When you were at school, were you ever told to stop daydreaming and concentrate? It was easy for your mind to wander if you weren’t interested in what you were learning or if you had better things to think about. Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help.
Scientists have looked at what makes us delay and found a number of ways to help us stay in the zone. One of the most obvious things is removing noise. Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration, or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! It also found turning off notifications on your phone, or switching it off altogether, removes a major distraction and helps us focus on the task at hand.
Another possible cure for a short attention span is brain training. Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to get down to it and have looked at what we can change inside our head to make us concentrate. An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher NilliLavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.” So, keeping your mind busy might be the answer.
There are more practical tips to keeping your mind focused. These include making a list or timetable of the tasks you have to do, finding a workspace where you’re not tempted to do other things, or chewing some gum! It’s possible that the movement in your mouth occupies parts of the brain that might otherwise get distracted.
But according to Science Focus magazine, distraction isn’t all bad. “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted, we’d miss potential changes, such as threats, in our environment. Distraction is vital for survival.”
1. Which of the following distracts people easily according to the scientists?A.Task. | B.Science. | C.Zone. | D.Noise. |
A.Attention is paid to his articles. | B.Distraction is not easy to settle. |
C.Challenging tasks make people concentrate. | D.A noisy background helps cure distraction. |
A.Dissatisfied. | B.Objective. | C.Subjective. | D.Curious. |
A.Dealing with distraction. | B.Ways distracting people. |
C.Things interesting people. | D.Learning skills. |
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【推荐1】Do you experience worse car sickness in electric cars than in petrol cars? You’re not alone - and when it comes to self-driving cars, it may be even worse.
Although scientists aren’t exactly sure what causes motion sickness, it has to do with passengers losing the ability to predict future movements. When you read a magazine in a car, your eyes will signal to your brain that the car is not moving. However, your brain will recognize the vibrations (振动) and turns that the car makes. This can confuse the mind and make you start to feel sick.
As for electric cars, one-pedal (单踏板) driving is often linked to feelings of car sickness, according to the US Department of Energy. The one pedal does both the accelerating (加速) and braking (刹 车) - the driver steps on the pedal to increase speed and takes their foot off the pedal to slow down. If you stop accelerating, the one-pedal will automatically slow and stop the car. The deceleration caused by this system is thus more rapid than that of petrol cars, which may lead to motion sickness.
Another technological advance that can also be related to car sickness is the larger and increasing number of screens inside vehicles. These screens overburden users with visual information, which discourages them from looking outside, according to The Conversation. Passengers thereby lose their ability to take in the “correct” visual signals, such as the moving surroundings, which can lead to sickness.
Unfortunately, even when people get used to the movements of electric cars and experience less car sickness, self-driving vehicles might be another challenge for them. According to a 2015 study, as much as 12 percent of the US population may feel carsick while riding in autonomous vehicles.
To ensure the widespread usage of new types of vehicles, car producers are working to solve such problems with better technology. For example, Japanese company Honda is working on reducing the car’s “violent (猛烈的) ”acceleration by making changes to the engine, said Car Magazine.
1. What is the possible cause of passengers experiencing motion sickness?A.Lack of visual signals in the car. |
B.Unpredictable movements of the car. |
C.Inability to sense vibrations and turns. |
D.The brain’s confusion about movements. |
A.Their unique driving mode. |
B.Their slow way of braking. |
C.Their violent acceleration. |
D.Their constant pedal adjustment. |
A.Potential dangers of placing screens in cars. |
B.A technology to reduce car sickness. |
C.A design aspect in vehicles that causes car sickness. |
D.Passengers’ different responses to car sickness. |
A.Developing a more powerful engine. |
B.Reducing their cars’ deceleration time. |
C.Making the cars’ acceleration smoother. |
D.Adding more automatic adjustment features. |
【推荐2】Days ago my wife and I argued whether the stones we threw into the Mediterranean harbor of Ciutadella in Menorca would create waves that would eventually hit the shores of North America. I said “yes. ” I believed until waves met a shore, they were extremely great in strength. But she said the wouldn't. Who is right?
Dave Johnstone, UK
Your wife is right. In their passing, waves lose energy due to viscous(粘性的)forces. In the thin waters of the Mediterranean, energy is reduced much more quickly.
Simon Iveson, Indonesia
I think the questioner’s waves would not be high enough because of air friction(摩擦)and the viscous water. To make matters worse, the Strait of Gibraltar is not on a line of sight from Ciutadella, so the waves would need to be sent back from North Africa or a passing ship, and this would mean a great loss of energy.
Mike Follow, UK
I studied the map of the world, and found that clearly no wave formed by dropping a rock in the harbor of Ciutadella could travel to the Strait of Gibraltar and out into the Atlantic Ocean without first striking many shores and being sent back by each.
Another factor is wind. If a wave created by a rock falling into water travels in the same direction as a gentle wind, it may become larger. But a strong wind can bend it so easily that it becomes completely lost.
It seems unlikely that any big part of the wave from a rock dropped in Ciutadella harbor would ever reach the Strait of Gibraltar, let alone North America. But I admire the spirit of the question.
Patrick Johnson, US
1. What is the main purpose of Dave Johnstone’s writing?A.To describe his experiment with waves. |
B.To explain how he and his wife created waves. |
C.To invite an answer to his question. |
D.To show his scientific interest in waves. |
A.Johnstone’s opinion is partly right |
B.a passing ship gives waves greater strength |
C.Johnstone’s wife made a mistake |
D.sea waves lose energy rather easily |
A.examines the geography of the Mediterranean |
B.presents two reasons in his analysis |
C.explains the effect of a wind on a wave |
D.show his admiration for the couple |
A.They may not have met before. |
B.They don't agree with each other. |
C.They often write to each other. |
D.They come from the same country. |
【推荐3】Your mind is very powerful. Yet, if you’re like most people, you probably spend very little time reflecting on the way you think. After all, who thinks about thinking?
If you draw wrong conclusions about whom you are and what you’re capable of doing, you’ll limit your potential. Your thoughts are a catalyst (催化剂) for self-perpetuating (自我持续的) cycles.
Once you draw a conclusion about yourself, you’re likely to do two things: look for evidence that strengthens your belief and consider anything that runs against your belief unimportant. Someone who develops the belief that he’s a failure, for example, will view each mistake as evidence that he’s not good enough.
A.When he does succeed, he’ll owe it to luck. |
B.Once that belief gets rooted in his mind, he will suffer a lot. |
C.That lack of efforts prevents her from having a better career. |
D.Creating a more positive thought can lead to better outcomes. |
E.What you think influences how you feel and how you behave. |
F.However, the way you think about yourself turns into your reality. |
G.If we make an effort on purpose, you can learn to think more positively. |
【推荐1】In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.
In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.
When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them. If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret later in the day.
1. From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A.sunshine and snow | B.black clouds |
C.summer and winter | D.spring and autumn |
A.warm | B.cool | C.cold | D.rainy |
A.their friends ask them to do so | B.it often rains in England |
C.they are going to sell them | D.they are their favourite things |
A.Bad Seasons | B.Summer or Winter |
C.The Weather in England | D.Strange English People |
【推荐2】Here are four organizations that rescue and train shelter dogs to be service animals.
Merlin’s Kids
Merlin’s Kids is a wonderful organization that rescues and trains shelter dogs to become service animals for children and adults with special needs for physical or emotional support. Merlin’s Kids dogs are also trained for disease detection by screening people for cancer, diabetes and so on. Other dogs have been used to go into hospitals or assist living facilities. In the public’s eyes, these working dogs have proved that shelter animals are amazing.
Pets for Vets (退伍军人)
This organization recognizes that many veterans return home with scars, both seen and unseen,which makes it difficult for them to live a normal life. Many suffer from severe anxiety. Pets for Vets was founded to rescue and train shelter animals to provide therapy (治疗) dogs for the retired service people.
Paws with a Cause
This organization has been around since 1979 and improves the independence and quality of life for people with disabilities. Paws with a Cause specializes in helping people with disabilities complete essential tasks and the pups can open doors, pull a wheelchair, alert (使警觉) a hearing-impaired person, and offer help whenever necessary.
Service Dog Express
This organization’s motto is “A dog’s life saved, a human’s life enriched” and believes that the connect ion between the service dog and his or her person is life transforming. Service Dog Express specializes in the training of service dogs for wounded service people. People in need of a service dog are encouraged to go to a rescue organization to choose a dog. This reduces the cost of services and saves a dog who may otherwise have been out to sleep.
1. What do we know about shelter dogs from Merlin’s Kids?A.They can cure people of cancer. |
B.They often bring the public amazement. |
C.They repair living facilities in the hospital. |
D.They benefit ones with physical and mental health problems. |
A.Merlin’s Kids. | B.Pets for Vets. | C.Paws with a Cause. | D.Service Dog Express. |
A.It teaches dogs to pull a wheelchair. | B.It focuses on injured soldiers. |
C.It charges for services. | D.Its motto moves people in need. |
【推荐3】Have you ever heard of a pawpaw? If not, do not feel bad. Most Americans do not know of the fruit, although it is native to the United States. Once, however, it was one of the most popular fruits in North America. Happily, those who love the pawpaw are trying to return it to its former position in American foods.
The pawpaw is a kind of fruit that grows on trees found all over the eastern United States. It is similar to a typical mango in size. It has a dull green-colored skin, and a soft, almost creamy orange inside. Most people agree that the pawpaw tastes like a combination 6 of a banana, an apricot and a mango. Most people are so shocked by its sweet taste. The fruit has a very short harvest season, from two to three weeks in September and October.
The pawpaw has never been sold commercially. The fruit requires a very special environment — low, wet areas that sometimes flood. In addition, the fruit is good to eat for only two to three days after harvesting. This makes it hard to sell anywhere distant from the pawpaw tree it came from.
Planters are again growing pawpaw trees and harvesting the fruit. In several states farmers have organized “pawpaw festivals” to reintroduce the food to people.
Farmers are trying to grow new kinds of pawpaw that will be easier to ship and sell commercially. Donna and Jim Davis are pawpaw farmers in Westminster, Maryland. They told National Public Radio that they bought their pawpaw trees in the 1990s and now sell the fruit at farmers markets and online.
So, who knows? Maybe the pawpaw will show up soon at a market near you.
1. What is the pawpaw’s most outstanding nature?A.It is rich in sugar. |
B.Its taste is like an apricot. |
C.It looks like a banana. |
D.Its harvest season is autumn. |
A.It has a small production. |
B.It is hard to keep it fresh long. |
C.It needs floods to grow well. |
D.It requires special living conditions. |
A.Reintroduce pawpaws to people. |
B.Organize festivals for the pawpaw. |
C.Plant improved pawpaw trees. |
D.Sell the fruit at farmer markets. |
A.A traditional fruit comes on a new look |
B.Fruit of pawpaw plays an important part in America |
C.Most people hardly eat fresh pawpaws |
D.A forgotten American fruit may become popular again |