In recent years, experiments examining exercise and weight loss have found that people lose far much less weight than expected, considering how many additional calories(卡路里) they are burning with their workouts.
Scientists have guessed that exercisers are likely to become hungrier and eat more after working out. They also may sit longer when not doing exercise. Together or separately, these changes could make up for the extra energy used during exercise.
To prove that possibility, scientists came up with the idea of using infrared light(红外线) to track mice’s movements in their cages. Then software can use that information to analyse their daily physical activity.
So the researchers prepared special cages, putting inside some locked running wheels, and let mice roam(闲逛) and explore for four days in the cages. This provided the researchers with information about how many calories each mouse burned every day.
Then the wheels were unlocked and for nine days, the mice could run at will, and they could decide how much to eat and when to get off the wheels, walking around. The mice,which enjoyed running, jumped readily on the wheels and started to run. On and off the wheels, they could run for hours. They showed a following height in their daily energy expenditure(支出) since they had added exercise to their lives.
But they did not change their eating habits. Although they were burning more calories, they did not eat more. They did, however, change how they moved. They now usually jogged on their wheels for a few minutes, jumped off, rested or roamed in a while, and then climbed back on the wheels, ran, rested, briefly roamed, and it repeated. These changes in how they spent their time almost counteracted(抵消) the extra calorie costs from running, says Daniel Lark, who led the new study.
What caused the running mice to run less is still uncertain. ''But it does not seem to have been tiredness or lack of time; wheel running is not arduous for mice, and does not fill their waking hours.'' Dr. Lark says.
Instead, he says, it is likely that the animals’ bodies and brains sensed the increasing energy expenditure when the mice began to run and sent out biological signals that somehow advised the animals to slow down, save energy and lose weight.
Mice will never be people, of course, so we cannot say whether the results of this would directly apply to us, Dr. Lark says. But the results do indicate that if we hope to lose more weight through, we should watch what we eat and try not to move less while we work out more.
1. What did NOT change for the mice in the experiment?A.How they moved. | B.How long they ran. |
C.How much they chose to eat. | D.How they spent their time. |
A.They didn't like to run the wheels. | B.They ate more after running the wheels. |
C.They spent less time roaming in the cage. | D.They didn't need rest after running the wheels. |
A.tiring | B.energetic | C.difficult | D.different |
A.Wheel running costs the same amount of energy as roaming does. |
B.The mice ran more because they really wanted to lose weight. |
C.The experiment is a failure because the results don't apply to humans. |
D.It might not be tiredness that caused the mice to run less. |
A.to prove that scientists' guess about exercising is wrong |
B.to introduce a recent research on exercise and weight loss |
C.to analyze how wheel running changes mice's movements |
D.to explain why eating and running are bad for exercisers |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost?
If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). It’s an example of how we often rely on intuitive responses — answers we feel are true. People give answers that pop into their mind, says cognitive scientist Steven Sloman. We don’t spend much time “reflecting and checking whether the answer is right or wrong.”
The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify” — in other words, to stop and question what you know.
In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept.
The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says.
According to Sloman, knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.”
Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them.
So, in a world where misleading information is common, training people to care about fact-checking is important, especially in online communities. Think of the stories that are shared on social media every day. Probably these fit in with your own worldview — but perhaps not all of them are true.
“Develop a norm (行为标准) in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says “Verify before you believe.”
1. What would be the best title for the reading?A.Helium Rain: A Great Discovery | B.Stop, Question, and Verify |
C.Social Media and How to Use It | D.The Knowledge Limit |
A.To make sure something is true. |
B.To think about something for a long time. |
C.To express an opinion about something. |
D.To make a formal request. |
A.people often forget skills that they learned at school |
B.there is often more than one possible answer to a question |
C.many people give quick responses without thinking carefully |
D.people are likely to tell a lie when they are uncertain of something |
A.You put yourself in others’ shoes when disagreement or even conflict arises. |
B.You post a message online that gives your opinion about a news story. |
C.You are not sure if a story on social media is true, so you search online for more information. |
D.You don’t believe a negative story about a soccer player because he plays for your favorite team. |
【推荐2】Friendships can hold an exceptional place in our life stories. What is it about the s connections that make them so unique? Before we dive into the science, let’s first observe on in action.
If I could somehow design a best friend, you know, put together all the ideal qualities of my perfect match, that person would pale in comparison to Priya. She’s always there for me. Last year after I failed my important exam, it felt like my whole world was crashing down. Priya was at my door at the news. I was a wreck, but she sat there with me and listened. We were on the same page!
Early childhood, adolescent, and adult friendships are all a little different in part because the brain works in different ways at those stages of life. Adolescence is a unique time when peer relationships take focus, and thanks to the developing brain, there are changes in the way you value, understand, and connect to friends. Teenage friends can seem attached at the hip.
Scientists describe adolescence as a social re adaption as teenagers begin to spend as much or more time with their friends than with their parents. This drive to hang with pals maybe due to changes in the brain’s reward centre. Its activation makes hanging out with others enjoyable and motivates you to spend more time with them. Neuroimaging(神经成像) studies show that this region is highly reactive during your teenage years, which may explain why adolescents seem to place a higher value on social interactions than children or adults.
Teenage friendships can also feel closer than the friendships of your childhood. This deeper connection is possible thanks to improvements in what scientists call Theory-of Mind the ability to understand others’ emotions, thoughts, motivations, and points of view. Babies begin to develop Theory of Mind around 18 months or so. And scientists know that it continues to improve and mature well into your teenage years and beyond. Likewise, regions within the social brain show increased connectivity during adolescence compared with childhood.
As a result, teens can better understand their friend’s perspectives, allowing for deeper connections to develop. The ability to connect with others somewhat depends on the coordination of actions, emotions, physiology, and thoughts. This is what psychologists call interpersonal synchrony.
1. Why did the author mention the exam in paragraph 2?A.To introduce an exam. | B.To show their close relationship. |
C.To serve a favorable example. | D.To argue against the opinion. |
A.Adult friends are attached at the hip. |
B.Teenagers’ value stay the same. |
C.The brain is inactive during teenage years. |
D.Peer relationships play a key role in the life. |
A.It becomes better developed in adolescence. |
B.It refers to regions within the social brain. |
C.Babies begin to develop it around 8 months. |
D.It refers to the ability to understand our own emotions. |
A.Are friendships different? |
B.Are friendships connected with your brain? |
C.Do friendships matter? |
D.How do adolescent friendships develop? |
【推荐3】A study has shown that severe stress lasting weeks or months can damage cell communications in the brain’s memory areas. Recently, researchers from University of California, Irvine, have provided the first evidence that short-term stress lasting for a few hours has the same effect.
“Stress does exist in our lives and cannot be avoided,” said Dr. Baram, leader of the UC Irvine School. “Our findings can play an important role in the present development of medicine that might prevent these undesirable effects and offer understanding of why some people are forgetful or have difficulty keeping the memories.”
In their study, Baram and her UC Irvine colleagues identified a novel process in which stress caused these effects. They found that, severe stress activated(激活) Corticotropin Releasing Hormones(CRH), which prevented the brain from keeping memory.
Memory takes place at synapses, where there are connections through which brain cells communicate. These synapses lie on dendritic spines(神经元). In rat and mouse studies, Baram’s group saw that the release(释放) of CRH in the brain’s primary memory center led to the rapid breakup of these dendritic spines, which in turn limited the ability of synapses to collect and store memories.
In addition, the researchers reproduced the effects of stress on dendritic spines by keeping low levels of CRH, and watching how the spines ruptured over minutes. “Fortunately, once we removed the CRH, the spines seemed to grow back again, ” Baram said. “And this study can play a role in the creation of treatments to address stress-related memory loss.”
1. According to the text, short-term stress can lead to ________.A.memory loss | B.cell decrease |
C.head damage | D.thought disorder |
A.came into being | B.built up |
C.broke apart | D.died away |
A.To discuss the main stages of stress. |
B.To show the primary cause of stress. |
C.To introduce a new finding about stress. |
D.To promote an effective treatment for stress. |
【推荐1】Ford is turning McDonald’s coffee waste into headlights
Ford is recently including coffee chaff (谷壳) that comes off during the roasting process—into the plastic headlights housing (大灯外壳) used in some cars. It has asked McDonald’s, which doesn’t roast its own coffee, to connect it with suppliers.
In recent years, as consumers feel more concern for plastic pollution and carbon emissions, companies have made full commitments to reduce their influences on the environment. They’ve also been developing new, sustainable materials to build consumer products.
Traditionally, Ford uses plastic and talc(滑石粉) to make its headlights housing. The coffee version is more sustainable because it’s lighter and doesn’t use the talc which, as a mineral, isn’t renewable. Coffee chaff, on the other hand, is widely available, and much of it goes to waste. Eventually, Ford hopes to use the material for more parts.
Ford decided to work with coffee chaff a few years ago. But it’s been experimenting with organic materials for over a decade. The auto company has been using soy-based foam(泡沫) in its cushions since 2011. It also uses waste from wheat, coconut, tomato and other plants in its cars in order to help meet some of its sustainability goals, which include using more renewable materials. Once the Ford team figured out how coffee chaff could be used to build car parts, it reached out to McDonald’s because of the restaurant chain ‘s scale and its sustainability goals. Like Ford, McDonald’s also wants to bring renewable and recycled materials into its products. The partnership between Ford and McDonald’s is an example of how brands with different projects can work together.
“We’ve conventionally thought of cooperation as within the food industry,” said Lan Olson, senior director of Global Sustainability at McDonald’s. “The Ford partnership can help McDonald’s see what kind of larger impacts are possible when it works with a company in another field. This is just scratching(划开) the surface of trying to understand what’s possible,” Olson said.
1. Why is Ford applying coffee chaff to headlights housing?A.To work with McDonald’s. | B.To do experiments in the lab. |
C.To save resources and money. | D.To reduce environmental pollution. |
A.Coffee of McDonald’s is so popular and has great potential. |
B.Ford wants to cooperate with one in the food industry. |
C.They have the same sustainability goals. |
D.Different brands with different projects can work together. |
A.Cooperation between the two brands just begins. |
B.The cooperation is only on the surface. |
C.Ford has a large influence on McDonald’s. |
D.Only cooperation within the food industry is welcomed. |
A.News. | B.Business. | C.Science. | D.Entertainment. |
【推荐2】Leap days(闰日)play an important role in keeping our calendars on track. It's all thanks to Julius Caesar.
Most years, the calendar is made up of 365 days. However, the Earth's turning around the sun is actually a little longer than that. It's about 365 1/4 days. This makes the calendar year a bit shorter than a solar year. If you're trying to set up an exact system for measuring the passing of time and changing seasons, this throws small trouble in the work. That was back in 46 B. C. when Julius Caesar was developing what came to be known as the Julian Calendar. He decided that every four years an extra day would be added to the calendar on the advice of an astronomer, Sosigenes.
At first, Caesar's way seems simple and direct. You “bank” those extra quarter days for a few years, and then spend them on a leap day. But as the centuries went on, people began to notice something was wrong—it was speeding ahead of the solar year. By the end of the 16th century, the calendar year had been as much as 10 days ahead. The solar year is actually a little shorter than Caesar and Sosigenes thought. “It's not exactly a quarter of an extra day. It's a little less,” says physicist Judah Levine. “So adding one day every four years was too much.”
Astronomers now know that a solar year is actually 365. 24219 days long. This may not seem like much under the Julian Calendar, but that little mistake led to about 11 minutes off a year. So in 1582, Pope Gregory decided to reset the calendar. He came up with something called “the century rule”. If the number of years is a multiple(倍数)of 100 and is divisible(可整除的)by 400, and if the number of years is not a multiple of 100 and is divisible by 4, an extra day is added. Pope Gregory was also responsible for setting leap day as February 29.
The calendar won't skip(跳跃)another leap year until 2100. That little setup has kept our calendars fairly accurate(精确的)for over 400 years.
1. Who first came up with the idea of leap days?A.Sosigenes. | B.Julius Caesar. | C.Pope Gregory. | D.Judah Levine. |
A.To add one extra day to every year. |
B.To make the Julian Calendar unique. |
C.To teach people a method of saving time. |
D.To make the calendar year equal to the solar year. |
A.It couldn't direct people in actual life. |
B.It didn't completely agree with the solar year. |
C.The calendar year was late more than 10 days. |
D.It's not enough to add a leap day every 4 years. |
A.1900. | B.1986. | C.2024. | D.2038. |
【推荐3】Scientists say they have developed a system that uses machine learning to know when and where lightning will strike. Researchers report the system is able to tell that lightning strikes up to 30 minutes before they happen within a 30-kilometer area.
Lightning is a strong burst of electricity in the atmosphere. Since it carries an extremely powerful electrical charge(电荷), it can be destructive and deadly. European researchers have estimated that between 6,000 and 24,000 people are killed by lightning worldwide each year. For this reason, climate scientists have long sought to develop methods to predict lightning.
The system tested in the experiments uses a combination of data from weather stations and machine learning methods. The researchers developed a prediction model that was trained to recognize weather conditions that were likely to cause lightning.
The model was created with data collected over a 12-year period from 12 Swiss weather stations in cities and mountain areas. The data, related to four main surface conditions: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, was placed into a unique machine learning algorithm(算法), which compared it to records of lightning strikes. Researchers say the algorithm was then able to learn the conditions under which lightning happens.
The researchers test-ran the system several times. They found that the system made predictions that proved correct almost 80 percent of the time. “It can now be used anywhere,” the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology said in a statement.
The researchers plan to keep developing the technology in partnership with a European effort that aims to create a lightning protection program. The effort is called the European Laser Lightning Rod project. Scientists working on the project are experimenting with a laser technology that could someday control lightning activity, taking lightning charges from clouds to the ground. They hope that such technology can one day be used as protection against lightning strikes. Possible uses could be at stations, airports or places where large crowds gather.
1. Why was the system developed?A.To protect people from lightning. |
B.To show the power of lightning. |
C.To keep track of lightning deaths. |
D.To meet kids’ curiosity about lightning. |
A.It was based on a number of samples worldwide. |
B.It adopted a different machine learning algorithm. |
C.It used an effective method of collecting data. |
D.It required low cost of predicting lightning. |
A.Monitor lightning activity. | B.Prevent the occurrence of lightning. |
C.Produce electricity with lightning. | D.Direct energy from lightning. |
A.A System of Controlling Lightning. |
B.A Theory of Explaining Lightning. |
C.A Method of Predicting Lightning. |
D.A Model of Creating Lightning. |
【推荐1】The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphone, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. However,while today’s educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful---both in school and in life.
Virginia Berninger, professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington, says it’s important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.
Berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand. The study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.
In a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student’s writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write. “Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” Berninger said.
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换)“those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. Seeing the words in the “mind’s eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says Berninger, but also to spot spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.
“In our computer age, some people believe that we don’t have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “But until a child functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they won't have knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”
1. What makes writing by hand a thing of the past?A.The absence of blackboard in classroom. |
B.The use of new technologies in teaching. |
C.The lack of practice in handwriting. |
D.The popular use of smartphones. |
A.focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer. |
B.indicated that students prefer to write with a pen and paper. |
C.found that good essays are made up of long sentences. |
D.discussed the importance of writing speed. |
A.Spelling improves one’s memory of words. |
B.Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability. |
C.Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas. |
D.Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas. |
A.Window. | B.Soul |
C.Picture. | D.Imagination. |
A.Computers can help people with their choice of words. |
B.Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching. |
C.Handwriting still has a place in today’s classrooms. |
D.Functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade. |
【推荐2】While sleep patterns vary widely among animal classes and species, there are a few general rules of thumb (经验法则). Sleep serves important evolutionary functions for all animals, but sleep patterns and positions are based in large part on available food supply and defense mechanism.
Sleep patterns in animals have evolved over time—animals that sleep and get attacked by predators(捕食者)are less likely to pass on their genes, so animals have developed ways to protect themselves during sleep. For instance, otters(水獭)sleep holding hands, or cover themselves in seaweed to protect their young and stay afloat while asleep. Likewise, cows and sheep sleep in a group—there is safety in numbers.
Evolutionary biologists consider that predation and fear of predators have influenced the development of sleep patterns across species. Animals that eat meat tend to sleep more than animals that eat plants. Cathemeral(间歇性)species like lions sleep in short spells during both the day and night so as to enable them to seize food when it becomes available.
In general, animals sleep according to what they eat—animals that eat food with lower calories sleep less than others. This may explain why plant eaters need to spend more time awake, to ensure they get enough food and energy. For example, plant eaters like giraffes and elephants sleep 30 minutes to just a few hours per day respectively. However, there are exceptions to this rule, like the koala. Their euealyptus(桉树)-based diet doesn’t give them much energy, but they sleep for 15 hours per day, and slit the rest of their time eating and resting.
A note about the studies referenced in this article: because most animal sleep studies are performed using EEG tests, they are typically performed on animals in zoos and research facilities. As a result, they may not accurately reflect their natural sleep habits in the wild, given the stresses of a zoo environment and consistent availability of food.
1. Why do cows and sheep sleep in groups?A.To protect themselves. | B.To pass on their genes. |
C.To keep themselves warm. | D.To get physical closeness. |
A.have different sleep patterns. |
B.spend short time eating and resting. |
C.need less time to sleep than meat eaters. |
D.sleep 30 minutes to a few hours per day. |
A.To explain the studies’ dangers. |
B.To point out the studies’ limitations. |
C.To describe the studies’ detailed procedures. |
D.To add the studies’ background information. |
A.Their genes. | B.Their eating habits. |
C.Classes and species. | D.Food and safety. |
【推荐3】Commuters of the future could get some relief from congested roads especially the peak-hour traffic if Uber’s plans for flying taxis work out.
The battery-powered aircraft looks like a cross between a small plane and a helicopter, with fixed wings and rotors (旋转器). It was presented at an international technology conference in Lisbon, Portugal.
Catering for the need of shorter city travel time, the vehicle is intended to soar over traffic congestion. Uber hopes it will eventually become a form of convenient mass transport and cost commuters aboard less than using their own car, though initially it will be more expensive than that, Uber’s Chief Product Officer Jeff Holden said.
The scheme still faces plenty of challenges, including certification of the new vehicle by authorities, pilot training and constructing urban air traffic management systems that prevent collisions.
Holden declared that Uber is joining NASA’s project to expand air traffic systems, which scores of other companies already belong to.
He told The Associated Press in an interview that he has no dollar figure for the total investment. He said Uber is putting some of its own money into the project, developing software, while other investors are also involved, such as aircraft manufacturers that are developing the vehicle and real estate companies that are providing so-called “skyports” where people will catch their airborne taxi.
Uber is making a bid to reform and polish up its image which has been damaged by certain negative news. Holden said those episodes did not slow development of the flying taxi project of the great company that is in transition.
1. What result is Uber’s flying taxis aimed to achieve?A.Shorter city travel time. | B.Smooth flow of traffic. |
C.Higher economic efficiency. | D.Convenience of people’s life. |
A.Flying taxis are more cost-effective than driving private cars. |
B.Uber has to cooperate with NASA to reach it’s goal. |
C.The success of this project, if possible, will polish up Uber’s image. |
D.The final achievement of Uber’s goal relies not only on the company itself. |
A.trouble | B.exchange |
C.incident | D.process |
A.Uber is committed to developing the flying taxi project. |
B.Uber is to accomplish it’s transition period in the near future. |
C.Uber’s reputation used to be ruined by rumors. |
D.Uber has recovered from it’s damaged image. |
【推荐1】Diseases spread in many ways. An infected person can cough or sneeze on someone nearby, or they can spread germs through a handshake. But sometimes we pick up germs indirectly. A sick person might leave behind bacteria or viruses when they touch a door handle, for example. But what if those surfaces could clean themselves?
Two teenagers from Hong Kong asked themselves the same question. Now they’ve developed a door handle that can kill germs on contact.
The idea is simple. Every time the door is opened, the movement creates power that starts a germ-killing reaction on the handle. In lab tests, their system killed about 99.8 percent of the germs that they spread onto lab dishes covered with their material.
Research by others has shown that door handles in public areas are often home to lots of bacteria and viruses, notes 17-year-old Sum Ming (“Simon”)Wong. He and his schoolmate Kin Pong (Michael) Li, 18, wanted to design a covering for door handles that would kill germs.
After doing some research, they learned that a mineral called titanium dioxide (二氧化钛)is known to kill bacteria. It’s already used in many products, from paints to desserts. To make their covering, the teenagers made the mineral into a very fine powder.
Titanium dioxide kills bacteria best when lit by ultraviolet (紫外线的) light, says Simon. UV light is found in sunlight. But UV light does not naturally shine on indoor handles or any used at night, so the teenagers light their door handle from within.
To make sure the light reaches the coated surface, the teenagers made their door handle out of clear glass. Each end fits into a bracket (托架). Inside one of the brackets is a strong light-emitting diode (LED). From it comes UV light.
And here’s the interesting part: The power that makes the UV light shine comes from opening and closing the door. The power from the door is then carried by wire to the LED inside the door handle.
The door handle system, Michael and Simon say, might cost no more than about $13 (about 81 yuan) to build.
1. The ways diseases spread are mentioned at the beginning of the text to .A.demonstrate how most diseases are spread indirectly |
B.remind readers of the importance of cleaning their hands |
C.explain how to kill bacteria or viruses effectively |
D.help to describe a new invention that prevents diseases from spreading |
A.supply enough power to the handle system |
B.produce titanium dioxide to kill bacteria |
C.provide UV light to help titanium dioxide work better |
D.direct the UV light in sunlight to the coated surface |
A.Cautious | B.Critical | C.Disappointed | D.Enthusiastic |
【推荐2】You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to “write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
I insist, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of damage but of love.
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the first step to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. I am arguing that books must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.
Why is marking up a book necessary to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean only conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. The marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.
But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory. To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions.
If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines in a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. An ordinary piece of light fiction, like "Gone with the Wind," doesn't require the most active kind of reading, and you don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the story of David Copperfield.
You may also say that this business of marking books is going to slow up your reading. It probably will. That's one of the reasons for doing it. Most of us have been taken in by the notion that speed of reading is a measure of our intelligence. There is no such things as the right speed for intelligent reading. Some things should be read quickly and effortlessly, and some should be read slowly and even laboriously. The sign of intelligence in reading is the ability to read different things differently according to their worth. In the case of good books, the point is not to see how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through you — how many you can make your own. A few friends are better than a thousand acquaintances. If this be your aim, as it should be, you will not be impatient if it takes more time and effort to read a great book than it does a newspaper.
1. Full ownership of a book does not occur until ________.A.it is purchased | B.it is read between the lines |
C.it is written between the lines | D.it is worn, shaken and loosened |
A.to keep you from feeling sleepy |
B.to show that you are absorbed in reading |
C.to make yourself conscious that you are reading actively |
D.to make yourself a part of it, making further understanding possible |
A.Gone with the Wind and David Copperfield are not thought-through books |
B.Marking a book can help preserve your questions about what is read |
C.Reading will benefit us more if it is done actively |
D.Intelligent people usually read quickly and differently |
A.to tell the readers how to read different books |
B.to encourage the readers to read slowly but actively |
C.to argue that the readers should read between lines |
D.to introduce ways to mark up a book while reading |
【推荐3】Would it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?
Professor Simard form University of British Columbia explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. As far as Simard is concerned, actually the opposite is true: trees survive through their co-operation, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”.
Nitrogen (氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi (真菌) networks, making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons (神经元) in our brains, and when one tree is destroyed, it affects all.
Simard talks about “mother trees”, usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. She explains how moribund trees pass on the wealth to the next generation, transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.
“We didn’t take any notice of it” Simard says sadly. “Trees move nutrition into the young trees before they die, but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.
1. Which statement would Simard agree with?A.Trees support each other. |
B.Trees compete for nutrition. |
C.Trees depend on their needs. |
D.Trees co-operate with the fittest. |
A.To explain the importance of fungi networks. |
B.To introduce the function of neurons networks. |
C.To illustrate how Nitrogen and carbon are shared. |
D.To show how the forest ecological system works. |
A.Energetic. | B.Ancient. | C.Previous | D.Dying |
A.Protect tree societies. |
B.Cut down oldest trees. |
C.Get nutrition from nature. |
D.Improve our environment. |