One of the biggest problems when we are talking is the awkward silence. Encountering this situation is so uncomfortable that you would avoid meeting new people in the first place. In the past, I struggled with this and I even thought it had to do with my DNA or something… But later I learned that once you know how to keep those words flowing, you can meet and talk to anyone you like, which helps create great possibilities for friendship, fun and shared activities that you would otherwise have missed out on.
After studying this in depth, I had different opinions and found that one of these common behaviors is the habit of filtering (过滤)—holding back from saying something until you've "checked" to make sure that what you're about to say is cool, impressive and interesting. Another problem is not learning to get in the mood for conversation. If you don't know how to change from subjects, then it can take a lot of time to warm up.
It is the reflex (习惯性思维) that allows you to say whatever goes on in your mind. It's fun to realize that you're allowed to say whatever is on your mind. As long as you don't say anything that could land you in jail (监狱).
All of the "Oh! That's interesting…" "Hmm, I've never heard of that" "Hmm, cool!" expressions are reactionary (保守的) bits of conversation that prove to the other person that you're really listening. This works 99% of the time. So, if you show some interest, they'll hang around and want to talk to you even more.
Everyone knows that stories juice-up conversations, but most people only talk about stories of their own lives. When someone mentions something related to any of them, just tell the story, even if it's not from your life. The more interesting, stranger or more frightening they are, the harder they are to forget.
1. If people can deal with the awkward silence, they can _____.| A．train their working skill |
| B．improve their life quality |
| C．enrich their social life |
| D．establish their working relationship |
| A．to cool |
| B．think twice |
| C．be free to express |
| D．avoid breaking in |
| A．The attractive topics of conversation. |
| B．The atmosphere of the conversation. |
| C．The listener's experiences and tastes. |
| D．The listener's curiosity and concern. |
| A．making conversations more difficult |
| B．making conversations livelier |
| C．making conversations smoother |
| D．making conversations more relaxing |
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【推荐1】I have forgotten the name of the old lady, who was a customer on my newspaper route when I was a twelve-year-old boy back in 1954. Yet it seems like just yesterday that she taught me a lesson in forgiveness that I can only hope to pass on to someone else some day.
On a Saturday afternoon, a friend and I were throwing stones onto the roof of the old lady’s house. I found a smooth rock and sent it. The stone headed straight for a small window on the old lady’s back door. At the sound of broken glass, we took off from the old lady’s yard.
I was too scared about getting caught that first night. However, a few days later when I was sure that I hadn’t been discovered, I started to feel guilty for her misfortune.
She still greeted me with a smile each day when I gave her the newspaper, but I was no longer able to act comfortably when seeing her.
I decided to save my paper delivery money, and in three weeks I had the seven dollars that I thought would cover the cost of her window. I put the money in an envelope with a note saying that I was sorry for breaking her window and hoped that the seven dollars would cover the cost of repairing it.
The next day, I handed the old lady her paper. She thanked me for the paper and gave me a bag of biscuits she had made herself. I thanked her and ate the biscuits as I continued my route.
After several biscuits, I felt an envelope and pulled it out of the bag. When I opened the envelope, I was shocked. Inside were the seven dollars and a short note that said, “I’m proud of you.”
1. What work did the author do at the age of 12?| A．Collecting old papers. |
| B．Delivering newspapers. |
| C．Picking rocks. |
| D．Repairing roofs. |
| A．They broke the old lady’s back door. |
| B．They heard the old lady shouting. |
| C．They broke the old lady’s window. |
| D．They were seen by the old lady. |
| A．He saved some money to cover the cost. |
| B．He gave the old lady papers for free. |
| C．He apologized in the old lady’s presence. |
| D．He bought cookies for the old lady. |
| A．strict | B．patient | C．mean | D．generous |
【推荐2】How to Deal with Nosy People
They can come in the form of friends, relatives or strangers. The thing about nosy people is that they don’t understand personal space. Things can get confusing when your family members or friends become nosy. You don’t want to hurt them, but you may not want to share everything, either.
Respond. Do not react.
When someone starts asking personal questions one after the other, you might get confused as to why he or she is asking all those questions and what you should do. This confusion can then turn into discomfort. When you are in this situation, remind yourself to slow down.
Answer them reasonably without revealing too much.
One great strategy is to give a satisfactory answer without giving away too many details. You will satisfy their curiosity and maintain your personal boundaries at the same time.
Sometimes, you just don’t feel like answering the other person’s questions. It could be because they have no business knowing the details or because the question annoys you. So, if someone asks you a personal question, you could politely decline to answer.
Show a lack of enthusiasm.
| A．Give detailed answers. |
| B．Politely decline to answer. |
| C．There is no need to feel rushed at all! |
| D．Your body language tells a lot about you. |
| E．Here are tips on how you can deal with nosy people. |
| F．Use this strategy when the other person is a loved one. |
| G．It shows them you are not interested in the conversation. |
【推荐3】Prosocial behaviors are those intended to help other people. Behaviors that can be described as prosocial include feeling empathy(同感) and concern for others and behaving in ways to help or benefit other people.
Prosocial behavior has long posed a challenge to social scientists seeking to understand why people engage in helping behaviors that are beneficial to others, but costly to the individual performing the action. Why would people do something that benefits someone else but offers no immediate benefit to the doer?
Psychologists suggest that there are a number of reasons why people engage in prosocial behavior. In many cases, such behaviors are fostered during childhood and adolescence as adults encourage children to share, act kindly, and help others. Prosocial behaviors are often seen as being compelled by a number of factors including egoistic reasons (doing things to improve one's selfimage), reciprocal benefits (doing something nice for someone so that they may one day return the favor), and more altruistic reasons (performing actions purely out of empathy for another individual).
Characteristics of the situation can also have a powerful impact on whether or not people engage in prosocial actions. The bystander effect is one of the most notable examples of how the situation can impact helping behaviors. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to become less likely to assist a person in distress when there are a number of other people also present. For example, if you drop your purse and several items fall out on the ground, the likelihood that someone will stop and help you decreases if there are many other people present. This same sort of thing can happen in cases where someone is in serious danger, such as when someone is involved in a car accident. In some cases, witnesses might assume that since there are so many other present, someone else will have surely already called for help.
Why do people help in some situations but not in others? Experts have discovered a number of different situational variables that contribute to (and sometimes interfere with) prosocial behaviors. First, the more people that are present decreases the amount of personal responsibility people feel in a situation. People also tend to look to others for how to respond in such situations, particularly if the event contains some level of ambiguity. Fear of being judged by other members of the group also plays a role. People sometimes fear leaping to assistance, only to discover that their help was unwanted or unwarranted. In order to avoid being judged by other bystanders, people simply take no action.
Experts have suggested that some key things must happen in order for a person to take action.
1. Prosocial behaviors are motivated for all the following reasons EXCEPT ________.| A．empathy for another individual | B．instant benefits of helping others |
| C．parental influences in the early life | D．the desire to better one's selfimage |
| A．peace | B．despair |
| C．comfort | D．trouble |
| A．When hearing an injured lady crying for help, the neighbors didn't take action. |
| B．Seeing an old man slipping on the icy road, many people volunteered to help. |
| C．A woman was to give birth on the train and you were the only doctor there. |
| D．On the scene of your colleague's traffic accident, you called the police for help |
| A．possible benefits of prosocial behavior |
| B．various reasons for prosocial behavior |
| C．situational influences on prosocial behavior |
| D．skills and knowledge to provide assistance |
【推荐1】Every year, millions of people make the same New Year’s resolution(决心): to lose weight. But there’s a problem that requires as much resolution to change as weight: the societal prejudice surrounding weight and obesity.
For decades, researchers have documented negative attitudes toward overweight people - a form of prejudice known as “weight bias (偏见).” People with obesity are commonly viewed as lazy, unintelligent, unattractive, and lacking willpower and self-control. Weight – based discrimination is found in educational, employment and health care settings, yet minimal legal protection exists for those who are targeted. In addition to experiencing weight bias from others, people with obesity tend to accept weight-biased beliefs, leading to lower self-worth.
Some people argue that bitter messages about weight are necessary to motivate those with obesity to take responsibility for their health and lose weight. After all, critics say, it’s their own fault that they are “fat,” and, if they really wanted to, they could control their weight. In this view, promoting body acceptance would only weaken behavior change and encourage obesity.
The problem with this argument is that it flies in the face of hundreds of scientific studies showing the negative health effects associated with experiencing and accepting weight-biased beliefs. The psychological effect of being undervalued due to one’s weight may not seem surprising: increased risk for depression, anxiety, and even self-harming thoughts and attempts in youth.
Also worth noting are the effects of weight bias on weight gain and obesity-related health. Studies show that weight bias is stressful, and when people are under stress, they tend to eat more. Further, when people worry about being judged due to their weight, they avoid fitness and health care setting.
In the coming year, whether or not weight loss is a goal, we can all make efforts to get rid of weight bias and be a little kinder to ourselves and others.
1. What do we know about obese people?| A．They are fond of making resolutions. |
| B．They are lacking in self-control. |
| C．They care little about others’ opinions. |
| D．They tend to undervalue themselves. |
| A．They can encourage obese people to lose weight. |
| B．They can improve self-worth in obese people. |
| C．They can promote body acceptance. |
| D．They can relieve depression. |
| A．Confirms. | B．Copies. | C．Splits up. | D．Goes against. |
| A．A healthy diet: good for your mind and body |
| B．New Year’s resolution: lose weight bias instead of weight |
| C．Control your weight by accepting the bitter messages readily |
| D．Eat your own way regardless of others’ thoughts |
【推荐2】My elephant adventures began in 1984 when, with our one-year-old daughter, my husband and I crossed the jungle in a jeep, sticking behind a lorry for comfort and company. The elephants standing like watchers on either side of the forest highway had us praying for our safety. One elephant made loud noise and angrily pawed the ground, warning us off. We raced away before they could attack.
It was wise to keep elephants at a distance. We heard stories of tourists whose jeeps were overturned, and a couple of photographers were killed because they moved too close. Elephants are misleading animals. They give people an impression of being quiet and kind, so tourists think it’s safe to picnic in the jungle. Yet angry elephants have knocked them down in seconds before they could take off.
Elephants might make life unpredictable and dangerous. It’s difficult for inexperienced environmentalists to even, begin to grasp this reality. I’ve heard city people say “We humans are encroaching (侵害) on their forests.” But what’s the solution?
When a poor farmer borrows heavily to plant a crop, he’ll do anything to protect it. His life depends on it. Elephants ruining an about-to-be-harvested corn field cannot expect to be welcomed like special guests. The battle between beasts and farmers is violent.
Experts are working on solutions to human-elephant conflicts. Some are sure to fail to like the plan to build electric fences around human settlements. Elephants rapidly figure them out and come in, around and over them.
There are more questions than answers, for sure. But as my husband said, “More people die in car accidents every single day, in every city on the earth. But they won’t take cars off the roads, will they?” So we need to seek practical ways of preventing elephant accidents.
1. How did the author feel when she saw elephants standing on either side of the forest highway?| A．Excited. | B．Frightened. |
| C．Sacred. | D．Sympathetic. |
| A．Because they killed the photographers. |
| B．Because they overturned vehicles. |
| C．Because they don’t look fierce. |
| D．Because they often knock down visitors. |
| A．Because elephants ruin their crops. |
| B．Because they want to hunt elephants. |
| C．Because elephants’ ivories are valuable. |
| D．Because elephants are encroaching on their forests. |
| A．Proper measures should be taken to protect elephants. |
| B．It is a good idea to build electric fences around human settlements. |
| C．It is impossible to find a solution to settle human-elephant conflicts. |
| D．We should first reduce car accidents to prevent elephant accidents. |
【推荐3】When given the choice, about 85% of people say they would not want to know about some negative event far in the future. Yet recently millions around the globe have downloaded FaceApp, which allows users to see how they might age in real life.
Many had fun with joking that they love the FaceApp old filter. Beneath the humor is a serious subject: How do we learn to relate to our future selves? It’s important that we try to because it could help strengthen the long-term decisions that we make. However, we often fail to make sacrifices for the grayer versions of ourselves.
More than half of the respondents in a recent survey of 2,800 Americans said they rarely or never thought about what their lives might be like 30 years from now. This isn’t surprising, since most of us are firmly rooted in the present and thinking about the distant future can seem like a distant priority (优先). My ongoing research might also offer an explanation: We tend to think about our future selves as if they are someone different from who we are today. In an effort to narrow these empathy (共情) gaps, my research workmates and I have tried to humanize people’s future selves in the same way others have tried to humanize charity receivers. Given that a photograph of one hungry child can spark emotional reactions, and cause viewers to donate, we have presented participants with vivid images of their distant selves.
That seems helpful. In a recently completed project in Mexico, we found that exposure to future self-images led more people to contribute to their pensions. Despite this research, I’m skeptical that the app users will suddenly increase their pension contributions and care about their health. The silly app isn’t paired with an immediate opportunity to change any of these things.
The lesson from FaceApp shouldn’t be that we need to marry hi-tech visuals with savings for retirement. The lesson, then, lakes the form of a question: What more can be done to urge us to think about, care for who we will one day become?
1. What can we learn about FaceApp?| A．It provides future self-images. | B．It is the most downloaded app. |
| C．It helps people make decisions. | D．It makes people age in real life. |
| A．They have known future life from FaceApp. |
| B．They fail to make sacrifices for their future. |
| C．They attach greater importance to the present. |
| D．They consider future selves the same as today’s. |
| A．Completing a project in Mexico. | B．Offering aging images of participants. |
| C．Raising contributions among viewers. | D．Giving a photograph of a hungry child. |
| A．Positive. | B．Doubtful. | C．Ambiguous. | D．Unfavorable. |
【推荐1】Guide for New Students
Transportation
The TWU Express is a shuttle (班车) service. The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre, leaving from the Mattson Centre. Operation hours are between 9 am and 3 pm, Saturdays only. Round trip fare is $1.
Food
The TWU Cafeteria is open from 7am to 8pm. It serves snacks, drinks, ice cream bars and meals. You can pay in cash or with your ID cards. You can add meal money to your ID cards at the Front Desk. Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria, you can use the tables to eat your lunch, to have meetings and to study.
If you are on campus in the evening or late at night, you can buy snacks, fast food, and drinks in the Lower Café in the bottom level of the Gouglas Centre. This area is often used for entertainment such as concerts, games or TV watching.
Health
The Wellness Centre，on the top floor of Douglas Hall, is committed to physical, mental and social health. A doctor or a nurse is available if you have health questions or need immediate medical help or personal advice. The cost of this is included in your medical insurance. Hours are Monday to Friday, 9 am to noon and 1:00 to 4:30 pm.
Relaxation
The Globe, in the bottom level of McMillan Hall, is available for relaxing, studying, cooking, and eating. Monthly activities are held here for all international students. Hours are 10 am to 10 pm, closed on Sundays.
1. What is the function of TWU Express? ________| A．To transport students to and from the stores. | B．To provide students with campus tours. |
| C．To take students to their homes. | D．To carry students to the lecture halls. |
| A．Do housework and watch TV. | B．Buy books and enjoy concerts. |
| C．Have meals and meet with friends. | D．Add money to your ID and play chess. |
| A．The McMillan Hall, Sunday. | B．The Lower Café, Sunday. |
| C．The TWU Cafeteria, Friday. | D．The Globe, Friday. |
【推荐2】A college student in Alabama walked 32 kilometers in the dark to get to his new job. The story begins with Walter Carr's car breaking down the night before starting a new job at Bellhops, a furniture moving company.
Carr was unable to find a ride. So, he figured out how long it would take to walk from his house to the job in Pelham—32 kilometers away. He left at midnight so that he could make it to the customer's house by 8:00 am the next morning.
Pelham police saw him walking along a highway at 4:00 am. So, they stopped to see if he needed help. After hearing his story, they took him to a restaurant for breakfast and then to a church where he could safely wait until 8:00 am.
The police then took Carr to the home of customer Jenny Lamey. Lamey said that even though Carr had just walked the entire night, he refused her offer to rest. He just wanted to start working. While he worked, he talked with the customer, telling her how much he liked her kitchen.
Reporter Carol Robinson of the Birmingham News wrote that Carr also shared another story with his customer. He told Lamey that he and his mother moved from New Orleans, Louisiana to Birmingham, Alabama after losing their home in Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly hurricane that hit the Gulf Coast of the U. S. in 2005.
Jenny Lamey later wrote this on Facebook: “I just can't tell you how touched I was by Walter and his journey.” She then started a GoFundMe page to help Walter with money to get his car fixed. When the CEO of Bellhops, Luke Marklin, learned of Carr's story, he drove from Tennessee to Alabama to give Walter his own 2014 Ford Escape.
Walter Carr's story touched many others around the United States. Within a few days, people gave over $ 73,000 to his GoFundMe page. Carr has decided to give a part of the donations to the Birmingham Education Foundation. And he has received more offers for jobs and scholarships for schools.
1. Why did Carr walk 32 kilometers the entire night?| A．To enjoy a thrilling adventure alone. |
| B．To make a good impression at a new job. |
| C．To win customers' praise and compliment. |
| D．To do some physical exercise for himself. |
| A．Hardworking and kind. | B．Adventurous and brave. |
| C．Humorous and generous. | D．Humble but stubborn. |
| A．She offered him more jobs | B．She gave him her own Ford Car. |
| C．She started a GoFundMe page. | D．She donated some money to him. |
| A．The tough experience of a young man | B．Good methods to win praise from boss. |
| C．Keep responsible spirits to fulfill anything. | D．A young man's persevering attitude to life |
【推荐3】Artificial intelligence, or AI, has been applied in a wide range of fields to perform specific tasks, including education, finance, heavy industry, transportation, and so on.
Education
There are a number of companies that create robots to teach subjects to children ranging from biology to computer science, though such tools have not become widespread yet. Advancements in natural language processing, combined with machine learning, have also enabled automatic grading of assignments. AI has also led to an explosion in popularity of MOOCs, or Massive Open Online Courses, which allows students from around the world to take classes online.
Finance
Use of AI in banking can be tracked back to 1987. Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, maintain book-keeping, invest in stocks, and manage properties. Also, systems are being developed, like Atria, to translate complex data into simple and personable language. There are also wallets, like Wallet AI, which monitor an individual’s spending habits and provides ways to improve them.
Heavy industry
Robots have become common in many industries and are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to failure in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading.
Transportation
Today’S cars can have AI-based driver assist features such as self-parking and advanced cruise controls. AI in transportation is expected to provide safe, efficient, and reliable transportation while minimizing the impact on the environment and communities.
Toys and games
Companies like Mattel have been creating AI-enabled toys for kids as young as age three. Using proprietary AI engines and speech recognition tools, they are able to understand conversations, give intelligent responses and learn quickly. AI has also been applied to video games, for example video game bots, which are designed to stand in as opponents where humans aren’t available or desired.
1. Which is true about AI and education?| A．Robots have been widely used to teach children. |
| B．AI has been used to grade students’ homework. |
| C．AI has enabled more students to receive education at school. |
| D．Education was the first field where A1 was used. |
| A．Atria can help people understand complex data. |
| B．Wallet AI can help people make more money. |
| C．Robots’ jobs are considered dangerous to humans. |
| D．Robots can help people concentrate. |
| A．Today’s drivers needn’t learn to park their cars |
| B．AI ensures safe, efficient, and reliable transportation |
| C．AI-enabled toys is designed to improve kids’ intelligence |
| D．Video game bots can fight against you in video games |
| A．The latest progress in AI. | B．AI is of great use. |
| C．Some applications of AI. | D．AI is used in all fields. |
【推荐1】Machines might one day replace human laborers in a number of professions, but surely they won’t ever replace human artists. Right?
Think again. Not even our artists will be safe from the inevitable machine takeover, if a new development in artificial intelligence(AI) by a team of researchers from Rutgers University and Facebook’s AI lab offers a clue of what’s to come. They have designed an AI capable of not only producing art, but actually inventing whole new aesthetic(美学的) styles similar to movements like impressionism or abstract expressionism. The idea, according to researcher Marian Mazzone, was to make art that is “novel, but not too novel”.
The model used in this project involves a generator network, which produces the images, and a discriminator network, which “judges” whether it’s art. Once the generator learns how to produce work that the distributor recognizes as art, it’s given an additional instruction: to produce art that doesn’t match any known aesthetic styles.
“You want to have something really creative and striking — but at the same time not to go too far and make something that isn’t aesthetically pleasing,” explained Ahmed Elgammal.
The art that was generated by the system was then presented to human judges alongside human-produced art without showing which was which. To the researchers’ surprise, the machine-made art scored slightly higher overall than the human-produced art.
Of course, machines can’t yet replace the meaning conveyed in works by human artists, but this project shows that artist skill sets certainly seem reproducible by machines.
What will it take for machines to produce content with meaning? That might be the last AI frontier. Human artists can at least hang their hats in that field for now.
“Imagine having people over for a dinner party and they ask, ‘Who is that by?’ And you say, ‘Well, it’s a machine actually.’ That would be an interesting conversation starter,” said Kevin Walker.
1. What is implied in the second paragraph?| A．Artists won’t be replaced by AI. | B．AI can produce new styles of art. |
| C．AI is totally at a loss about impressionism. | D．AI fails to reflect abstract expressionism. |
| A．AI can please human judges with its art. | B．AI can combine content with meaning. |
| C．AI can make art aesthetically unpleasant. | D．AI can create high quality arts. |
| A．Discover. | B．Hold. | C．Struggle. | D．Appear. |
| A．she uses machines to cook for a party | B．she likes to join in a dinner party |
| C．she expects the arrival of AI | D．she cares about the starter of a chat |
【推荐2】Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting sick, a new American study suggests.
In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus, researchers found that people with a generally sunny character were less likely to fail ill.
The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help ward off the common cold and other illness.
“People with a positive emotional style may have different immune（免疫的）responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. “And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.”
Cohen and his colleagues has found in a previous study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional quality itself had the effect.
For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality qualities, physicals health and “emotional style”.
Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy–going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile（敌意的）had a negative style.
Afterwards, the researchers gave them nose drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus that causes flu-like symptoms. Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing they had. Cohen and his colleagues found that happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
What`s more, when happy folks did develop a cold, their symptoms were less severe than expected based on objective measures.
In contrast, people with negative characters were not at increased risk of developing a cold based on objective measures, though they did tend to get down about their symptoms.
“We find that it`s really positive emotions that have the big effect,” Cohen said, “not the negative ones.”
So can a bad-tempered person fight a cold by deciding to be happy?
1. What does the underlined phrase "ward off" in paragraph 3 mean?| A．Get close to. | B．Keep away from. |
| C．Get used to. | D．Go on with. |
| A．To find effective ways to fight illnesses. |
| B．To test people's different immune responses to cold virus. |
| C．To tell differences between happy people and unhappy people. |
| D．To examine whether health was related to emotional styles, |
| A．By comparing different experimental results. |
| B．By asking the volunteers to complete n form. |
| C．By collecting data among people with n cold. |
| D．By observing the volunteers' symptoms. |
| A．Success is the twin of positive spirits. |
| B．We get more by being more positive. |
| C．The happier we are, the fewer colds we will suffer. |
| D．Physical health is more important than mental health. |
【推荐3】Back in November 1988, Robert Tappan Morris was a 20-something graduate student at Cornell who wanted to know how big the Internet was- that is, how many computers were connected to it. So he wrote a program that would travel from computer to computer and ask each machine to send a signal back to a control server, which would keep count. That was how the world’s first cyber (网络) attack set the stage for modern cyber security challenges.
The program worked well. Morris had known that if it traveled too fast there might be problems, but the limits he built in weren’t enough to keep the program from blocking up large sections of the Internet, both copying itself to new machines and sending those pings (电子脉冲) back, When he realized what was happening, even his messages warning system administrators about the problem couldn’t get through. Large numbers of Internet-connected computers are told to send lots of traffic to one particular address, overloading it with so much activity that either the system shuts down or its network connections are completely blocked. Morris’s program is now known as the “Morris worm”.
Worms and viruses are similar, but different in one key way: A virus needs a command, from a user or a hacker (黑客), to run its program. A worm, by contrast,hits the groundrunning all on its own. For example. even if you never open your email program, a worm that gets onto your computer might email a copy of itself to everyone in your address book.
In a time when few people were concerned about harmful software and nobody had protective software in his computer, the Morris worm spread quickly. It took 72 hours for researchers at Purdue and Berkeley to stop the worm. It affected tens of thousands of systems, Cleaning up the infection cost hundreds or thousands of dollars for each affected machine.
Morris wasn’t trying to destroy the Internet, but he was sentenced to three years of probation (缓刑) and a roughly US $ 10.000 fine. In the late 1990s, though. he became a dot-com millionaire- and is now a professor at MIT.
1. What is Morris’s intention 1o write the program known now as the “Morris worm”?| A．To test the effect of protective software. |
| B．To start a harmful attack on the Internet. |
| C．To see how well a program can work on the Internet. |
| D．To get the number of the computers connected to the Internet. |
| A．What loss the problem caused. |
| B．How the problem was dealt with. |
| C．How the unexpected problem came about. |
| D．What Morris did to prevent the problem from expanding. |
| A．Copies itself. | B．Gets on the Internet. |
| C．Gets the user’s command. | D．Copies your email address book. |
| A．He was punished for it. | B．He invented a protective software. |
| C．He got help from a millionaire. | D．He was asked to clear up the Internet. |
