Blood doping to heighten performance is forbidden in professional sports. Athletes can use this technique to fuel their muscles with more oxygen-carrying red blood cells—for example, by receiving a transfusion. But many animals dope naturally: sheep, marine fishes and horses can boost their blood’s capacity to carry oxygen by 16 to 74 percent in physically demanding situations. Now a study shows that an Antarctic fish called the bald notothen can increase its carrying capacity by more than 200 percent to pursue an active life in frigid waters.
Like most fishes native to Antarctica, the bald notothen’s blood contains antifreeze proteins that help it withstand extreme cold. But these proteins, along with red blood cells (RBCs), can make blood viscous and hard to circulate. Some Antarctic fishes adapt by eliminating RBCs altogether, absorbing oxygen directly from the water via gills and skin as they passively await hunted animals. Bald notothens, however, actively swim below surface ice to chase krill (鳞虾) and other crustaceans (甲壳类动物) while avoiding predators such as penguins and seals. For this behavior, “you need to supply more oxygen to the muscles,” says Michael Axelsson, a cardiovascular physiologist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden and co-author of the new study, which was published in January in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
The scientists compared RBC levels in samples collected from bald notothens relaxing in glass tanks with those in samples drawn from fish they “chased” using a plastic tube. RBC levels were at 9 percent in the resting animals but 27 percent in the exercised ones, showing a 207 percent increase in the latter’s blood oxygen-carrying capacity. No other fish we’ve seen can more than double their RBCs or drop their numbers to such a low level when resting,” Axelsson says. This low level reduces strain on the bald notothens’ heart, he adds. The fish’s spleen (脾脏) stores RBCs, and the researchers found that to eject more into the bloodstream, the organ contracts to weigh 41 percent less.
The enormous changes in RBC levels initially surprised Gerald Kooyman, a marine biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who was not involved in the study. He notes, however, that these animals have fewer blood cells to begin with, so maintaining circulation with a tripled RBC count is less difficult. If a diving Weddell seal pushed its RBC levels from 40 to 90 percent, for instance, its blood would be dangerously hard to pump.
Yet bald notothens do face trade-offs for their ability. By attaching a probe to each fish’s aorta (主动脉), the scientists found blood pressure was 12 percent higher and the heart worked 30 percent harder in active individuals. The heart can rest during quiet times, but when bald notothens need to exert (努力) themselves, Axelsson says, “these fish have to live with the slightly higher consequences of more RBCs because they need more oxygen.”
1. In paragraph 1, the author mentions blood doping in professional sports in order to ________.A.stress the effect of blood doping | B.explain the meaning of the term “doping” |
C.introduce the topic with an inviting example | D.provide a contrast between athletes and animals |
A.The method to stimulate bald notothens into action. |
B.The blood oxygen-carrying capacity of bald notothens. |
C.The reason for bald notothens’ low RBC levels in the first place. |
D.The statistics and analyses drawn between still and moving bald notothens. |
A.assume a highly possible situation | B.further explain the danger of high-level RBCs |
C.add credibility to the experiment mentioned above | D.provide a contrast to the special ability of bald notothens |
A.their blood-doping carries downsides as well |
B.more oxygen is needed to use their special talent |
C.their ability can only be used in certain circumstances |
D.RBC levels are different in still and active bald notothens |
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【推荐1】The words “protect animals” appear everywhere in books and on screens, because some animals are even in danger of dying out. But sometimes the reality can be a little different from what people read or watch.
About 300 black bears were killed in Florida, the US, in October, 2015. It’s been the first bear hunt in the state since 1994. Local officers explained that the black bear population (族群) had grown to 3,500 and become a menace to local people. In the past two years, bears have hurt at least four people in Florida.
Months ago, the Swiss government allowed the locals to kill a wolf. This was because the wolf killed 38 sheep, and it was a great loss to some local farmers. Days ago in China, three old men were caught by the police for killing a sorrow (鬣羚), a kind of protected animal. They said they killed the animal because it ate the plants they grew.
However, these stories don’t always mean that animal protection stops because of human interests especially when it is related to economic (经济的) development. A man named Zhou Weisen set up a wild animal base in Guilin, Guangxi. He saved over 170 tigers and about 300 bears. His base also offered jobs to local people.
“There may never be a standard answer to the question of whether we should give more attention to the environment or human development,” said Robert May, a British expert at Oxford University. “But we shouldn’t put either one to one side, as the future is uncertain.”
1. What does the underlined word “menace” in the second paragraph mean?A.Chance. | B.Challenge. |
C.Gift. | D.Danger. |
A.3,500 black bears were killed in Florida. |
B.The wolf can’t be killed in Switzerland. |
C.The sorrow is protected in China. |
D.Three old Chinese men’s loss was made up for. |
A.Protecting animals needs hard work. |
B.Zhou was good at feeding wild animals. |
C.Zhou had a good relationship with local people. |
D.Protecting animals can bring economic development. |
A.Humans can kill animals when their interests are harmed. |
B.We should pay more attention to the future than the present. |
C.We should consider both the environmental and human interests. |
D.It’s easy to find proper ways to solve environmental problems. |
【推荐2】Many animals move from one place to another at certain times of the year. This yearly movement is called migration (迁徙). They migrate to find food, a partner or warmer climate. One of the most wonderful migration in nature is that of the North American monarch butterfly (帝王蝴蝶).
Every autumn, millions of these beautiful insects with fine black and orange wings begin a long and difficult journey. Somehow they manage to travel around 4,000 kilometers south and find their way to California or Mexico. However, until recently no one knew how they did this.
A team of scientists led by Professor Eli Shlizerman at the university of Washington has now found the answer. They have found out that the monarch is able to tell the time of day. It uses its eyes to measure the position of the sun. These two pieces of information—the time of day and the point where the sun is in the sky—allow the butterfly to determine the way to go. Finally, it manages to reach the places where it will spend the winter.
The solution to the mystery of the monarch’s amazing ability comes at a time when it is in serious trouble. Its population has crashed by as much as 90 percent in the last few years. Sadly, human activity is the main reason why the number of monarch butterflies is decreasing. In many of the places where the butterfly can be spotted, people are destroying the natural environment. They cut down trees and use chemicals that kill the plants that monarch caterpillars (幼虫) feed on.
The research on the monarch’s behavior has however led to a greater awareness of this creature. People have been working together to record its migration and make sure that there are enough plants for it to eat. If this works, there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increases once again. The more we know about this lovely creature, the greater the chance it will survive to keep its place in the natural world for a long time to come.
1. Why do monarch butterflies migrate to California or Mexico?A.To live through the bitter winter. |
B.To avoid the threat from humans. |
C.To confirm the arrival of autumn. |
D.To multiply in the warm climate. |
A.The species has become extinct in many places across North America. |
B.There has been a sharp drop in the number because of human activity. |
C.People will never know why they migrate until the number decreases. |
D.It is their habitat being destroyed that causes the butterflies to migrate. |
A.Hopeful. | B.Unknown. | C.Worrying. | D.Hopeless. |
A.The Monarch’s Habitat | B.The Monarch’s Beauty |
C.The Monarch’s Journey | D.The Monarch’s Power |
【推荐3】Birds rely on their keen sense of hearing to detect prey(猎物) and identify other birds on the basis of their songs. In fact, birds have better hearing than humans, so they hear with much more detail. So how do birds hear?
Birds and humans both have an inner ear and a middle ear. However, birds differ from humans in that they lack an external ear structure. Where humans have an outer ear organ, birds have a funnel-shaped(漏斗状的) opening that functions as their outer ear, located on each side of their head. These openings are usually positioned behind and slightly below a bird’s eyes and are protected by soft feathers.
The position of a bird’s head also plays a role in its hearing abilities. Scientists have determined that noises register(显示) at different frequencies on each side of the bird’s head. Depending on the angle from which the noise originates, it registers with a certain frequency in the left eardrum(耳膜) but with a different frequency in the right eardrum. This allows the bird to locate a sound’s origin.
Let’s take a look at owls. They are known for their extremely accurate hearing, which helps them locate prey at night. This hearing ability is partly due to the unbalanced arrangement of the ear openings, with one opening being lower than the other. Sounds register in these openings at slightly different times. Owls can use this time difference, which is only 30 millionths of a second, to determine whether the sounds are coming from their left or their right. Other birds of prey have small covers in front of their ears that help them determine whether sounds are coming from above them or below them. Some owls do appear to have ears on the top of their head, but those are actually feathers controlled by small muscles under the skin that do not affect their hearing at all.
1. According to paragraph 2, what is the major difference between birds’ ears and humans’ cars?A.Size | B.Position. | C.Structure. | D.Function. |
A.Each side of the bird’s head. |
B.Sound quality around the bird. |
C.The angle from which the noise comes. |
D.The difference in frequencies between the eardrums. |
A.To give examples. | B.To present the main idea. |
C.To draw a conclusion. | D.To compare different opinions. |
A.Different Senses of Birds | B.Amazing Abilities of Birds |
C.The Secret of Birds’ Hearing | D.The Origin of Birds’ Hearing |
【推荐1】A pretty face is never forgotten. Do you believe so? But maybe it is untrue! Psychologists believe beautiful people are less likely to be recognized. A new study suggests that attractiveness can actually prevent the recognition of faces, unless a pretty face has particularly distinctive features, such as Angelina Jolie’s.
German psychologists think the recognition of pretty faces is distorted (扭曲) by emotions. Researchers Holger Wiese, Carolin Altmann and Stefan Schweinberger at the University of Jena, Germany, discovered in a study that photos of unattractive people were more easily remembered than pretty ones when they showed them to a group of people.
For the study, which was published in science magazine Neuropsychologia, the psychologists showed photos of faces to test subjects. Half of the faces were considered to be more attractive and the other half as less attractive, but all of them were being thought of as similarly distinctive looking. The test subjects were shown the faces for just a few seconds to memorize them and were shown them again during the test so that they could decide if they recognized them or not.
The researchers were surprised by the result. “Until now we assumed that it was generally easier to memorize faces which are being considered as attractive, just because we prefer looking at beautiful faces,” Dr. Wiese said. But the study showed that such a connection cannot be easily proven. He assumes that remembering pretty faces is distorted by emotional influences, which enhance the sense of recognition at a later time. The researchers’ idea is backed up by evidence from EEG-recordings (脑电图记录) they used during their experiment which show the brains’ electric activity.
The study also revealed that in the case of attractive faces, considerably more false positive results were detected. In other words, people thought they recognized a face without having seen it before. “We obviously tend to believe that we recognize a face just because we find it attractive.” Dr. Wiese said.
1. What do we know about the photos from Paragraph 3?A.They were all of pretty faces. |
B.They were selected at random. |
C.They were not distinctive at all. |
D.They were showed twice to the test subjects. |
A.People actually only recognize few pretty faces. |
B.People recognize more ugly faces than pretty ones. |
C.People claim to recognize a face they have never seen. |
D.People recognize fewer faces than they have thought. |
A.People are reluctant to recognize ugly faces. |
B.Beautiful people are particularly distinctive. |
C.Attractiveness prevents the recognition of faces. |
D.Attractive faces are always easy to be recognized. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Disapproving. |
C.Favorable. | D.Objective. |
【推荐2】Last week, my wife and I were discussing how we’d chosen our youngest son’s name. I had a vivid memory of us writing out a list of possible names, but stopping after just a few because we’d spotted one we both loved. My wife disagreed. In her memory, we’d had a much longer list, and gone back and chosen one from the middle of the list. So we dug out the piece of paper we’d used and found that we’d actually done something completely different to choose Nate’s name.
Memory mistakes happen on a large scale. The “Mandela Effect” is when lots of people have confident recollections that turn out to be wrong. It was named by researchers who were discussing their strong memories of Nelson Mandela’s death in prison — when he actually lived for 23 years after his release. There are plenty of other examples of this phenomenon. If you’re sure that you remember hearing a wicked queen say “Mirror, mirror on the wall,” you’ve experienced it yourself (she says, “Magic mirror on the wall” instead).
So what’s going on? Well, for starters, memory often works by association, and similar bits of information can overlap in our brains. We’re also good at “filling in the blanks” with details that are logical but untrue. What’s more, whenever we rehearse a memory, we make it stronger — including any bits that were wrong.
But there’s plenty of good news here, too. Everyone misremembers. We shouldn’t be too hard on ourselves when we make mistakes. The mental associations that sometimes lead to errors can also help us to find elusive information. If you’re struggling with someone’s name, try thinking of things you associate with them, and see if your brain gets the nudge it needs. Discussing your memories is great mental exercise. It highlights strengths and weaknesses, and lets you learn tips from others. Comparing memories often builds a much more accurate picture. That was certainly true for my wife and me. Make sure to remember that remembering is a creative process: amazingly powerful, and also likely to make mistakes.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph?A.To introduce the topic. | B.To make comparisons. | C.To support his argument. | D.To provide examples. |
A.People create memory with untrue details. | B.People forget the details that they experience. |
C.People have similar bits of information overlapped. | D.People strengthen mostly everything in the memory. |
A.A text book | B.A news report. | C.A health magazine. | D.A science fiction. |
【推荐3】Chilly weather and common respiratory (呼吸器官的) infections often go hand in hand. Reasons for this include people gather inside more in winter and viruses survive better in low-humidity indoor air. But there has been less certainty about whether lower temperatures actually impair human immunity (免疫力) and, if so, how.
Now, a new study published December 6, 2022, in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology details a previously unknown way that the immune system attacks viruses inside the nose and finds it works better when it’s warm.
Mansoor Amiji, a pharmaceutical sciences professor at Northeastern University, found that our noses released “extracellular vesicles” (EVs) — a spray of tiny sacs (囊) that gathered and destroyed bacteria upon breathing in.
For the new research, the team set out to answer a question: is the strength of EVS’ response linked to temperature?
In order to tackle the question, they divided the nasal (鼻的) cell samples into two groups and cultivated them in a lab, subjecting one set of samples to 37C, and the other to 32°C.
Under regular body heat conditions, the EVs were successfully able to fight off viruses. But under the reduced temperatures, fewer EVs were produced, and those that were made packed less attack against the invaders tested: two rhinoviruses (鼻病毒的) and a non-COVID coronavirus, which are typically found in winter cold season.
“There’s never been a convincing reason why you have this very clear increase in viral infectivity in the cold months,” said co-author Benjamin Bleier, a surgeon at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear. “This is the first quantitative and biologically reasonable explanation that has been developed.” He added.
“These discoveries could pave the way for an eventual treatment against the common cold, or even the flu and COVID,” said Amiji, “That’s an area of great interest for us and we certainly continue to pursue that.”
1. What does the underlined word “impair” in Paragraph 1 mean?A.Damage. | B.Improve. | C.Influence. | D.Preserve. |
A.By raising a question. | B.By cultivating the nasal samples. |
C.By setting the contrast experiment. | D.By adjusting the temperature in the lab. |
A.The EVs are typically found in the cold season. |
B.The EVs release sacs to destroy bacteria upon inhalation. |
C.The EVs won’t resist the rhinoviruses under regular body heat conditions. |
D.The EVs’ quantity and attack power are positively associated with temperature. |
A.Skeptical. | B.Approved. | C.Conservative. | D.Indifferent. |
【推荐1】It took Sheperd Doeleman nearly a decade to pull off the impossible. As the director of the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT), a project involving hundreds of international researchers, he spent years flying suitcases full of hard drives around the globe to coordinate(协调) observations between radio telescopes on four continents(大洲). On April 9, 2019, the coordination at last released the fruits of their labors and the world got the first image of a black hole.
The feat-which pioneering black hole theorist James Bardeen called hopeless in 1973-represented a towering achievement of astronomical technology. “It took everyone a little by surprise that they got such a good image so fast,” says Andrew Strominger, a theoretical physicist at Harvard University.
Now Strominger and other researchers are back with a wild answer, which appeared last week in Science Advances. With a distance enough telescope, the EHT coordination could see multiple reflections(反射) of light streaming from around the black hole. By sorting through the precise pattern in these rays, astronomers could study black holes and test Einstein’s theory of gravity like never before. Basically, they hope black holes will become more like stars and planets: not just objects to think about, but to directly observe.
The team did pencil-and-paper calculations using Einstein’s theory of General Relativity and some simulations(模拟) to analyze what black holes do to light. “Black holes, they’re just kind of the best at everything they do,” Lupsasca says. “And that includes bending light rays into loops(圈、环).”
1. What did Sheperd Doeleman achieve according to paragraph 1?A.An international project. |
B.An image of a black hole. |
C.Suitcases full of hard drives. |
D.Radio telescopes on four continents. |
A.James Bardeen. | B.Albert Einstein. |
C.Sheperd Doeleman. | D.Andrew Strominger. |
A.To bend light rays into loops. |
B.To observe black holes directly. |
C.To design a distance enough telescope. |
D.To analyze black holes’ impact on light. |
A.A diary. | B.A novel. | C.A guidebook. | D.A magazine. |
【推荐2】As the door finally slipped into place at the end of the mile-long steel tube, the WARR Hyperloop team rushed to a nearby tent, where they spent the next 20 minutes waiting anxiously as pumps took nearly all the air out of the tube. They were the third and final team to get a run in the last stage of Elon Musk's Hyperloop Competition. The only standard for winning? Speed.
When many people hear the word hyperloop, they think it's some sort of magic vehicle that Musk suggested five years ago. Rather, it's more a new concept of transportation than a single invention. The basic concept calls for a vehicle running inside a nearly airless tube at extremely high speeds. The details—how to power it, what shape it should be, and so on—are anyone's guess. Musk just laid out the concept in a 2013 white paper, but the people are trying to bring it to life.
On May 7, 2021. 700 members of 25 teams from around the world gathered at the SpaceX headquarters for the second annual hyperloop competition. To add to their excitement, Elon Musk also stood among the students, gazing over their shoulders at the big screen that showed the speeds of the vehicle from inside the white tube. When the WARR Hyperloop topped the 192-mph mark set by Hyperloop One with its full-sized vehicle in its own test tube in the Nevada desert last month, Musk shouted over the cheers that erupted from the students, "200 miles an hour for a student-built vehicle. It is incredible!"
That 20-second run beat out Paradigm Hyperloop's 63 miles per hour, and Swiss Hyperloop's 25 miles per hour at the competition.
But he immediately asked for more. "Our goal for the next competition will be 384 miles per hour!" he said.
His final goal, of course, is to reach a speed that can help him realize the wild dream of transporting passengers and goods from San Francisco to Los Angeles in half an hour: 760 miles per hour. Judged by the cheers, the students will try anything to make it a reality.
1. What are the competitors most concerned about?A.Speed. | B.Safety. | C.Power costs. | D.Vehicle shape. |
A.Hyperloop One. | B.Swiss Hyperloop. | C.Paradigm Hyperloop. | D.WARR Hyperloop. |
A.200 miles per hour. | B.384 miles per hour. | C.760 miles per hour. | D.965 miles per hour. |
A.The challenges for the hyperloop. | B.The concept of the hyperloop. |
C.The possibility to build the hyperloop. | D.A competition for the hyperloop. |
【推荐3】Beijing Opera (京剧) is our national opera. It came into being after 1790 and has a history of over 200 years. Its music and singing came from Xipi and Erhuang in Anhui and Hubei. There are four main roles in Beijing Opera; Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. Beijing Opera is full of famous stories, beautiful facial paintings, wonderful gestures and fighting. Some of the stories are from history books, but most are from famous novels. The people in the stories usually can’t agree with each other. They become angry, unhappy, sad and lonely. Sometimes they are frightened and worried. Then they find a way to make peace with each other. Everyone is usually happy in the end.
Beijing Opera is an important part of Chinese culture. In China, it used to be popular with old people while young people didn’t like it very much. However, more young people are becoming interested in it nowadays. And more people around the world are learning about Beijing Opera’s special singing, acting and facial paintings.
1. How old is Beijing Opera in 2020?A.207 years old. | B.217 years old. |
C.227 years old. | D.230 years old. |
A.music and singing | B.acting and fighting |
C.music and acting | D.singing and fighting |
A.Angry. | B.Sad. |
C.Happy. | D.Frightened and worried. |
A.Beijing Opera used to be popular with old people and young people. |
B.More people at home and abroad are interested in Beijing Opera nowadays. |
C.Beijing Opera isn’t a part of Chinese culture. |
D.There are five main roles in Beijing Opera. |
A.The History of Beijing Opera |
B.Beijing Opera |
C.The Roles of Beijing Opera |
D.The Changes of Beijing Opera |