You can tell a lot about people's general state of mind based on their social media feeds. Are they always tweeting about their biggest annoyances or posting pictures of particularly cute kitties? In a similar fashion, researchers are turning to Twitter for clues about the overall happiness of entire geographic communities.
What they're finding is that regional variation in the use of common phrases produces predictions that don't always reflect the local state of well being. But removing from their analyses just three specific terms — good, love and LOL — greatly improves the accuracy of the methods.
“We're living in a crazy COVID-19 era. And now more than ever, we're using social media to adapt to a new normal and reach out to the friends and family that we can't meet face-to-face.” Kokil Jaidka studies computational linguistics at the National University of Singapore. “But our words aren't useful just to understand what we, as individuals, think and feel. They're also useful clues about the community we live in.”
One of the simpler methods that many scientists use to analyze the data involves correlating words with positive or negative emotions. But when those records are compared with phone surveys that assess regional well-being, Jaidka says, they don't paint an accurate picture of the local zeitgeist.
Being able to get an accurate read on the mood of the population is no laughing matter.
“That's particularly important now, in the time of COVID, where we're expecting a mental health crisis and we're already seeing in survey data the largest decrease in subjective well-being in 10 years at least, if not ever.”
To find out why, Jaidka and her team analyzed billions of tweets from around the United States. And they found that among the most frequently used terms on Twitter are LOL, love and good. And they actually throw the analysis off. Why the disconnect?
“Internet language is really a different beast than regular spoken language. We've adapted words from the English vocabulary to mean different things in different situations.” says Jaidka. “Take, for example, LOL. I've tweeted the word LOL to express irony, annoyance and sometimes just pure surprise. When the methods for measuring LOL as a marker of happiness were created in the 1990s, it still meant laughing out loud.”
"There are plenty of terms that are less misleading," says Jaidka. "Our models tell us that words like excited, fun, great, opportunity, interesting, fantastic and those are better words for measuring subjective well-being."
1. The researchers turn to social media feeds to________.A.help with the analysis of people's subjective well-being |
B.locate the most-frequently used words |
C.prove the disconnect between language and emotions |
D.make the prediction method more effective |
A.It didn't reflect the mood of the entire geographic community |
B.It didn't match the assessment result of the phone surveys. |
C.It didn't consider the features of Internet language. |
D.It didn't take the regional variations into account. |
A.Face-to-face communication is needed to ensure happiness. |
B.Internet use is to blame for the decrease in subjective well-being. |
C.Internet language should be abandoned as a source of scientific analysis. |
D.Less misleading words should be used in assessing subjective well-being. |
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【推荐1】About a billion birds die from flying into buildings each year in North America. Suspicions have been that birds may regard the open areas behind glass as safe passageways. Or they may mistake the reflected trees for the real thing.
Researchers would like to reduce collisions, which requires a solid understanding about what makes a bird more or less likely to die by crashing into a building in the first place.
“There was relatively little known at a broad scale. Previous studies were at one small study site.'' Jared Elmore, a graduate student in natural resource ecology and management at Oklahoma State University. So he and his colleagues used a previously created data set of building collisions for birds at 40 sites throughout Mexico, Canada and the U.S.
The first finding was obvious: bigger buildings with more glass kill more birds. But the details were more remarkable. "We found that life history predicted collisions. Migrants(候鸟), insect-eaters and woodland-inhabiting species collided more than their counterparts(同类).”
Most migratory species travel at night, when lights near buildings can distract or disorient(使迷失方向)them. And Elmore thinks that insect-eating birds might be attracted to buildings because their insect prey(猎物)is attracted to the lights. He suspects that woodland species get tooled by the reflections of trees and bushes in the windows. The results are in the journal Conservation Biology.
By understanding which birds are more likely to collide with buildings, researchers can perhaps determine the best way to adapt buildings, or their lighting, to help prevent such accidents. And by knowing risks, along with migration timing and behavior, building managers can better predict when birds are at their greatest danger - and improve lighting strategics accordingly.
Elmore's next project will use radar to help predict bird migrations. " I think that would maybe go a long way in terms of providing information to people, to the public, to building managers, on when they can get the most benefit in terms of lights-out policies."
1. What is the possible reason for birds' crashing into buildings?A.They didn't see the buildings. |
B.They took reflections for reality. |
C.They assumed the windows to be open. |
D.They considered buildings as safe routes. |
A.It created a new data set. |
B.It went beyond national borders. |
C.It covered a wider range of sites. |
D.I’ll studied some specific bird species. |
A.Migratory species travel at night. |
B.Birds tend to be misled by glasses. |
C.Bigger buildings cause more collisions. |
D.Birds living habits give rise to collisions. |
A.Adjust the lightening system. |
B.Attach radars to each building. |
C.Adopt strict lights-out policies. |
D.Ban using glasses on buildings. |
【推荐2】Do you have skinny genes? And I’m not talking about the pants you wore in college but can’t fit into anymore. No,skinny genes are factors found in folks who are naturally thin. And researchers have just identified one that appears to tell the body’s tissue to burn more fat.
“We all know these people who can eat whatever they want but never gain any weight. ”
Josef Penninger is a geneticist at the University of British Columbia. He says that individuals who are effortlessly thin may hold the key to understanding obesity. See, scientists interested in learning how we control our weight have traditionally focused on the things that make you fat, like diet or metabolism(新陈代谢). “But not really studied why people actually stay skinny. So we thought we’d just turn around the fields and study genetics of thinness. ”
Penninger and his colleagues started out by searching a database maintained by a genome center in Estonia for its most thin registrants. And they weeded out people who were listed as having anorexia(厌食症)or other conditions that change body fat. Then they looked for genetic markers that track with these Skinny Petes.
One gene, in particular, caught their eye: ALK, or the gene for anaplastic lymphoma kinase, is a stretch of DNA whose mutant(突变体)form has been associated with human cancers.
“But its normal function had never been established.” So the scientists made mutant fruit flies and mutant mice. “To really show that the gene associated with thinness in humans makes also flies and mice skinny. And that’s exactly what we found. ”But the mutant gene doesn’t cause the animals to eat less. “We found that ALK acts in our brains and what it does: it allows our body to burn more calories per same food we eat.” So the brain tells fat cells to burn more of the fat they have socked away.
“People, mice and, we believe, also flies stay skinny. So this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved from insects to humans and, we believe, opens up an entirely new field of thinness.” There are already drugs that prevent the cancer-causing form of ALK, which means that ALK is what scientists call a druggable target. “So maybe one day we can indeed develop a pill which keeps us thin.”
1. What did the previous study focus on?A.Skinny genes. | B.Subjects’daily routines. |
C.Family members’ influence. | D.Factors contributing to being fat. |
A.Included. | B.Counted. | C.Compared. | D.Removed. |
A.It is a gene to burn fat. | B.It is unique to wild creatures. |
C.It dominates cancer drugs. | D.It makes the carriers eat less. |
A.Optimistic. | B.Conservative. | C.Doubtful. | D.Hopeless. |
【推荐3】If the benefits of physical activity were made into a pill, everyone would be on it. Studies show that moving improves nearly every aspect of health: boosting sleep, strength, and mental well-being. Still, most people don’t exercise nearly enough. According to data published in 2023, less than a third of U.S. adults get the government-recommended amount of physical activity in their free time: at least 20 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per day, plus a couple of muscle-strengthening sessions each week.
Why is it so tough to get people to do something so good for them? Physical limitations, health problems and modern life are certainly factors for many people. But research suggests there’s another factor: our brains don’t want us to exercise. For most of human existence, people had to be physically active to carry out the basic functions of life, such as finding food. Humans evolved (进化) to tolerate a high level of activity-but also to conserve energy for when movement was unnecessary, explains Daniel Lieberman, a human evolutionary biologist. As a society, we no longer move much in daily life, but the evolutionary instinct (本能) to conserve energy remains, Lieberman says. “That voice ‘I don’t want to exercise,’ is completely normal and natural,” he says.
Physical-activity researcher Matthieu Boisgontier demonstrated that phenomenon in a 2018study. He gave people control of a digital avatar (化身) while they were connected to brain-activity monitors. They were instructed to move the avatar away from images of sedentary (久坐的) behavior that appeared on screen and toward images of physical activity. The study found that avoiding sedentary behavior took more brain power, suggesting that we have an “automatic tendency” to pick relaxing over moving.
That conclusion shows up repeatedly in research. Studies show, for example, that people consistently choose to take a lift instead of the stairs. “That natural instinct isn’t bad-it’s just that modern life gives us so many chances to give in to our preference for rest that we have reached an extreme that is no longer beneficial to our health,” Boisgontier says.
1. What do data published in 2023 suggest?A.U. S. adults have poor health awareness. | B.The recommended activities are impractical. |
C.Most Americans lack sufficient physical activity. | D.Muscle-strengthening sessions deserve attention. |
A.The physical limitations. | B.The basic structure of the brain. |
C.The convenient modern life. | D.The natural energy-saving tendency. |
A.Sedentary behavior took much brain power. | B.Most people tend to avoid physical activity. |
C.Humans evolved for a high level of activity. | D.Brain-related activities attract modern people. |
A.Doubtful | B.Reserved. | C.Approving. | D.Opposed. |
【推荐1】From camping to Frisbee (飞盘游戏), China’s urban residents are always on the lookout for the next outdoor activity in fashion. Over the last few months, farming vegetables has become the most popular one as more and more people seek to break away from urban routines for a short break back with nature.
Completely different from traditional farming, the pieces of land are divided into smaller parts so they can be rented out to families with kids, the elderly, and white-collar residents. They are usually located on the suburbs of cities, and promise potential tenants(租户)hours of peaceful gardening and beautiful scenery.
As their own “landlords,” inexperienced city residents get to experience the whole process—from sowing vegetable seeds and watering them to eventually harvesting the fruits of their labor. Shanghai resident Tai Xin rented a 100-square-meter plot of land on Shanghai’s suburbs that costs 1,000 yuan annually. She says, “I initially thought my seven-year-old son would be able to better understand crops, planting, picking, and agricultural science.” But her parents, who have been helping with babysitting, are now also engaged on the “farm”. “We’re pleased to be here,” she added. Tai says she visits the plot of land, around two kilometers away from her home, once in a while but only on weekends. She spends a couple of hours watering the crops, removing weeds, and sometimes just organizing a picnic with her family.
But like other outdoor activities, vegetable gardening, as an emerging trend, is not without its complications. Most of the land for such vegetable gardens are agricultural tracts (大片土地) rented from the local government, says Zhang Ling, who operates the Shanghai Shanxi Fruit &Vegetable Cooperative.
“The regulator wants to keep track of the kind of vegetables planted as well as the yield to guarantee the city’s food supply,” says Zhang. “It’s very difficult for us to track that since our customers are mostly amateur farmers and they could be very spontaneous(自发的)in what they want to plant. A failure to meet the regulatory requirements, however, may lead to the land rental contract being canceled.”
1. What is the latest trend among urban residents in China?A.Camping in the wilderness. |
B.Playing Frisbee in city parks. |
C.Seeking adventurous urban routines. |
D.Engaging in outdoor farming activities. |
A.It is carried out by various tenants on smaller lands. |
B.It involves planting crops for commercial purposes. |
C.It focuses on large-scale agricultural methods. |
D.It is primarily promoted by local gardeners. |
A.She thinks it’s a little expensive. | B.She finds it quite time-consuming. |
C.She considers it a good family activity. | D.She believes it aims for health education. |
A.Concerned. | B.Positive. | C.Carefree. | D.Unclear. |
【推荐2】Online games are very popular among people. They make a large amount of money and have a large user base, including lots of teenagers. But now, new rules on online games have been introduced, which are aimed at fighting against addiction (成瘾) among underage players.
Adult players need to spend most of their time paying attention to work and family, and cannot play games as often as they want. However, underage players have more spare time, but less responsibility and self-control. Children without a clear purpose in life, where there is less family education and school management, might easily become addicted to all kinds of online games and online novels.
The most direct impact of an addiction to online games among underage players is on their psychological (心理) health. According to psychologists, people seriously addicted to games can become anxious, bad tempered, and avoid responsibility.
However, Chinese parents are more worried that their children will lack interest in studying if they become addicted to online games, as academic success is important for students. Additionally, when their children become addicted to such games, most parents do not know how to deal with the situation.
To carry out the new rules to the best effect, more specific issues need to be solved, such as managing foreign online games, ensuring that facial recognition technologies used by games companies have the wanted effect or making sure online game providers can only offer one-hour services to underage players on Saturdays and Sundays. While there are always loopholes (漏洞) in new rules, authorities should act quickly to close them.
There is no doubt that online games have harmful effects on young people. It is not acceptable for a large number of teenagers or those even younger, to become addicted to these games.
1. What’s the purpose of the new rules on online games?A.To raise awareness of Internet safety. |
B.To bring in new computer programs. |
C.To reduce the grown-up user base. |
D.To prevent the teenagers’ addiction. |
A.They can learn more knowledge on the Internet. |
B.They have more free time and less self-control. |
C.They have purposes in life but lack higher education. |
D.They maintain a sense of curiosity about the Internet. |
A.How to reduce parents’ anxiety about kids’ study. |
B.How to find loopholes in the popular online games. |
C.How to control the service time of online game providers. |
D.How to invent a facial recognition game for young players. |
A.Confused. | B.Negative. |
C.Supportive. | D.Uninterested. |
【推荐3】In recent years, much of my life as a consumer has shifted to what I like to call background spending as I`ve subscribed to more apps and streaming platforms.
While this explosion of subscriptions was sold to me on the idea that it would make my life more convenient, there was a certain sticker shock I felt upon discovering how much I was spending without realizing each month—after I’d already spent it, of course. You see, the thing about background spending is that it tends to happen, well, in the background without your full attention. And there lies the point.
“Hand over your credit card details and let us take care of the rest,” these companies promise us. But by agreeing to this trade, we’ve become passive consumers who are allowing the balance of capital to tilt(倾斜)away from us. It’s understandable why this model of subscription service is so inviting for businesses. Subscriptions offer the promise of “selling once and earning forever.” And while subscription services have been around for decades, more customers have been willing to sign up thanks to the popularization of smartphones. But while these subscriptions promise ease and happiness, not all of us are satisfied.
Last year, C+R Research asked 1,000 people to estimate how much they pay for their subscriptions before having them figure out this spending. They found the average monthly spend was more than 2.5 times of that people guessed.
If we’re going to rebalance the wheels of capital just a little, we could support a recently proposed rule from the Federal Trade Commission(FTC). In March, the agency suggested a “click to cancel” item that would require companies to make it just as easy to end a subscription as to sign up for one. Additionally, businesses would need to remind subscribers annually about their membership before these are automatically renewed.
If all that doesn’t work, I have another idea: an app designed to keep track of your various subscriptions and background spending. Oh wait, those already exist— for a reoccurring fee, of course.
1. What does subscribing to more apps bring about to the author?A.Data leak. | B.Overloaded phones. |
C.Cost increase. | D.Unwilling purchases. |
A.It is business friendly. | B.It guarantees customer satisfaction. |
C.It is specially customized. | D.It encourages reasonable consumption. |
A.Text sign-up reminders. | B.Lower subscription spending. |
C.Set automatic renewal mode. | D.Simplify canceling procedures. |
A.Powerless. | B.Dismissive. | C.Appreciative. | D.Tolerant. |
【推荐1】
“What kind of rubbish are you?” This question might normally cause anger, but in Shanghai it has brought about complaints over the past week. On July 1st, the city introduced strict trash-sorting regulations that are expected to be used as a model for our country. Residents must divide their waste into four separate kinds and put it into specific public bins. They must do so at scheduled times, when monitors are present to ensure compliance(服从)and to inquire into the nature of one’s rubbish.
Violators face the possibility of fines and worse. They could be hit with fines of up to 200 yuan ($29). For repeat violators, the city can add black marks to their credit records, making it harder for them to obtain bank loans or even buy train tickets.
Shanghai authorities are responding to an obvious environmental problem. It generates 9 million tonnes of garbage a year, more than London’s annual output and rising quickly. But like other cities in China, it lacks a recycling system. Instead, it has relied on trash pickers to sort out the waste, picking out whatever can be reused. This has limits. As people get wealthier, fewer of them want to do such dirty work. The waste, meanwhile, just keeps piling up. China produces 80 billion pairs of disposable(一次性的)chopsticks a year.
Many residents appear to support the idea of recycling in general but are frustrated by the details. Rubbish must be divided according to whether it is food, recyclable, dry or hazardous(有害的), the differences among which can be confusing, though there are apps to help work it out. Some have complained about the rules surrounding food waste. They must put it straight in the required public bin, forcing them to tear open plastic bags and toss it by hand. Most upset are the short windows for throwing trash, typically a couple of hours, morning and evening. Along with the monitors at the bins, this means that people go at around the same time and can keep an eye on what is being thrown out; no one wants to look bad.
1. What does the underlined word “Violators” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.People who don’t sort the waste. |
B.People who argue with the monitors. |
C.People who don’t throw the trash on time. |
D.People who are against the regulations. |
A.The massive traffic. | B.The increasing garbage. |
C.Lack of a recycling system. | D.Lack of trash pickers. |
A.Complex distinction among the four categories of trash. |
B.Short scheduled time for throwing the trash. |
C.Being observed by monitors when throwing the garbage. |
D.Being fined when blamed due to improper behavior. |
A.A Restart of Trash-sorting | B.A Great Change in Tackling Litter |
C.New Times of Garbage Classification | D.A Craze for Learning Waste Sorting |
【推荐2】Women experience a “gender tenure gap”, lasting in CEO roles at publicly listed companies for shorter periods than men, according to new research which may support the idea that female leaders are subject to a “ glass cliff ” where they are set up to fail.
The concept of the glass cliff is that women are more likely to be appointed as leaders when an organization is in a time of crisis, so that their position is seen as more precarious than male counterparts.
Researchers at the University of Exeter found in 2005 that women were more likely to be appointed as board members after a company’s share price had performed badly. Professor Ryan told the Observer that the Russell Reynolds analysis was “ robust and added to the body of work in this area”.
“If women are more likely to take on leadership roles in times of crisis, then it follows that their time in office is likely to be stressful, more heavily scrutinised and shorter in tenure. This reduced tenure could be for a number of reasons — because there is often higher turnover in times of crisis, because they are judged as not performing well, even though poor performance was in train before their appointment, or because when things start to turn around, men come back into leadership roles.” she said.
Chief executive roles have a very low turnover, she said, which makes progress harder. “I think men can enjoy a greater followership — support within the organization. They can suffer big setbacks and rise again. Women who have been CEOs tend to go off to an alternative career.
However, she said that there was cause for optimism. The number of women on FTSE 350 boards is now 41%, up from 9.5% in 2011, and appointing women is “now the norm”. Russell Reynolds also found in a survey of 1,500 leaders worldwide that there were no significant differences in how women and men were perceived by the people who worked for them, showing that they were equally effective as leaders, although women were seen as being better at coaching and development.
1. What does the underlined word “precarious” probably mean?A.Dangerous. |
B.Profitable. |
C.Essential. |
D.Available. |
A.“gender tenure gap” can be found in the majority of companies. |
B.Male leaders are less likely to be appointed as board members. |
C.Woman leaders in times of crisis tend to be shorter in tenure. |
D.Female leaders are generally not performing well during their appointment. |
A.Women leaders are destined to eliminate glass cliff in the future. |
B.Nowadays woman leaders differ hugely from man leaders in followership. |
C.Man leaders are superior to woman leaders in every aspect. |
D.Woman leaders are no less competent than man counterparts. |
【推荐3】In many parts of the world, cars play an important role in daily life and many societies would not exist without them. So the idea that in 20 years’ time, no one will own cars may be hard to believe. But this is the prediction made by a team of transport researchers, which are taken seriously, not only by government but also by car manufacturers.
The Human Science and Advanced Technology Institute at Loughborough in the UK is part of an international research program. The team there believes that by 2030 all cars will be computerized, which will mean much saving, no accidents and better use of roads. The super-intelligent car of the 21st century will drive itself, and it will not be owned by one individual. Instead, we will have a choice of cars and change them as frequently as we change our clothing.
According to Dr. David Davis, who leads the research team, these predictions are based on the rising cost of the car culture, which had blocked up our cities, polluted our air, and caused more deaths than both world wars put together.
Davis says, cars will be fitted with some intelligent devices to regulate the distance between one car and another. The car will automatically (自动的) speed up, or slow down, to match the speed of the car in front. Computers are much safer drivers than people, so cars in a road train will be able to drive much closer together than cars driven by people.
By 2020. Dr. David Davis believes, car technology will give motorists a clear view of the road, whatever the weather conditions, by projecting an image of the road ahead on to the car’s windscreen. And by 2030, cars will travel in convoy, linked to each other electronically. Cars will be connected to the car in front, just like a train. “The front vehicle in such a train burns the normal amount of fuel.” says Davis. ‘‘But all the others in the train would burn about ten percent of the normal amount, and so produce about ten percent of the pollution.”
1. We know from the passage that governments and car manufacturers_______.A.are devoted to the technological revolution in car industry |
B.consider the predictions seriously |
C.do not believe the prediction that no one will own cars by 2030 |
D.have put the super-intelligent car into mass production |
A.The car will speed up out of control. |
B.We will own as many cars as we want. |
C.Cars will produce more pollution than present ones. |
D.All cars will be driven by computers. |
A.sidelong | B.in line |
C.side by side | D.shoulder to shoulder |
A.There will be less pollution caused by car. |
B.Motorists will get a clear view of the road. |
C.The weather condition will not have effect on motorists. |
D.All trains will burn less fuel than present. |