Plenty of children ask their parents for a pet. And now it might be harder for parents to refuse their requests, as a new study shows that young adults who care for an animal have stronger social relationships. American scientists also found that looking after a pet might also help teenagers develop better social skills.
Animals can have positive effects on children, but little is known about the benefits that caring for animals every day can bring to young people. “The young teenagers in the study who cared for pets felt more connected to other people,” said Dr. Megan Mueller, a professor at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Massachusetts.
Dr. Mueller surveyed more than 500 young people aged between 18 and 26 about their attitudes towards animals. Their responses were used to measure their positive youth development characteristics such as caring, confidence and connection, as well as feelings of depression. The study found that young adults who cared for animals helped their friends or family more and showed stronger leadership qualities than those who did not look after a pet. The more actively they took part in the pet’s care, the higher they scored on their sociable deeds.
“We can’t draw causal links with this study, but it is a good starting point to better understand the role of animals in our lives, especially when we are young,” said Dr. Mueller. To further develop the research, scientists need to look at how specific features of human experiences are connected with animal experiences, as well as how these relationships develop over time, and look at a larger number of people.
1. If teenagers look after pets, they will probably _____.| A．Score highly at school. | B．Develop better social skills. |
| C．Become leaders in the future. | D．Have only positive characteristics. |
| A．Children should love pets. |
| B．Little is known about pets. |
| C．Children’s growth is connected with pets. |
| D．Pets can benefit children. |
| A．To study more people. | B．To communicate with animals. |
| C．To care for more animals. | D．To measure youth development characteristics. |
| A．A scientific journal. | B．A health magazine. |
| C．A storybook. | D．An education program. |
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【推荐1】Years ago, I lived next door to an old man named Steve, who told me he hadn’t had any friends since quitting his factory job 20 years earlier. Steve sat on his porch (门廊) all day. Across the street was another neighbor, Werner, who usually sat on an armchair on his lawn. The two men, both around the same age, stared at each other but rarely talked. When Steve fell down on the floor, Werner watched as the ambulance crew tried to save him.
Steve and Werner are a handy example for the kind of separation that COVID-19 has visited upon many of us. Although the pandemic has gone now, a separation still exists. The percentage of men with at least six close friends fell by half between 1990 and 2021, according to the Survey Center on American Life.
In short, man is in friendship recession (衰退). It is the result of social conditioning and 10, 000 years of developmental forces, where cooperation has been changed into competition. The invention of the big-screen TV hasn’t helped.
A 2020 Oxford University study confirms what many people will readily admit: People prefer to socialize in groups rather than on-on-one. Groups are looser, less private. And shared activities often center on something—a sport, a bar, or a football match. But when the activity goes away, the group often goes with it.
I reconnected with an old friend who had played professional football and I asked him if he was in touch with any of his former teammates. “No,” he said. When football ended, those connections did too. Without that central activity to keep the relationship, they all disappeared from one another’s lives.
There was a time when card games or watching the football games was a sort of guilty pleasure, a senseless activity. Now we’re learning that these things, or at least the connection they represent, are basic to mental health.
1. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?| A．To introduce the neighbors. | B．To tell the neighbors’ stories. |
| C．To give an example of separation. | D．To tell the effect of the pandemic. |
| A．Men prefer one-on-one relationship. |
| B．Relationships in groups are more private. |
| C．Shared activities do not center on anything- |
| D．The group’s connection ends after activities go away. |
| A．Friendship recession. | B．Peer competition. |
| C．Team cooperation. | D．Social development. |
| A．A sort of guilty pleasure. | B．Basic to mental health. |
| C．A kind of senseless activities. | D．Ways to amuse themselves. |
【推荐2】If you care what other people think of your social media posts, you may want to think twice before uploading selfies (自拍照), according to research from psychologists at Washington State University(WSU).
WSU psychology professor Chris Barry worked with WSU students, as well as researchers from the University of Southern Mississippi to design a project. The team asked 30 students at the Mississippi school to fill out personality questionnaires and allow researchers to use their 30 most recent Instagram posts. Those 900 pictures were shown to 119 WSU students, who were asked to judge the Mississippi school students on 13 attributes(特质) such as self-absorption, self-res pect, dependability and likability.
“The study found that people who posted a lot of selfies were almost commonly viewed as less pleasant, less successful and more insecure than those who posted more ‘posies’—that is, traditionally posed photos that appear to be taken by someone else,” Barry said.
Those without a friend available to take a picture can try using a self-timer to take their own posed photos from farther away than at arm’s length. The WSU researchers found that e-ven if a photo that appears to be a “posie” was, in fact, taken by the subject, it was still consid-ered more positively than obvious selfies.
Thus, Keely Kolmes, a San Francisco-based psychologist with expert knowledge in social media matters, suggests not being concerned about social media. “Though it is kind of difficult when we focus on the number of likes or how many followers we have or the number of interac-tions,” said Keely Kolmes. “We should unplug (拔去电源插头) once in a while. Get out in na-ture, connect with friends outside of technology and remember that there is a better world out-side your phone,too.”
1. Why did the research team carry out the project?| A．To study what people think of selfie lovers. |
| B．To test what kind of photos gain popularity. |
| C．To collect enough Instagram posts for students. |
| D．To identify the personalities of social media users. |
| A．Successful people are fond of posting selfies. |
| B．Selfies are in fact no more positive than posies. |
| C．Taking selfies has bad effects on personalities. |
| D．People regard those who like selfies unfavourably. |
| A．Take pictures in nature. |
| B．Get more likes and followers. |
| C．Take advantage of social media. |
| D．Pay less attention to your phone. |
| A．Science. | B．Lifestyle. | C．Nature. | D．Education. |
【推荐3】Jonathan Lawler loves to work the land.For seven years，he operated Lawler Farms，a forprofit produce farm，harvesting nearly 700,000 pounds of food annually.
Now he’s on a mission to feed the hungry in Central Indiana.Lawler has turned his 36acre farm into a nonprofit operation called Brandywine Creek Farms.His goal for the first year is to donate 500,000 pounds of food，which he said is realistic based on the farm’s produce capacity(产量) and the addition of a large number of volunteers to help through the season. On top of that，Lawler has worked together with Gleaners，Midwest Food Bank，Kenneth Butler Soup Kitchen and other area food banks as distribution partners.
Lawler，who also owns a transportation consulting firm that helps pay the bills，says his 15yearold son inspired him to start thinking differently when it came to his farm.“He came home from school and talked about kids who take home food from the food bank，”Lawler said.“My awareness of hunger was limited to the homeless in Downtown Indianapolis.The last place I would expect it is in a rural farming community like where I live.”As he began to look around，he realized that the farms in Hancock and surrounding counties produce tons of corn，soybeans and wheat，“but nothing you can just pick up and eat，” he said.
Lawler and most of his neighbors are selfsufficient(自给自足的)．They grow what they need or have access to quality food at supermarkets.If he needs something he didn’t grow himself，he can jump in his truck and drive 12 minutes to the nearest store.“But for someone who doesn’t have reliable transportation，that 12minute drive could be a twohour hike，” he said.
1. Lawler was inspired to donate food by .| A．his son |
| B．his neighbors |
| C．the hungry kids |
| D．the homeless in his town |
| A．is selfsufficient in quality food |
| B．changed Gleaners into a food bank |
| C．donates 700,000 pounds of food annually |
| D．thought there was no hunger in farming communities |
| A．Kind and generous. |
| B．Brave and successful. |
| C．Confident and modest. |
| D．Ambitious and hardworking. |
【推荐1】The world’s most popular animals are in more danger than we realize, according to a new study. A survey of the Public’s Knowledge suggests many people are unaware that the animals they consider “inviting” are under threat in the wild. These include lions, elephants, tigers and other animals which frequently appear in branding and advertising.
The idea of “inviting” species has come up recently in Conservation Biology, explains Dr. Franck Courchamp, the study’s lead author. “There is a regular claim that the most ‘inviting’ species are attracting most of the time and resources. I started wondering whether this was true and followed by better results in conservation,” he told BBC News.
Using an online survey available in four languages, researchers asked the public to name the wild species they considered most attracting. They also looked at how frequently animals were represented on zoo websites, and on the covers of Disney and Pixar films. Additionally, the team had volunteers in France catalogue their meeting with virtual (虚拟的) populations of the 10 most “inviting” animals over the period of a week. They saw an average of 4.4 lions in cartoons, magazines and other sources each day, suggesting that people are likely to see two to three times as many “virtual” lions in a year as there are lions in West Africa. “Mostly I think because people see giraffes and lions every day of their life, they unconsciously think they are in abundance,” Dr. Courchamp said.
Despite their abundant media representation, nine of the animals on the list are classed as vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. When researchers asked survey participants whether they thought these animals were endangered, almost half of the participants thought that critically endangered gorillas (大猩猩) were not under threat.
As for this, Dr. Courchamp proposes a solution. Companies would donate money to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in return for using the animals in their branding or advertising. “I think it’s not so unrealistic,” says Dr. Courchamp. “There are already some companies that do that. Jaguar is in partnership with Panthera, an organization protecting wild cat species. Lacoste also made a campaign recently where they replaced their logo with images of endangered species.”
1. What is the text mainly about?| A．The ten most attracting animals. |
| B．The importance of saving wild animals. |
| C．Animals’ images needing more attention. |
| D．Animals’ attraction harming their conservation. |
| A．the media | B．their preferences |
| C．the IUCN Red List | D．other participants’ opinions |
| A．Relieved. | B．Surprised. |
| C．Frightened. | D．Excited. |
| A．Raising people’s environmental awareness. |
| B．Asking big companies to organize campaigns. |
| C．Funding conservation by trading animals’ images. |
| D．Appealing for cooperation in NGOs for animal protection. |
That, right there, is the officially accepted response to any animal contact（接触） the world over. Animals are cute. They're there to be photographed, loved, and occasionally fed. But you know what? Not all animals are cute, or lovely, or even nice. Some of them are a real pain in the neck.
When you travel, you come into contact with all sorts of animals you’ve never heard of before. Some of them are amazing creatures that you'll talk about for the rest of your life. Some of them are just annoying. So, at the risk of causing anger among animal lovers around the world, here are some of the world's most annoying animals.
Vervet monkeys, South Africa
You'll immediately notice two things about Vervet monkeys: they have a bright blue bottom; and they'll steal any food that's not locked in a bank safe. I recently spent some time in South Africa, and watched as monkey after monkey dived in from the trees and stole everyone's food. Get your own food, Vervets! My sandwich was expensive!!
Kea parrots, New Zealand
I have never seen one of these birds before but from what I've been told they are more annoying than a spoilt kid. From biting the paint off your car doors to stealing people's passports, Keas are probably the most curious, and therefore annoying, animals in the world. And they're New Zealanders. That makes sense!
Kangaroos, Australia
Another well-known food-stealer, kangaroos are loved by tourists, eaten by Australians, and generally enjoy making trouble for others. Go on a camping trip anywhere in Australia, and watch how long your bags of food last. Turn your back for 15 minutes and the camp will look like thieves have turned the place upside down.
Grizzly bears, USA
They look pretty cute, grizzly bears. You almost want to go up and give them a hug. Unfortunately, it wouldn't end well. In fact, one of the world's most huggable creatures is also the one most likely to kill you just because it can. Oh, and it'll steal your picnic basket, too.
1. The author uses the underlined expression “pain in the neck” to suggest .
| A．these animals may bite you on the neck |
| B．these animals can cause people a lot of trouble |
| C．people should be fearful of these animals |
| D．these animals may cause some serious illness |
| A．Vervet monkeys. | B．Grizzly Bears. |
| C．Kangaroos. | D．Kea Parrots. |
| A．When people see the cute animals they might take photographs of them. |
| B．Sometimes people will feed the cute animals. |
| C．Australians eat kangaroos. |
| D．Spoilt kids are not annoying at all. |
【推荐3】Around the world, girls do better than boys at school. These are the findings of a recent study that looked at the test results of 1.5 million 15-year-olds in 74 regions across the globe. The level of gender equality in those regions made no difference to the results. Other factors, such as the income level of the region also had little impact on the findings. In only three regions - Colombia, Costa Rica and the Indian state Hunches Pradesh- was the trend reversed with boys doing better.
So what are the causes of girls’ stronger performance? In the UK, girls outperform boys in exams that are taken at the age of 15 or 16, called GCSEs. According to education expert Ian Toone, this is down to the way girls and boys are brought up. “Boys are encouraged to be more active from an early age, while girls are encouraged to be quieter… Therefore, girls develop the skill of sitting still for longer periods of time, which is used for academic pursuits like studying for GCSEs.”
He goes on to say that boys often cluster together in larger groups than girls. Because of this they are more likely to be influenced by peer pressure and develop a gang mentality. He says that GCSEs require a lot of solo work and are not viewed as ‘cool’ in boys’ culture.
This is backed up by research in the UK that says girls are out-performing boys at the age of five. So, what is the answer: Should girls and boys be educated separately? Or do exams and school curricula need to be changed to better reflect boys’ skills? These are the questions facing educators in many countries.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?| A．Girls outperform boys in exams in most cases. |
| B．Boys do better in school in poorer areas. |
| C．Girls do better if they are socially equal to boys. |
| D．Boys are not working hard enough in exams. |
| A．Different characters and personalities. |
| B．Different attitudes to learning. |
| C．Different ways of raising children. |
| D．Different methods in exams. |
| A．To provide answer to a difficult question. |
| B．To raise awareness in gender differences. |
| C．To advocate separating boys and girls. |
| D．To change school curricula to benefit boys. |
| A．Education reforms in some Countries. |
| B．Examples of boys’ achievement. |
| C．New systems of examinations. |
| D．Advertisement of some schools. |
【推荐1】Future City Competition
Future City starts with a question—how can we make the world a better place? To answer it, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students imagine, research, design, and build cities of the future that showcase their solution to a citywide sustainability issue. Past topics include Urban Agriculture, Public spaces, and Green energy while the topic of this year is Living on the Moon. Teams will design a futuristic lunar city and provide examples of how the city uses Moon resources to keep its residents safe and healthy.
Participants complete five deliverables: a 1,500-word city essay: a scale model; a project plan; a presentation video; and a virtual/online Q&A session with /judges. Regional winners represent their region at the international Finals. After completing Future City, student participants are not only prepared to be citizens of today’s complex and technical world, but also ready to become the drivers of tomorrow.
What you can learn
This flexible, cross-curricular(跨课程的) educational program gives students an opportunity to do the things that engineers do-identify problems: brainstorm ideas; design solutions; test, retest and build; and share their results. With this at its center, Future City is an engaging way to build students’ 21st century skills. Students participating in Future City also learn how their communities work and become better citizens and develop strong time management and project management skills.
What you need
Future City costs just $25 per organization—and you can register I team or 100. The price always stays the same.
We keep the price affordable so everyone can participate. Not only that, we limit the budget for materials for the City Model and City Presentation to $100 and encourage teams to use recycled materials. You don’t need expensive equipment to excel. Creativity, hard work, and commitment are all you need to get ahead.
Please note: Some regions limit the number of teams an organization can bring to the Regional Competition. Please check with your Regional Coordinator to find out the guidelines in your region.
1. In Future City Competition 2021, students need to ________.| A．complete more than five taskes |
| B．design a city with green energy |
| C．address problems on the moon |
| D．make use of lunar resources |
| A．Designing cities. |
| B．Identifying problems. |
| C．Training better citizens |
| D．Engineering design process |
| A．to be creative and devoted. |
| B．to use the recycled materials. |
| C．to buy some expensive equipment. |
| D．to ask more people to join in your team. |
【推荐2】Although Paris is often considered the city of romance, close to a million adults who call it home are single. Many single people say that France’s capital is one of the most difficult places to meet people. The complaints of this lonely group have inspired a new phenomenon known as “supermarket dating”. At Galerie Lafayette Gourmet, singles can shop for more than just the items on their grocery list. They can look for someone who has blue eyes, brown hair, and is 1.8 meters tall, or whatever may be on their romantic shopping list.
At this Paris location, single people of all ages can schedule their shopping for Thursday nights between 6:30 and 9:00 p.m. When they walk through the door, they pick up a purple basket to advise that they are looking for love. They try to arrive early because the baskets disappear quickly, and then they have to wait in line for their turn to wander the store aisles. With purple baskets in hand, shoppers can consider their romantic options while they pick out their groceries. When they are ready to pay, they can go to the checkout line for singles who want to chat.
Most of the people who look for love in the supermarket are skeptical of Internet dating. They know that it is easy to embellish (美化) one’s appearance or to lie about one’s age over the Internet. The supermarket, on the other hand, is considered a safe and casual environment in which to meet a potential match. In addition, what one finds in another’s grocery basket can say a thing or two about that person’s character or intentions. Buying pet food can be a man’s way of showing a potential match that he has a sensitive side. Women who fill their baskets with low-fat food show their healthy style of living. These days it’s possible to find much more than food at a grocery store.
1. What do many single people in Pairs complain about?| A．The difficulty in finding a match. |
| B．The idea of supermarket dating. |
| C．The items on their grocery list. |
| D．The inconvenience in shopping. |
| A．The dating supermarket is located in Paris. |
| B．The dating supermarket is open only on Thursday evenings. |
| C．Only single people can shop in the supermarket. |
| D．The dating supermarket has very good business. |
| A．They schedule their meeting in advance. |
| B．They go through a special checkout. |
| C．They pick out their groceries with great care. |
| D．They dial the phone numbers on their shopping items. |
| A．The supermarket dating is more convenient. |
| B．The supermarket dating is more fun. |
| C．The supermarket dating is more trustworthy. |
| D．The supermarket dating is more economical. |
Instead of dreaming about foreign travel, he had been reading a book, Letter to New Zealand, where the author explains what happens in an envelope’s journey from England to the other side of the world. As they neared their house, Toby asked his mum, Sabine, if he could write a letter to New Zealand. After a few more steps he was struck by an even better idea. “Can I write a letter to every country in the world?”
Sabine says she often wonders what would have happened if she had replied differently that day. “It was just one of those typical questions that five-year-olds have,” she says. “ If he had asked me in the evening when I was tired, I might have refused. But as parents you realize there’s a lot of power in just allowing kids to have a go. Also, it seemed a nice way to do some armchair exploration. So I told him” Let’s see how far you get.”
The answer was very far indeed. Toby has since written and posted letters to all 193 UN member states, as well as numerous other bad-conditioned areas with comforting ones.
To date he has written 681 letters- the best of which have been selected to appear in a new book called Dear World, How Are You?- although so productive is Toby’ pen that the number will have risen by the time you read this.
“Writing these letters has made me realize that the world isn’t actually all that big,” he says with a grin.
In the future, part of him would like to be a musical director to turn his beloved Star Wars into a ballet. Of course, he also hopes to travel the globe in person to see some of the countries where his letters have ended up.
“We’re so lucky to have this wonderful world, and I hope we can live on planet Earth in peace.”
1. Why did Toby want to write letters to other countries?
| A．He was good at writing. |
| B．He was eager to go abroad. |
| C．He got inspired by a book. |
| D．He wanted others to help his family. |
| A．she thought her son’s idea was of no value |
| B．she got tired of her son’s request |
| C．she believed her son would succeed |
| D．she thought she should give her son a try |
| A．He has traveled to 193 UN number states. |
| B．He understands more about the world. |
| C．He becomes productive in writing stories. |
| D．He has to put his letters into a book. |
| A．Clever and persistent. |
| B．Ambitious and kind-hearted. |
| C．Hardworking and humorous. |
| D．Brave and strong-willed. |
【推荐1】Over the past 25 years, British society has changed a great deal—or at least many parts of it have. In some aspects, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social class—whether a person belongs to the “working class” or the “middle class”—are one area in which changes have been extremely slow.
In the past, the working class tended (往往) to be paid less than the middle class such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that working-class people’s jobs were generally much less secure, differences in lifestyles and attitudes came into existence. A typical working-class man would collect his wages on Friday evening. Then, as was widely believed, having given his wife her “housekeeping,” the man would go out and squander (挥霍) the rest on beer and betting.
The old style of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps closer to the truth. He tended—and this is still true today—to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as the most important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases did workers have the chance (or the education and training) to make such long term plans.
Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases, factory workers earn as much as—if not more than—their middle-class managers. Social security and laws have made it less necessary than before to worry about “tomorrow.” Working-class people seem to be slowly losing the feelings of inferiority (自卑) they held in the past. In fact, there has been a growing tendency (趋势) over the past few years for the middle class to feel slightly ashamed of their position.
The changes in both lifestyles and attitudes are probably most easily seen among younger people. They generally tend to have very similar tastes in music and clothes; they spend their money on having a good time, and save for holidays or longer-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference between groups of people than there were in previous generations.
1. What is the article mainly about?| A．The gaps between the classes in Britain. | B．Some changes about British society. |
| C．A rough introduction to different classes. | D．Various conflicts existing in the UK. |
| A．By making a comparison. | B．By listing accurate numbers. |
| C．By using an expert’s words. | D．By analyzing cause and effect. |
| A．Feelings of self-worth. | B．Ideas about social class. |
| C．Job security and income. | D．Ideas about entertainment. |
【推荐2】My grandma was the best grandma a girl could have. She never said a bad word about anyone. She always found good in a person.
When I was young, Grandma worked hard all spring and summer to buy a new coat for the winter. She sold eggs, fruit and anything her garden produced to earn enough money. Her old coat had seen better days, and she had repaired it quite a few times. When she finally had enough money saved up, off to town we went. Grandma looked so nice in her new coat, and I was proud of the hard work she did to earn it.
That winter, in the small town where she lived, a family with three small girls lost their house in a fire. They needed clothes, food and household items. Grandma decided to cut up her new coat and make three coats for the little girls. I asked her not to do it, but she kissed away my tears. She told me those girls needed coats much more than she did. Grandma made the dolls, coats, and apron on her old sewing machine.
When they were done, we loaded up the small red truck with the coats, an apron for the mother, blankets, food, and three little dolls. When the family saw what was in the truck, the mother started crying and the girls hugged the dolls.
On Sunday, Grandma wore her old coat to church and she was the nicest grandma there.
1. What did Grandma do to get herself a new coat?| A．She made a new one for herself. | B．She was rich enough to buy one. |
| C．She sold something and saved money. | D．She changed her old coat for a new one. |
| A．make some dolls | B．offer help to a family |
| C．buy a new sewing machine | D．make a coat for her granddaughter |
| A．sad but excited | B．moved and happy |
| C．thankful but nervous | D．embarrassed and surprised |
| A．A Brave Act | B．My Great Grandma |
| C．Grandma’s New Coat | D．A Disaster to a Family |
【推荐3】The reason why dominant (占支配地位的) men always seem to rise to the top has been uncovered. Researchers say they are able to make decisions far faster than those with nondom-inant personalities. It could explain why so many top CEOs and politicians are known for their dominant personalities.
The study found high-dominance men respond faster in situations where a choice is needed, regardless of social context. Promptness (敏捷) to respond in high-dominance men was accompanied by a noticeably amplified brain signal. In addition, when the researchers analyzed the EEG (脑电图) images of the high-dominance participants, they identified a higher activity in areas of the brain associated with emotion and behavior, compared to low-dominance participants.
This promptness in decision-making can act as a biomarker for social personalities. “Dominance itself depends partly on the ability to make decisions faster than others. This allows the individual to act first in social situations, which might result in an evolutionary advantage.” the team wrote.
They now hope to link these reading to roles such as CEOs, and to find out if the same differences happen in female. and children. “In the future, it will be important to find out whether even stronger brain signals are observed in particularly dominant individuals, such as CEOs,” said Carmen Sandi of the Ecole Poly technique Federale de Lausanne.
She added, “It will also be relevant to understand whether these differences in promptness to respond and brain signals are also observed in women that differ in dominance and whether they are already present in children. Our findings may open a new research approach using EEG signatures as a measure for social dominance.”
The study involved 240 male students at the University of Lausanne who were sorted into high or low dominance groups by a standard “dominance scoring” questionnaire proved in many former studies.
1. What makes dominant people stand out?| A．Their wiser decisions. | B．Their kind personalities. |
| C．Their high social status. | D．Their rapidity of responding. |
| A．affected | B．adjusted | C．enhanced | D．controlled |
| A．Save people's life. | B．Check on more people. |
| C．Test the participants' brain. | D．Show the effect of dominance. |
| A．It used previous research findings. |
| B．It involved some women and children. |
| C．It showed how people became CEOs. |
| D．It corrected people’s ideas of dominance. |
