, many schools now hold shooter drills for students and their teachers. A report released by Everytown for Gun Safety, a non-profit organization, notes the possible harmful effects of such exercises. It urges school administrators to look for better ways to make schools safe and to prepare children for an active shooter.
One problem with the way schools carry out shooter drills is how much they frighten students. When a school fails to inform parents and students about plans for a drill, the children may think that the attack is real. In some communities, the report says, schools deploy individuals who are told to act like “masked gunmen”. Students as young as three or four years old may be told to stay quiet in a small space for a long period of time. Experts on mental health say these experiences can have both short- and long-term effects on how well the children behave in school, as well as on their physical and mental health.
Melissa Reeves, former president of the National Association of School Psychologists, said the drills may “trigger either past trauma or trigger such a similar reaction that it actually ends up scaring the individuals instead of better preparing them to respond in these kinds of situations.”
In 2007, one study found it better to prepare students for an “intruder”, rather than a shooter. Another study noted the value of announcing drills in advance and following them with discussion. Students in that situation felt better prepared to handle possible violence.
1. What is the problem with the shooter drills?| A．Students only suffer short-term damage. |
| B．Students' physical health cannot be affected. |
| C．Students may think they are real and get scared. |
| D．Too young children may not understand what is happening. |
| A．Limit. | B．Cause. | C．Reduce. | D．Regulate. |
| A．Critical. | B．Favorable. | C．Indifferent. | D．Unclear. |
| A．The schools give them a surprise. |
| B．They only prepare for shooters. |
| C．The masked “attacker” carries a toy gun. |
| D．Drills are announced beforehand and discussed afterwards. |
