As the saying goes, “All roads lead to Rome”—but was that really the case? The answer is not as easy as an unqualified “yes” or “no”. It’s a little more complicated than that.
In 2015, three researchers at the Moovel Lab dropped a uniform grid (网格) of almost 500,000 points across a map of Europe. These points were simply random spots from which to start a journey to Rome. The team then developed a method to calculate the best route to Rome using modern routes from each of those starting points. The more frequently a road was used across the different points, the thicker it was drawn on the map. Their results showed many roads led to Rome, connecting other major cities along the way, such as London, Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) and Paris, which were also part of the ancient empire.
News of the map spread quickly, but it didn’t actually prove that all roads lead to Rome. If the researchers had conducted the same exercise and looked at the quickest way from those same 500,000 points to Berlin or Moscow, the map would also show similar results.
The team used computer modeling to look at most logical routes that connect two points on the landscape, and then compared that with their knowledge of Rome roads to see if they’re similar. Modern routes are often the same in most cases. In other words, many of Europe’s multi-lane highways are the successors of Rome roads.
In ancient times, roads were mainly built to ensure people could travel around within a short time. This has changed in recent years, however; newly built motorways avoid populated places to save money in acquiring land.
The main roads in ancient Rome were straight lines whenever geography allowed. These major roads were built with different layers like earth and rock, and finally big pieces of stone on the top. They weren’t flat, but had a round roof to allow proper drainage (排水). Then came other secondary dirt roads that weren’t paved. They connected smaller towns and cities, rather than offering any sort of a route to Rome.
So, was the saying in Paragraph 1 right? No, but an awful lot of important ones eventually made their way there.
1. What did the team do with the new method mentioned in Paragraph 2?A.Drew the map of ancient Rome. |
B.Showed the layout of cities in Europe. |
C.Counted all the existing roads in Rome. |
D.Found the best web of roads leading to Rome. |
A.It connected urban areas and rural areas. |
B.It changed the history of European roads. |
C.It set a good example to European road styles. |
D.It contributed to traffic rules of two runways. |
A.Whether the roads were wide enough. |
B.Whether the roads helped people save time. |
C.Whether the roads helped collect rainwater. |
D.Whether the roads were close to people’s residences. |
A.Do all roads lead to Rome? |
B.Why does Rome have so many roads? |
C.Was ancient Rome an empire in Europe? |
D.How were roads built in ancient Europe? |
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【推荐1】You don’t have to be a fan of math to get excited about Pi (“π”) Day. While the event may start with some calculations, it is more than likely to conclude with a slice or two of delicious pie. The holiday is held every March 14, because “π” is widely recognized as 3.14.
The tradition of honoring “π” began at San Francisco’s Exploratorium Museum. On March 14, 1988, physicist Larry Shaw convinced his colleagues to mark the day by marching around one of the museum’s circular spaces and consuming fruit pies. The celebration was made official in 2009 when the U. S. House of Representatives set aside March 14 as Pi Day.
Today, Pi Day is observed in many creative ways.
Students at the Galifomia Institute of Technology in Los Angeles host a pie-eating event, which begins at 1:59 a. m. and features 26 pies, each of five different flavors. Though that might seem random, the date (3.14), time (159), number of pies (26), and number of varieties (5) recreate the first nine digits of “π”: 3.14159265!
Students applying for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge eagerly wait for the day every year to find out if they have been accepted. However, instead of sending out the offers at 3:14 p. m., the institution waits till 6:28 p. m. 6:28 is referred to as “tau”, which is “π” multiplied by 2. The number is believed to be much more reliable than“π” by some experts and even has its own celebration on June 28. Since 2017, MIT has also used Pi Day as a fundraiser to support its students, departments and programs.
This day is also Albert Einstein’s birthday, so the town of Princeton, New Jersey, where Einstein lived from 1935 to 1955, celebrates the occasion with multi-day festivities that end on March 14. Visitors can take part in concerts, shows, as well as pie-eating, Pi-recitation, and Einstein-lookalike contests.
1. Where was Pi Day originally celebrated?A.In San Francisco. | B.In Los Angeles. | C.In Cambridge. | D.In Princeton. |
A.Make desserts of different flavors. | B.Conduct a calculating test. |
C.Inform applicants of application results. | D.Organize a march around the campus. |
A.Pi Day is held every May 14. |
B.There is no difference between “tau” and “π”. |
C.MIT has used Pi Day as a fundraiser to support Exploratorium Museum. |
D.Albert Einstein lived in the town of Princeton for twenty years. |
A.To advise. | B.To make an introduction. |
C.To argue. | D.To make a comparison. |
【推荐2】Women cry 4,680 times over their adult lifetime — more than twice as much as men, a study has found. Sad TV shows or books, tiredness and arguments their partner mean the average woman will cry six times a month. In comparison, men will shed a tear just three times a month.
But the study found men are less embarrassed (难为情) about crying in front of others, with four in 10 saying they wouldn’t be bothered about shedding a tear in public compared to just a third of women. Psychologist Emma Kenny said, “While women are usually associated with crying, the results of this study actually show that men are now feeling that it’s acceptable to show their emotions through crying. And, different from what is usually believed, the results actually suggest that women feel embarrassed when they let their emotions show.”
The study of 2,000 adults found 51% of women admit to being a big crier — crying often or at little things. But far from shying away from it, three in 10 men are also happy to admit they often shed a tear.
A sad TV show, movie or book is most likely to leave women watery-eyed, while men tear up at sad moments or memories. Other reasons for crying include funerals, grief and anxiety. But women are more likely to cry happy tears, with 40%admitting to shedding a tear for a good reason, something just 24%of men do. And while 64% of women admit to crying for no reason, just three in 10 men can say the same.
The study also found an emotional 44% of men have cried in public, along with a huge 80% of women. Crying in front of people you work with would leave many feeling most embarrassed, followed by their boss, strangers and acquaintances. But almost one in 10 admit they would be left red-faced if they shed a tear in front of their family members.
1. What is a common belief about women according to Paragraph 2?A.They cry when in depression. |
B.They seldom cry for no reason. |
C.They express emotions through crying. |
D.They won’t feel embarrassed when crying |
A.husbands | B.friends | C.workmates | D.strangers |
A.By making a comparison. | B.By giving typical examples. |
C.By using the experts’ words. | D.By offering facts and opinions. |
A.Men Also Cry In Front Of Others |
B.Women Cry Much More Than Men |
C.Women Are More Likely To Cry in Public |
D.Women And Men Cry in Difficult Situations |
【推荐3】With growing awareness of the gender gap in STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) fields, where women hold only 27% of jobs, Chinese researchers have explored a cause influencing women’s participation in STEM careers. They studied how teen girls can be influenced by their own peers who believe the inaccurate stereotype (刻板印象) that boys are better at math.
The study found that when surrounded by peers holding this stereotype, middle-school girls scored lower on math tests. This influence even persisted into college, impacting women’s math performance and self-confidence. The researchers suggest dealing with this issue during the middle school period to reduce the negative impact on women’s long-term STEM engagement.
Middle school is considered a critical developmental stage where teens are forming a stronger sense of self separate from their parents. This change often makes teens more likely to be influenced by the opinions of their peers. It’s also a period when, objectively measured by standardized tests, girls on average have better math skills than boys. However, teens may not realize it.
In some middle schools in China, the researchers studied the potential role of peer-pressure beliefs of the gendered math stereotype. In classrooms where the belief that “boys” natural ability in studying math is greater than that of girls” was significantly higher than the standard, girls’ later performance on math tests was lower than the results for boys. Moreover, girls in these classrooms were less likely to participate in math-related out-of-class activities. They were also less likely to feel that their teachers paid attention to them and offered praise, leading to lower math-related self-confidence.
The researchers conclude that preventing the harm from gender math stereotyping requires a change of the social environment for children and young adults, in addition to focusing on changing girls’ attitudes and choices.
1. What is the focus of the study?A.Inaccurate stereotype of STEM. |
B.Women’s participation in STEM. |
C.Teen girls’ academic performance. |
D.Gender stereotype’s influence on girls. |
A.Girls do better in math than boys. |
B.Teens have strong self-confidence. |
C.Teens are experiencing a key stage. |
D.Girls are easily affected by their peers. |
A.score high in standardized tests |
B.be often praised by math teachers |
C.show low confidence in math tests |
D.take an active part in school’s math club |
【推荐1】Many popular modern board games were invented in the United States. But some of our favorite games came from other countries and have deep historic roots.
Parcheesi
Parcheesi came from India, where it is known as pachisi. The Mogul King Akbar, who ruled India in the 1500s, actually had a life-sized version of pachisi in his garden. Parcheesi came to America around 1870, and now has many variations of it — where each player has four pawns (兵) and races to be the first one to get them all safely to a home base.
Checkers
Though simpler than Chess, Checkers offers plenty of strategic considerations for its players. Developing from a Middle Eastern game called alquerque, Checkers was introduced to America in the 1930s and has a number of variations that have been played since at least 3000 B.C.
Backgammon
Backgammon originated in Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. In the game, two players took turns rolling dice in a race to be the first one to get their 15 pieces off the board. Introduced to America in 1920, Backgammon became wildly popular then and remains so today, especially in its electronic version.
Mancala
Mancala means “to move” in Arabic. Players take turns to move pieces on its special board until all the pieces have been captured. Ancient game boards dating from the 6th and 7th centuries have been found carved in stone in Ethiopia. Mancala was brought into America in 1940 by immigrants from Cape Verde in Africa. And yes — it is played online!
1. Which of the following was first introduced to America?A.Parcheesi. | B.Checkers. | C.Backgammon. | D.Mancala. |
A.Each game has four players. | B.They have digital versions. |
C.Their boards were carved in stone. | D.They date back to 3000 years ago. |
A.Health. | B.Economy. | C.Science. | D.Entertain. |
【推荐2】MEXICO CITY, April 1(Xinhua)——Discoveries at the legendary Sanxingdui ruins in southwest China show that the region’s ancient Shu state civilization shared similarities with the Maya, according to the director of the Chichen Itza archaeological site, Marco Antonio Santos.
The Sanxingdui ruins, located in the city of Guanghan, about 60 kilometers from Chengdu, belonged to the Shu Kingdom that existed at least 4,800 years ago and lasted more than 2,000 years. China announced on March 20 that archaeologists uncovered gold, ivory and jade objects dating back about 3,000 years in six sacrificial pits.
Santos told Xinhua that the bronze-made remains of trees buried at the ruins of the Shu Kingdom recall the Maya’s sacred ceiba tree, which symbolized the union of heaven, earth and the underworld for the civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica. “They are very important similarities.” said Santos, stressing that “the representations of trees in both cultures provide us with a symbolism that is very similar”.
“One notable feature of the recent discoveries at Sanxingdui was the interdisciplinary(跨学科的)work and technology applied by teams of Chinese archaeologists.” said Santos. “The technology allowed the unearthing of artifacts as fragile as silk remains, which other types of less careful excavation methods would not have been able to manage.” he said. “Cooperation between Chinese and Mexican archaeologists could benefit projects in the Maya world, where the rainy climate and humidity are problematic for the conservation of objects.” said Santos.
“Every time our cultural knowledge increases, regardless of whether we speak one language or another, what it shows us is that we continue to be sister cultures, and, therefore, the exchange of such knowledge is fundamental.” said Santos.
1. What does the underlined word “excavation” in Paragraph 4 mean?A.research | B.examination | C.digging | D.discovery |
A.The sacred ceiba tree is also found at the ruins of the Shu Kingdom. |
B.The recent discoveries at Sanxingdui featured interdisciplinary work and technology. |
C.Only the unearthing of silk remains needs to be managed with more careful methods. |
D.The language barrier is an issue that affects the cooperation between China and Mexico. |
A.China and Mexico continue to exchange cultural knowledge. |
B.The discovery of the Sanxingdui ruins in south west China shocks the world. |
C.Cooperation between Chinese and Mexican archaeologists benefits projects in both countries. |
D.The discovery of the Sanxingdui ruins shows similarities between ancient Shu state and the Maya. |
A.A newspaper. | B.A historical novel. | C.A research review. | D.A guidebook. |
The Canal runs from Beijing in the north to Zhejiang Province in the south. Constructed in sections from the 5th century BC onwards, it was designed as a means of communication in the 7th century AD. The Canal is the world’s greatest civil engineering project before the Industrial Revolution.
The Grand Canal reached a peak in the 13th century, providing an inland navigation(航行) network consisting of more than 2,000 kilometers of artificial waterways, linking five of the most important river basins in China, including the Yellow River and the Yangtze. It entered a bid as a UNESCO(联合国教科文组织) cultural heritage site in 2008.
The Grand Canal cultural square is located in Beijing’s Tongzhou district. Ever since the Yuan dynasty 800 years ago, the Tongzhou section of the Grand Canal has been the life blood of Beijing. Grain and building materials were all transported to meet the endless demands of the big cities. Even today, the Grand Canal plays a major role in the lives of its citizens.
"I grew up near the Grand Canal. In the past the waterway was a lot narrower, but now it’s nice and wide and bridges are built over it. I think if the bid for world heritage status succeeds, it will greatly make Tongzhou more famous in the world, especially with Tongzhou aiming to be a sub-center of the capital Beijing," a citizen said.
The result of the bid is set to be released next week, and no doubt it will certainly make it into the history books if the Canal is listed as a world heritage site.
1. It can be concluded from the passage that .
A.The bid’s result of the Canal will be announced soon |
B.the Canal is the UNESCO’s newest world heritage site |
C.the Canal is to connect Tongzhou with Zhejiang Province |
D.the Canal will be a bid for a UNESCO cultural heritage site |
A.when it was aimed as a means of communication |
B.when it crossed the Yellow River and the Yangtze |
C.when it was born about six hundred years later |
D.when it was designed as an artificial waterway |
A.Tongzhou used to be the capital of the Yuan dynasty. |
B.Most citizens living in Tongzhou depend on the Canal. |
C.Tongzhou will benefit if the Canal is made a heritage site. |
D.Some citizens think the Canal not to be a cultural heritage item. |
【推荐1】In many places, a moonless night sky is no longer totally black. Artificial lighting can give the night a lasting light. This so-called light pollution can affect animals. Even moderate light pollution, a new study finds, can roughly double how long a house sparrow infected with West Nile Virus (WNV) remains at high risk of spreading disease. If bitten by a mosquito, that virus can now spread to other animals, including people.
“In the United States, house sparrows are about as widespread as artificial lighting. So they made a useful test species in a new first-of-its-kind study,” says Meredith Kernbach. Her team used these birds to test whether light at night might affect the spread of the West Nile Virus.
Kernbach based much of her lab test on real-world conditions. In the study, some house sparrows in the lab spent the night in an area that was dimly (昏暗地) lit. These birds were slower in fighting off West Nile Virus infections than those that spent the night in full darkness.
WNV needs a mosquito to spread from bird to bird, or from bird to human. If a mosquito doesn’t pick up enough viruses from the blood of an infected animal, its new victim might be able to avoid getting sick. House sparrows kept under a dim night light typically had enough viruses in their blood to be a source of virus for at least four days, Kernbach reports. House sparrows in full darkness had enough viruses to spread the disease only for two days.
What light does to the birds is only part of the story, points out Davide Dominon, a physiologist at the Nether-lands Institute of Ecology in Wageningen. “Researchers will need to look for effects on the virus itself,” he says. “And, of course, on the mosquitoes.”
1. Why are house sparrows chosen as the test species?A.They are sensitive to light. | B.Their distribution is wide. |
C.Mosquitoes like biting them. | D.Their immune system is weak. |
A.West Nile Virus becomes stronger under light. |
B.Darkness can help people avoid getting sick. |
C.It’s better for house sparrows to live in the dark. |
D.It takes house sparrows longer to kill this virus under light. |
A.It needs further study. |
B.It’s very useful. |
C.New victims are ignored. |
D.Other birds should be studied. |
A.Artificial lighting can affect house sparrows’ reproduction. |
B.Mosquitoes can spread WNV from animals to humans. |
C.Light pollution lengthens the time of birds’ spreading WNV. |
D.The light pollution may help WNV develop slower. |
【推荐2】Music is an international language. The songs that are sung or played by instruments are beautiful to all people everywhere.
Popular music in America is what every student likes. Students carry small radios with earphones and listen to music before class, after class and at lunch. Students with cars buy large speakers and play the music loudly as they drive on the street.
Adult drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports, the weather, politics, and activities of the American people. But most of the radio broadcast is music.
Pop or popular music singers make much money. They make a CD or tape which radio stations use in every state. Once the popular singer is heard throughout the country, young people buy his or her tapes. Some of the money from these tapes comes to the singer. Wherever the singer goes, all the young people want to meet him or her. Now the singer has become a national star.
Besides pop music, there are two other kinds of music that is important to Americans. One is called folk music. It tells stories about the common life of Americans. The other is called western or country music. This was started by cowboys who would sing at night to the cows they were watching. Today, any music about country life and the love between a country boy and his girl is called western or country music.
1. According to the passage, most of the car radio broadcast is .A.sports | B.the weather |
C.politics | D.music |
A.Three. | B.Four. |
C.Five. | D.Six. |
A.Music in America | B.Music Listeners |
C.Cowboys in America | D.An International Language |
【推荐3】It’s been a roller coaster ride for pets during the pandemic (疫情). All of a sudden, their families were home 24/7. While people got fascinated with cleaning, baking, and keeping themselves entertained, curious dogs and cats sometimes ended up getting hurt by these new habits.
The increase in these new pastimes saw a corresponding increase in the number of pandemic-related pet poisonings. “Our call volume has more than doubled since pre-pandemic. This is likely due to several factors including pets getting into more things at home simply because their people are doing more things at home,” says Dr. Ahna Brutlag. “Overall chocolate still remains our number one toxin (毒质), at least for dogs, but we were surprised to see how each of those listed increased relative to pre-pandemic times. We regularly see these types of cases, but we saw a surge of them during the pandemic.”
Although many pet owners look for eco-friendly cleaning products to keep their pets safe, there was a 92% increase in pet poisonings from cleaning products. Besides using eco-friendly cleaning products, there are things you can do to keep your pets safe at home, pandemic or not. “Pets are like kids. They are opportunists and will readily consume items left around the house,” Brutlag says. She suggests that pet owners think about pet-proofing their homes in the same way that parents kid-proof their homes in order to keep dogs and cats from getting into things that can hurt them. “Also, don’t underestimate how good their noses are and how high they can jump! They are experts at smelling food on a countertop and then finding a way to access it,” Brutlag says.
And if you think that your pet has had something potentially dangerous, reach out to your veterinarian or the helpline quickly. In potential poisoning cases, she points out, time is critical.
1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A.Pets prefer to play the roller coaster ride. |
B.Working at home is a fashionable tendency. |
C.The changes of people’s life style influence pets. |
D.It’s hard for people and pets to live harmoniously. |
A.Sharp decline. | B.Sudden increase. |
C.Steady balance. | D.Rapid change. |
A.Eco-friendly cleaning products can keep pets safe. |
B.Dogs and cats are usually under their owners’ control. |
C.Protecting pets is more difficult than protecting kids. |
D.Food is easily accessible to pets at home. |
A.Pets need more love and care. | B.Pet poisonings increase at home. |
C.A survey on pets during the pandemic. | D.People’s fascinations with housework. |