Most adults retreat (后退) into a personal, quiet world inside their heads when they are reading, but we may be missing out on some vital benefits when we do this.
For much of history, reading was a fairly noisy activity. On clay tablets written in ancient Iraq and Syria some 4,000 years ago, the commonly used words for “to read” literally meant “to cry out” or “to listen”. “I am sending a very urgent message,” says one letter from this period. “Listen to this tablet. If it is appropriate, have the king listen to it.”
Today, silent reading is the norm. The majority of us bottle the words in our heads as if sitting in the quiet space of a library. Reading out loud is largely reserved for bedtime stories and performances.
But a growing body of research suggests that we may be missing out by reading only with the voices inside our minds. Colin MacLeod, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and his colleagues have found that people consistently remember words and texts better if they read them aloud than if they read them silently. This memory-boosting effect of reading aloud is particularly strong in children, but it works for older people, too. “It’s beneficial throughout the age range,” says MacLeod.
MacLeod has named this phenomenon the “production effect”. And it has been replicated (复制) in numerous studies spanning more than a decade. In one study in Australia, a group of 7- to 10-year-olds were presented with a list of words and asked to read some silently, and others aloud. Afterwards, they correctly recognized 87% of the words they’d read aloud, but only 70% of the silent ones. In another study, adults aged 67 to 88 were given the same task — reading words either silently or aloud. They were able to recall 27% of the words they had read aloud, but only 10% of those they’d read silently.
The production effect is strongest if we read aloud ourselves. But listening to someone else read can benefit memory in other ways. In a study led by researchers at the University of Perugia in Italy, students read extracts from novels to a group of elderly people with dementia (痴呆) over a total of 60 sessions. The listeners performed better in memory tests after the sessions than before, possibly because the stories made them draw on their own memories and imagination, and helped them sort past experiences into sequences. “It seems that actively listening to a story leads to more intense and deeper information processing,” the researchers concluded.
In a time when our interactions with others and the information we take in are all too transient (短暂的), perhaps it is worth making a bit more time for reading out loud. Perhaps you even gave it a try with this article, and enjoyed hearing it in your own voice?
1. Why does the author mention the ancient clay tablets?A.To tell the history of silent reading. |
B.To indicate the benefits of reading. |
C.To explain the ancient meaning of reading. |
D.To illustrate the ancient way of reading. |
A.It is very difficult for adults to read out loud. |
B.Reading aloud can benefit people regardless of age. |
C.Reading aloud is no longer popular in modern life. |
D.We can improve our memory by writing down words. |
A.We will process the information deeply. |
B.We will achieve little production effect. |
C.We will avoid suffering mental diseases. |
D.We will likely reflect on our past experiences. |
A.The best way to improve our memory |
B.We should do silent reading properly |
C.The surprising power of reading out loud |
D.We should encourage kids to read out loud |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】Regardless of where you are going, travelling can be quite exciting. Just plan your trip well, and it should be enjoyable. Before you leave, get all the right paperwork in order. Also, keep these tips in mind.
Consider your food allergies(过敏), if you have them, when you are travelling to foreign countries. The more severe your food allergies are, the more important it is to learn key food terms in the local language. This way you can be sure to alert wait staff of your allergies to specific foods and, in the worst situation, be able to inform medical professionals of your condition.
Write down all the important information you will need when going overseas. Addresses, phone numbers, names of hotels and attractions you’re visiting should all be listed. You will need to contact the embassy if you have any trouble. This will be handy should you have difficulties.
When travelling around other countries, beware of fraudulent taxis. Be certain that the taxi is a real taxi before you enter the car. Anybody can add a taxi sign to their car, but they might not be legal.
For extra safety when staying in a hotel, bring a door stopper with you. When you are on the road in countries with little or no development, you want some more security with you in the room while sleeping. If there’s no deadbolt or chain behind the door, put a small, wedge doorstop under the room door before you go to bed.
To keep travelling expense within budget, try making them as far ahead as you can. With so many physical memories available for purchase when you travel, one fact is always true. The sooner you buy them, the cheaper they will be. If you don’t shop at the last minute, you can extend your travel much more.
Take your hotel’s business card and put it in your wallet or purse. This one little item can save you and get you back to where you need to be in case you get lost in a foreign land. This is particularly true if you don’t know the language very well.
When you travel, try your best to educate your family as much as you can along the way. Travelling to foreign lands provides you with an ideal opportunity to teach your children about the workings of the world beyond your own country, and, with just a few sensible precautions, it is also completely safe. The best way to foster tolerance for other cultures in your children is to spend time in other countries with them.
1. Why is the knowledge of key food terms in the local language so important when travelling to foreign countries?A.Because such knowledge can save you from possible danger. |
B.Because the wait staff can be informed of your allergies to specific foods. |
C.Because medical professionals can know your condition if you have had food causing your allergy. |
D.All the above. |
A.dissatisfying | B.unkind | C.dishonest | D.unpleasant |
A.The first thing you buy during your trip is the cheapest. |
B.Travelling to a foreign country is a good way of education. |
C.Without a doorstop in the hotel room while you sleep you must be in trouble. |
D.The hotel’s business card is not necessary if you are familiar with the local language. |
A.Tips on how to be safe while travelling abroad. |
B.Travelling—a way to gain knowledge. |
C.Ways to keep travelling expense within budget. |
D.Hotels are very important during your trip to a foreign country. |
【推荐2】Work-Life Balance
Many articles are focused on the importance of work-life balance. Below are some suggestions mentioned frequently.
Decide on priorities(优先的事物).
Don't be an over-achiever. Being an all-around person is good. However, you do not need to be the captain of the football team, the lead in each activity and the employee of the month.
Take care of yourself.
Schedule time for relaxation. Set aside half an hour a day to do something that just makes you feel good. Read a book or a favorite magazine, take a walk or ride your bike.
A.Give up if necessary |
B.Make a considerate plan in advance. |
C.Decide what is the most important and what needs to be done first. |
D.Choose one or two things that you really enjoy and do it or them well. |
E.Have a balanced and healthy diet, exercise regularly and get enough sleep. |
F.Set goals that you can see yourself achieving within a certain period of time. |
G.The time that you take for yourself will help you focus when you finish your work. |
【推荐3】I am about to go to university. I miss my years at high school quite much. Now I have formed my group of friends, with whom I still keep in touch. I was even voted by the students of my class to speak at graduation. But when I was first at high school, I felt lonely. Here are some tips for you new comers to start your high school.
Say hello anytime you see an acquaintance. Because I was always smiling and greeting the people I knew, people naturally thought I was sociable. And high school kids want to be friends with friendly people.
Take the first step. All the girls there already knew each other —they didn't need another friend. But I did, so I had to make the effort, I had to be the first one to invite somebody to go with me to a movie, or over to my house. Once I did, they started to respond in kind.
Make friends slowly. I couldn't get discouraged when it took a while to make friends. Hey, I had already waited an entire year. What's a couple more weeks? Making new friends is hard.
Use classes to get to know people. I met most of my first friends because I sat next to them in class. Class(before, after, or even during class time) is a great chance to start a conversation, ask for homework help, or even better, to extend help when needed.
Above all, remember that it can and will get better. You may have to work a little to make your high school experience a great one, but it's absolutely worth it!
1. What was the writer like in others' eyes when she first came to high school?A.She was lonely. | B.She was delicate. | C.She was easygoing. | D.She was cautious. |
A.understanding | B.patience | C.faith | D.mercy |
A.Communication. | B.Help. | C.Experience. | D.Homework. |
【推荐1】One man’s trash is another man’s treasure. It is absolutely the case in Turkey where garbage collectors started collecting books that have been thrown away and ended up opening a library.
It started when garbage man Durson Ipek found a bag of abandoned books when he was working and then it snowballed from there. Ipek and other garbage men started gathering the books they found on the streets that were ready for landfills (垃圾填埋地) and as their collection started to grow, so did word of mouth. Soon, local residents started donating books directly. The library was initially available only to the garbage employees and their families to use but as the collection grew, so did public interest and the library was opened to the public in 2017.
“On the one hand, there were those who were leaving these books on the streets. On the other hand, others were looking for these books,” Ankaya mayor Alper Tasdelen told CNN. “We started to discuss the idea of creating a library from these books. When everyone supported it, this project happened.”
All the books that are found are sorted and checked for condition. If they pass, they go on the shelves. Today, the library has over 6,000 books that range from fiction to nonfiction and there’s a very popular children’s section that even has a collection of comic books. An entire section is devoted to scientific research and there are also books available in English and French. The collection has grown so large that the library loans books to schools and educational programs.
“Village school teachers from all over Turkey are requesting books,” Tasdelen told CNN. The government has to hire a full-time employee to manage the library.
This library is incredibly popular. It is frequently filled with the children of the city’s workers and students from nearby schools. There is a waiting room set up for readers and chess boards for the people who visit the library. You can even enjoy a cup of tea in the waiting room.
1. What does the underlined word “snowballed” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Grew slowly. | B.Developed rapidly. |
C.Declined quickly. | D.Worsened gradually. |
A.You can’t find novels in the library. |
B.There are only books in Chinese and English. |
C.All the books that are found will go on the shelves. |
D.Schools and educational programs can borrow books from the library. |
A.To raise people’s awareness of recycling. |
B.To classify and check the donated books. |
C.To meet the huge demand from rural teachers. |
D.To expand the social influence of the library. |
A.It provides a very considerate service. | B.It’s crowded with readers every day. |
C.It needs to improve its management. | D.It’s an excellent place to enjoy tea. |
Daunt Books 83 Maryleone High Street London WIU 4QW Parking: Street | Wheelchair Accessible: Yes Accept Credit Cards: Yes Hours: Monday—Saturday 9:00—13:00 Sunday 13:00—18:00 |
It’s probably my favourite bookstore ever. It’s “designed for travelers who like reading”. It is famous for its travel book collection. Categorized by country and region, you can find books on history, arts, food, culture, film, literature, and many more topics of the region. It’s absolutely fascinating. My favourite is the London literature section near the entrance. It’s very tasteful selection and it’s a pleasure just to read a few paragraphs while you browse (浏览). The interior is beautiful. Classic wooden counters, wooden floors, shelves and tables of book are organized nicely. Every time I passed by I had to make a stop there. Staff there are helpful and friendly.
I love the convenience of Amazon but bookstores with special atmosphere like this just cannot be replaced.
—— Rachel Z, San Francisco
I don’t read books as often as I would like. I just don’t have time, and let’s be honest, after doing all my schoolwork. I’d rather just put my brain on coast and read an OK magazine and catch up with some news about film stars. I was brought into Daunt while wandering down the street and it’s really just an inspiring place and it actually made me want to “read” something. Really, if you’re anywhere near the shop, do pop in and just look around, even if you have a love/ hate relationship with reading like I do. The inside of the shop made me look around as if I remember enjoying as a kid seeing some new big store, when in fact it’s not new, but the sight of a bookstore with classic design charm is refreshing after spending so much time in libraries.
Go and see it for yourself. You won’t be disappointed!
—— Thomas A, London
1. Those who want to read in Daunt Books ________.A.should avoid Sunday morning | B.can only read travel books there |
C.will find there is no place for parking | D.can only buy the books they want in cash |
A.it offers her much convenience |
B.its staff are all helpful and friendly |
C.its atmosphere is special and attractive |
D.it has the largest collection of books in London |
A.He likes reading British literature. | B.Reading is just a way to relax himself. |
C.He likes visiting big and new bookstores. | D.He thinks reading in libraries is more helpful |
A.His friend introduced it to him. | B.He knew it from a popular magazine. |
C.He talked with the library’s staff about it. | D.He paid a visit to it only by accident. |
【推荐3】My motivation for starting our family tradition of reading in the car was purely selfish: I could not bear listening to A Sesame Street Christmas for another 10 hours. My three children had been addicted to this cassette on our previous summer’s road trip.
As I began to prepare for our next 500-mile car trip, I came across a book Jim Trelease’s The Read Aloud Handbook. This could be the answer to my problem. I thought. So I put Roald dahl’s James and the Giant Peach into my bag. When I began to read aloud the tale of the boy who escapes the bad guys by hiding inside a giant peach, my three kids argued and wrestled in their seats. But after several lines, they were attracted into the rhythm of the words and began to listen.
We soon learned that the simple pleasure of listening to a well-written book makes the long miles pass more quickly. Sometimes the books we read became highlights of the trip. I read Wilson Rawls’s Summer of the Monkeys as we spent two days driving to the beach. We arrived just behind the power crews restoring (恢复) electricity after a tropical storm. The rain continued most of the week, and the beach was covered with oil washed up by the storm. When we returned home, I asked my son what he liked about the trip. He answered without hesitation, “The book you read in the car.”
Road trips still offer challenges, even though my children now are teenagers. But we continue to read as we roll across the country. And I'm beginning to see that reading aloud has done more than help pass the time. For at least a little while, we are not shut in our own electronic worlds. And maybe we’ve started something that will pass on to the next generation.
1. Why did the author start reading in the car?A.She wanted to have a better journey. | B.She wanted to keep a family tradition |
C.Her children were addicted to music. | D.She wanted to kill the time. |
A.They kept quarrelling. | B.They hid themselves. |
C.They soon settled down. | D.They continued to fight in their seats. |
A.They were caught in a storm. | B.They enjoyed reading on the road. |
C.They had a good time on the beach. | D.They thought it had passed too quickly. |
A.Better Reading than Traveling | B.Books that Changed My Children |
C.Road Trips Full of Challenges | D.Reading Makes Great Road Trips |
Now, a completely different method is gaining popularity.On Oct. 9, 2013, London Science Museum kicked off its new exhibition, 3-D: Printing the Future, with over 600 3-D printed objects on display, including space probes (探测器), toy dolls and even human organs – basically any product you can think of, reported Live Science.
You might find it hard to believe that an object can actually be “printed out” like a picture. But it is not that hard to understand how it works. Just as a traditional printer sprays (喷洒) ink onto paper line by line, modern 3-D printers spread material onto a surface layer by layer, from the bottom to the top, gradually building up a shape.
Instead of ink, the materials the 3-D printer uses are mainly plastic, resin (树脂) and certain metals. The thinner each layer is – from a millimeter to less than the width of a hair – the smoother and finer the object will be. And objects always come out in one piece, sparing you the trouble of putting different parts together afterward.
For example, 10 years ago a desktop 3-D printer might have cost £20,000 (200,000 yuan), while now it costs only about £1,000, according to the BBC. In fact, 3-D printers have been around for some time, but until recently they hadn’t been very popular since few people could afford them. Last year, though, saw a big decrease in the price of 3-D printers.
However, as 3-D printing technology becomes more commonplace, it may trigger certain problems. One of them is piracy (盗版). “Once you can download a coffee maker, or print out a new set of kitchen utensils (餐具) on your personal 3-D printer, who will visit a retail (零售的) store again?” an expert on 3-D printing told Forbes News.
Even more frightening, the world’s first 3-D printed gun was successfully fired in the US in May of this year, which means that 3-D printing could potentially give more people access to weapons.
1. According to the article, in the future, 3-D printing technology will probably ______.
A.change the way people make products |
B.be applied as widely in our daily lives as computers |
C.forbid many countries to make purchases of weapons |
D.take the place of normal printers and save lots of energy |
A.Over 600 3-D printed objects were on display in an exhibition. |
B.3-D printing technology came to be used in various fields. |
C.The world’s first 3-D printed gun was successfully made. |
D.The 3-D printer became more affordable for consumers. |
A.Amused. | B.Objective. |
C.Supportive. | D.Negative. |
【推荐2】The chicken or the egg—which came first? It's probably one of the most commonly cited paradoxes — a chicken hatches from an egg, so the egg came first, right? But then what laid the egg? The two ideas seem contradictory, and that's exactly what a paradox is — a problem that seemingly has no definitive solution and can 't be logically solved.
And paradoxes don't just exist in philosophical debates but also in our daily lives. How can work be flexible but maintain structure? How can we switch off if we're working from home? Two contrasting ideas could cause people stress, but what if we accept the contradiction and change the way we look at it? This is what some experts call the 'paradox mindset'.
A paradox consists of two realities that exist at the same time—even though that seems impossible. If you embrace just one of those realities and ignore the other, it can cause problems. For example, embracing change may lead to burn—out, while embracing stability may lead to boredom. Some experts have found the acceptance of both realities and a willingness to embrace them can improve both creativity and productivity by allowing you to navigate a path through the contradictions.
A 1996 study of geniuses by Albert Rothenberg found that those thinkers spent time considering opposites and antitheses. Consider Einstein. The theory of relativity was born out of the paradox that something could be moving and stationary at the same time depending on perspective.
So, having a 'paradox mindset' and accepting the bigger picture may help you to better understand problems. It could also make you happier knowing that contradictions exist. As a result, it may lead you to improving your productivity and creativity. If it worked for Einstein, maybe it could be good for you too!
1. The chicken— egg example in paragraph one is used to ________.A.introduce the topic | B.draw a conclusion |
C.make a comparison | D.explain a complicated theory |
A.The theory of relativity |
B.To work at home and not answer phone calls from your boss |
C.To lead a stable and boring life |
D.To change constantly without feeling exhausted |
A.learning to appreciate contradictions | B.avoiding contrast ideas |
C.having it all | D.coming to a dead end |
A.You will feel much better if you embrace contradictions. |
B.'Paradox mindset' only applies to geniuses |
C.People will become less productive if they accept the bigger picture |
D.Contradictions will make it more difficult for people to understand problems. |
【推荐3】Electric vehicles(EVs)are a strong weapon in the world' s efforts against global warming. But the effects of EVs depend on which country you are in.
The Radiant Energy Group(REG)tried to learn the difference in gas emissions(排放)caused by a gasoline vehicle and from charging an electric vehicle. The study compared statistics on the emissions caused by charging a Tesla Model 3 to drive 100 kilometers with those on the emissions coming from an average gasoline car driven the same distance.
Countries where charging an electric vehicle is cleaner than driving a gasoline-powered car use a lot of hydroelectric, nuclear or solar power.
Sales of electric cars are rising the fastest in Europe. Data from the REG suggests that EVs in Poland and Kosovo actually create more carbon emissions because their electric systems depend so much on coal. In other European countries, however, EVs result in reduced carbon emissions.
The countries with the biggest carbon gas savings from EVs use a lot of nuclear and hydroelectric power. First was Switzerland at 100 percent carbon savings over gasoline vehicles. Next was Norway at 98 percent, France at 96 percent, Sweden at 95 percent and Austria at 93 percent. The research was based on public data on Europe's electricity usage and the European Environment Agency(EEA).
The countries which showed the lowest savings were Cyprus at 4 percent, Serbia at 15 percent, Estonia at 35 percent and the Netherlands at 37 percent.
Germany and Spain create a lot of electricity from the sun and wind. But the sun and wind do not add to a country's electricity system equally throughout the day. For this reason, the amount of carbon emissions saved by driving an EV depends on the time of day it is being charged. Charging in the afternoon, when there is more sun and wind, saves 16 to 18 percent more carbon, which means the best. At night, electricity systems are more likely to be using gas or coal.
Automakers including General Motors, Stellantis and Volkswagen have set targets to sell mainly electric vehicles in Europe in the coming years. U.S. car company General Motors says it will have all new electric cars by 2022.
1. What's the purpose of the study made by the REG?A.To find a solution. | B.To make a theory. |
C.To make a comparison. | D.To confirm a thought. |
A.France. | B.Cyprus. |
C.Germany. | D.Switzerland |
A.In the morning. | B.At noon. |
C.In the afternoon. | D.In the evening. |
A.Will Electric Cars Replace Gas Cars? |
B.Do Electric Cars Help the Environment? |
C.How Should We Charge Electric Cars? |
D.Why Are Electric Cars Popular in Europe? |