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题型:阅读理解-阅读单选 难度:0.65 引用次数:107 题号:12185734

Restaurants, schools, dentist offices are all keeping more windows open, to increase ventilation — and hopefully, to decrease the chances of encountering the coronavirus. But letting in fresh air also lets in more noise.

Now, researchers have come up with a device that’s like noise-cancelling headphones — but for a building.

“It works on the same principle, so it detects noise that’s coming into the windows, and then is cancelling the noise.” says Bhan Lam, an acoustical engineer at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. The device looks like a grid of small speakers, and fits over an open window.

A microphone samples incoming noise, then sends the speaker grid instructions on what sort of “anti-noise” to emit. The result is to cancel out the incoming sound.

For example, here’s the sound of a commuter train in Singapore, with no noise control. (Before Control SFX) Now, here’s that same train sound, with the array of noise-cancelling speakers turned on. (After Control SFX)

Compare that to a closed window (Window Closed SFX). The anti-noise device is almost as good, and allows air to keep flowing into and out of the window. The details are in the journal Scientific Reports. The device is just a prototype (样机) — so it’s still expensive.

And it doesn’t block out all sounds. It masks sound at frequencies from 300 to 1000 Hz — which includes the rumble of freeways, trains and planes. But even that could come in handy in a place like Singapore. “Give me a second, there’s a plane flying past.” Bhan says Singapore already has a lot of green buildings that use natural ventilation. “But the downside is, when you have lots of openings in the buildings, the noise comes in, so you need some way to manage the increasing noise.”

A grid of window speakers could do the trick — especially if people prioritize peace and quiet over a good view, which folks at home tend to do all night.

1. How does the device cancel incoming noises?
A.By increasing ventilation.B.By absorbing the noises.
C.By helping close windows.D.By giving out certain noises.
2. What is the disadvantage of Control SFX?
A.It’s too complicated.B.It’s not profitable.
C.It spoils the view.D.It’s not safe.
3. Why does Bhan advocate the device despite its limitations?
A.For its potential commercial profits.
B.For better transportation in Singapore.
C.For increasing numbers of naturally-ventilated buildings.
D.For a more attractive building appearance.
4. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to Control SFX?
A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Critical.D.Conservative.

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【推荐1】Teaching artificial intelligence to understand simple physics concepts, such as that one solid object can’t occupy the same space as another,could lead to more capable software that takes less computational resources to train, say researchers at Deep Mind.

Now,Luis Piloto at Deep Mind and his colleagues have created an AI called Physics Learning through Auto-encoding and Tracking Objects (PLATO) that is designed to understand that the physical world is composed of objects that follow basic physical laws.

The researchers trained PLATO to identify objects and their interactions by using simulated(模拟的)videos of objects moving as we would expect, such as balls falling to the ground, rolling behind each other and bouncing off each other. They also gave PLATO data showing which pixels(像素)in every frame or photo belonged to each object.To test PLATO’s ability to understand five physical concepts, such as solidity, persistence (that an object doesn’t tend to vanish) and unchangingness (that an object tends to retain features like shape and colour), the researchers used another series of simulated videos. Some showed objects obeying the laws of physics,while others depicted ridiculous actions. They tasked PLATO to predict what would happen next in each video, and found that its predictions were reliably wrong for nonsensical videos,but usually correct for logical ones, suggesting the Al has an intuitive(直觉的)knowledge of physics.

Piloto says the results show that an eccentric view of the world could give an Al a more generalized and adaptable set of abilities.“If you consider,for instance,all the different scenes that an apple might be in,”he says.“You don’t have to learn about an apple on a tree,versus an apple in your kitchen, versus an apple in the garbage. When you kind of separate the apple as its own thing, you’re in a better position to generalize how it behaves in new systems,in new contexts.It provides learning efficiency.”

“This is somewhat like teaching a kid what a car is by first teaching them what wheels and seats are,”Chen Feng at New York University says.“The benefit of using object centric representation, instead of raw visual inputs,makes Al learn intuitive physical concepts with better data efficiency.”

1. Why was PLATO created?
A.To help AI process more data.
B.To teach AI researchers how to use simple physics knowledge.
C.To enable AI to comprehend simple physics concepts.
D.To have objects follow basic physical laws.
2. What does the third paragraph mainly talk about?
A.The purpose of the research.B.The participants of the research.
C.The objects of the research.D.The process of the research.
3. What’s the function of the example in paragraph four?
A.Clarify a concept.B.Provide theoretical basis.
C.Attract readers’ attention.D.Introduce a scene.
4. Which word can best describe the attitude of the author towards PLATO?
A.Unconcerned.B.Critical.C.Objective.D.Indifferent.
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“It’s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just a bunch of individual components (零件),” said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. “The added difficulty with such a project is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to make them all on our own,” he said.

They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. “The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, and then has to be matched well to everything its connected to,” said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.

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In 1927, a man built the first bus that primarily used steel. Before long, Wayne Works introduced the first all-steel school bus body with safety glass windows.     3     This led to a turning point in the history of the school bus in 1939, when a conference was organised at Manhattan College to develop school bus standards.

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