Social media use has been linked to depression, especially in teenage girls. But a new study argues that the issue may be more complex than experts think.
The research involved interviews with 10,000 teenagers in England. “Our results suggest social media itself doesn’t cause harm, but that frequent use may disrupt activities that positively impact mental health such as sleeping and exercising, while increasing exposure of young people to harmful content, particularly cyberbullying (网络欺凌),” study co-author Russell Viner said in a statement.
Bob Patton, a lecturer of the University of Surrey, said this means strategies focusing only on reducing social media use to improve mental health might not help. He said, “Building strategies to increase resilience (适应力) to cyberbullying and promote better sleep and exercise is needed to reduce psychological (心理的) harm.”
The research was conducted by interviewing teenagers once a year. They would report the frequency of their using social media. More than three times daily was considered “very frequent”. The researchers noted that they did not capture how much time the participants spent on these websites, which was a limitation of the study. “For boys, the impact on their mental health may result from other reasons,” the authors said.
The researchers found that, in both sexes, very frequent social media use was associated with greater psychological harm. The effect was especially clear among girls: The more often they checked social media, the greater their psychological harm was.
But most impact on psychological harm in girls could be accounted for by lower sleep quality and greater exposure to cyberbullying, with decreased physical activities playing a lesser role. But for boys, those factors explained only 12% of the effects of very frequent social media use on psychological harm.
“It’s an important distinction,” said Ann DeSmet, a professor at Ghent University in Belgium. “If healthy lifestyles can be replaced, the positive effects of social media use, such as encouraging social interactions, can be more supported.”
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?| A．The risk of cyberbullying. | B．The report of the statement. |
| C．The findings of the research. | D．The functions of social media. |
| A．The need to fight against mental harm. | B．The proper way to improve mental health. |
| C．The benefit of limiting social media use. | D．The impact of social media use on people. |
| A．It had shortcomings. | B．It needed more attention. |
| C．It was the first in its class. | D．It was difficult to carry out. |
| A．The research on teenage girls | B．The harm of using social media |
| C．Social interactions are encouraged | D．Social media use influences girls especially |
相似题推荐
【推荐1】We would like to take a look at cashew nut (腰果). If you have been lucky enough to taste one, you will know just how delicious they are. Once you begin eating cashews, it’s very difficult to stop.
Here’s something you may not have known about cashew nuts until now. The cashew nut that you eat is not a nut at all. It’s the seed that grows inside a single nut found beneath a cashew apple from the cashew tree. The red or yellow cashew fruit does not contain any seeds. Technically, that means they are not actually a fruit - even though they look like one. They taste a little like mango with a bit of grapefruit. It is unlikely that you will ever see one outside of Brazil because its skin is very thin. They do not travel well. In Brazil, they are eaten raw, drunk as a juice or turned into a delicious jam.
The nut is very hard. You have to be very careful if you open it. It contains a poison that can badly burn your skin if you come into contact with it. To remove this, the nut has to be roasted at a high temperature for 20 minutes before it is opened. Once roasted, the nut is ready and the cashew is taken out. It has a thin skin around it. This is peeled off (剥掉) carefully to make sure the cashew is not broken. The cashew is then roasted once more in coconut oil for 5 minutes. Then it’s ready to eat. What has just been described is a long process. This is why cashews are expensive.
Cashews are eaten all over the world. They are also popular ingredients (配料) in different styles of cooking, especially in Southeast Asia. Cashews can be found in nut butter, ice cream, cashew milk and also cheese spread! We are thankful to the Portuguese who discovered the cashew tree in Brazil. If it had not been for them, the Brazilians may have kept cashews all to themselves.
1. Which of the following is true about cashew nut?| A．It is a kind of nut. | B．It is in limited use. |
| C．It is easy to get. | D．It is mainly grown in Brazil . |
| A．To harden the nut. | B．To let it taste good. |
| C．To get rid of the poison in it. | D．To make it easy to store. |
| A．to protect. | B．to enlarge. |
| C．to make something soft. | D．to make something upset. |
| A．The benefits of eating cashews. | B．The popularity of cashews |
| C．The process of cooking cashews. | D．The history of discovering cashews. |
【推荐2】It’s 2035. You have a job, a family and you’re about 40 years old! Welcome to your future life.
Getting ready for work, you pause in front of the mirror. “Turn red,” you say. Your shirt changes from sky blue to deep red.Tiny preprogrammed electronics (智能电子元件) are rearranged in your shirt to change its color. Looking into the mirror, you find it hard to believe you’re 40. You look much younger. With amazing advances in medicine, people in your generation may live to be 150 years old. You’re not even middleaged!
As you go into the kitchen and prepare to pour your breakfast cereal into a bowl, you hear, “To lose weight, you shouldn’t eat that!” from your shoes. They read the tiny electronic code(电子源码) on the cereal box to find out the nutrition details. You decide to listen to your shoes. “Kitchen, what can I have for breakfast?”A list of possible foods appears on the counter as the kitchen checks its food supplies.
“Ready for your trip to space?” you ask your son and daughter. In 2015 only specially trained astronauts went into space—and very few of them. Today anyone can go to space for day trips or longer vacations. Your best friend even works in space. Handing your children three strawberries each, you add, “The doctor says you need these for space travel.” Thanks to medical advances, vaccination shots (防疫针) are a thing of the past. Ordinary foods contain special vaccines. With the strawberries in their mouths, the kids head for the front door.
It’s time for you to go to work. Your car checks your fingerprints and unlocks the doors. “My office. Autopilot,”you command. Your car drives itself down the road and moves smoothly into traffic on the highway. You sit back and unroll your enewspaper. The latest news downloads and fills the viewer. Looking through the pages, you watch the news as video film rather than read it.
1. What changes the color of your shirt?| A．The mirror. |
| B．The preprogrammed electronics. |
| C．The sunlight. |
| D．The medicine. |
| A．By pouring the breakfast into a bowl. |
| B．By getting the doctor’s advice. |
| C．By testing the food supplies in the kitchen. |
| D．By checking the nutrition details of the food. |
| A．breakfast | B．lunch |
| C．vaccines | D．nutrition |
| A．In order of time. |
| B．In order of space. |
| C．In order of preference. |
| D．In order of importance. |
【推荐3】The moon may hold water in more places and in larger amounts than scientists have suggested in the past. The finding is based on two studies published in Nature Astronomy — that examined new data from the U.S. space agency NASA.
Until about 10 years ago. scientists believed the moon was mostly dry. Then, a series of findings provided evidence that water ice was widespread in small amounts on parts of the moon. The ice was thought to be in areas permanently blocked from sunlight.
But in one of the new studies. NASA said it was able to validate the presence of water molecules (分子) on sunlit parts of the lunar surface. The space agency says the identification came from data collected by its SOFIA airborne observatory equipped with a powerful telescope. The research was led by Casey Honniball of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. Scientists have suggested the source of the water may have been comets (彗星), asteroids (小行星), solar wind or interplanetary dust. The new research provides evidence that the water may be surviving on sunlit lunar surfaces because it is attached to minerals.
The second study centered on so-called "cold traps" on the moon. These are areas of the lunar surface that exist in a state of permanent darkness where temperatures are below about minus 160 degrees Celsius. Scientists say temperatures this cold can hold frozen water for billions of years.
Planetary scientist Paul Hayne of the University of Colorado Boulder led the research on cold traps. He said likely "tens of billions" of traps. Hayne's team says the new research suggests more than 40,000 square kilometres of the moon's surface may have the ability to trap water in the form office. That figure is 20 percent bigger than predicted in the past, Hayne said.
Jacob Bleacher is the chief exploration scientist for NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. He told reporters the agency believes it is very important to find out more about where the water comes from and how accessible it is.
1. Which word can replace the underlined word "validate" in paragraph 3?| A．Deny. | B．Confirm. | C．Observe. | D．Control. |
| A．There's much moving water there. |
| B．They exist for a relatively short time. |
| C．The temperature is extremely low there. |
| D．They are on the sunlit part of the lunar surface. |
| A．How water is attached to minerals. | B．How much water is on the lunar surface. |
| C．How cold traps take shape. | D．How to make use of the water. |
| A．Moon holds more water than expected. |
| B．Scientists found cold traps on the lunar surface. |
| C．Water is found to exist on the moon. |
| D．NASA's exploration of the moon is under way. |
【推荐1】After years of blue-collar(蓝领)jobs being replaced by machines, advanced chatbots are now breathing down white collars. Generative Al tools, such as ChatGPT, have made impressive progress in generating human-sounding language and understanding context. So much so that humans are no match for them in some tasks. Up to 300 million full-time jobs could be lost around the world, which is as much as 18% of the global workforce.
A recent study by OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, looked at the potential for automation across 1,016 jobs. Humans and AI separately rated how well software powered by large-language models, which are trained on a sea of information from the Internet and then reacted quickly to specific functions, could perform 19,000 tasks involved in the jobs. If the software was considered able to reduce the time it takes humans to complete the task by at least half, without a drop in quality, the task was considered ready for AI replacement. For other tasks, the company imagined additional software that could be added to the model, such as computer tools that can automatically pull fresh data from the Internet. They found that 80% of Americans could have at least 10% of their work tasks done by advanced Al tools. The figure rises to 50% of tasks for around 19% of workers.
This automation should not be feared. It could free workers from repeated tasks, contributing to greater productivity. A study published on April 5 suggests that generative AI could bring about sweeping changes to the global economy. As these tools could drive a 7% increase in global GDP and lift productivity by 1. 5 percentage points over a 10-year period.
But studies like this may overstate the potential for automation, ignoring some tacit skills(隐性技能)in professions they know less about. Human qualities important for some jobs, such as empathy or charisma(感召力), will be overlooked. And not all tasks capable of being carried out by AI should be: a man in love should feel it a shame for using it to write a love letter to his beloved girlfriend however touching and sincere it may sound.
Many businesses are also not willing to accept AI. And those who have already accepted it are at the risk of practical and legal(法律的) confusion. When chatbots do not know what to say, they often talk nonsense. The “creative” output they produce is based on a mixture of data sourced from the Internet, raising issues around accuracy, privacy and intellectual property(知识产权).
While much is unknown about how generative AI will influence the world economy and society, and it will take time to play out, there are clear signs that the effects could be profound. But in the real world, AI tools will still need handlers. That may even end up creating new jobs.
1. What is the function of Paragraph 1?| A．To show the popularity of AI tools. |
| B．To give examples of using generative AI tools. |
| C．To draw readers’ attention to the possible threat of AI. |
| D．To compare the impacts of AI on blue and white collars. |
| A．it can perform certain creative tasks |
| B．automation is powered by large-language models |
| C．it develops important human qualities like empathy |
| D．Al tools improve productivity without damaging quality |
| A．AI tools may help increase employment |
| B．AI will eventually take over human jobs |
| C．AI and automation do more harm than good |
| D．human qualities are not necessary for automation |
【推荐2】Intellectual humility means recognizing that we don’t know everything. Actually, it means we should acknowledge that we're probably biased in our belief about just how much we understand and seek out the sources of wisdom that we lack.
The Internet and digital media have created the impression of limitless knowledge at our fingertips. The psychologist Tania Lombrozo of the University of California explained how technology enhances our illusions (错觉) of wisdom. She argues that the way we access information is critical to our understanding — and the more easily we can recall an image, word or statement, the more likely we’ll think we’ve successfully learned it, and so withdraw from effortful cognitive processing. In fact, your capacity to learn from the information online depends on your attitudes. Intellectually humble people don’t hide or ignore their weaknesses. In fact, they see them as sources of personal development, and use arguments as an opportunity to refine their views. People who are humble by nature tend to be more open-minded and quicker to resolve disputes, since they recognise that their own opinions might not be valid.
At the other end of the scale lies intellectual arrogance. Such arrogance almost always originates from the egocentric bias – the tendency to overestimate their own virtue or importance, ignoring the role of chance or the influence of other people’s actions on their lives. This is what makes these people credit success to themselves and failure to circumstance. From an evolutionary perspective, intellectual arrogance can also be seen as a way of achieving dominance through forcing one’s view on others. Intellectually arrogant people hardly invest mental resources in discussion or working towards group consensus, thus making it hard for groups to work successfully.
The Thrive Center for Human Development in California, which seeks to help young people turn into successful adults, is funding a series of major studies about intellectual humility. Their hypothesis is that humility, curiosity and openness are key to a fulfilling life. “Without humility, you are unable to learn,” Laszlo Bock, Google’s Head of People Operations, notes.
1. The passage is mainly about ________.| A．the harm arrogance does to us |
| B．the key elements to a fulfilling life |
| C．the significance of intellectual humility |
| D．the way people access information online |
| A．enables people to think critically |
| B．offers too much unreliable information |
| C．allows easy access to abundant information |
| D．makes it hard for people to recall information |
| A．value others’ opinions more than their own |
| B．use online information to better themselves |
| C．are unwilling to show their strengths |
| D．prefer to solve difficult problems |
| A．intellectual arrogance is the result of evolution |
| B．intellectually arrogant people often lack team spirits |
| C．successful people are often unaware of their limitations |
| D．circumstances don’t favor intellectually arrogant people |
【推荐3】Maeve Higgins once set herself a task. The Irish-born comedian wanted to see what life would be like if she stopped laughing at things that weren’t funny. Turns out it wasn’t as easy as she thought. “It was so hard,” she says. “ Laughter is a lubricant (润滑油) and is expected, and it’s really hard not to do it.”
Higgins suggests there’s something particularly special about being part of the shared experience that is live comedy — that curious magic that occurs when people come together specifically to laugh.
Comedy is more than just a pleasant way to pass an evening, humour more than something to amuse. They’re interwoven into our everyday existence. Whether you’re sharing an amusing story at a party or telling a dark joke at a funeral, humour is everywhere. But what is it for? And can humour, as comedy, change how we feel, what we think or even what we do?
As an essential part of human interaction, humour has been on the minds of thinkers for centuries. One of the most enduring theories of humour was put forward by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes. It asserts that humour appears to make fun of the weak and exert superiority. While this is clearly the function of some comedy, it’s far from a complete explanation for the overall purpose of humour.
For some comedians, it’s not just about getting laughs — it’s about changing what we think and maybe even what we do. If there’s one comic who is really typical of this, it’s Josie Long. A social justice activist and a comedian, Long has a reputation for delightful, optimistic humour and storytelling.
As her career has evolved, she has consciously put social and political topics at the heart of her act. She believes that comedians have a role to play in challenging some of the most pressing issues of the day.
British comic Stephen K Amos sells out venues seating thousands, year in, year out. Amos firmly believes that when comics consciously deal with pressing or controversial （有争议的）social issues like racism, they can reach people on a much more meaningful level than that achieved by briefly lifting someone’s mood. And while it may be difficult to quantify, he says, the social and psychological impact of comedy deserves much greater recognition.
The research backs this up. Although the role of comedy is to be entertaining first and foremost, Sharon Lockyer, a sociologist who studies humour, has identified a number of possible other functions. These include challenging stereotypes (刻板印象).
Amos’s work frequently settles the issues of race by challenging stereotypes.”I don’t do things for shock value,” he says. “ I do stuff that matters to me. In the old days it was just about doing jokes. We’ve moved on — people are talking about things that matter. ”
1. What do the first two paragraphs mainly talk about?| A．The benefits of laughing. |
| B．What a comedian’s daily work is about. |
| C．Why Maeve Higgins chose to be a comedian. |
| D．Maeve Higgins’ understanding of the appeal of comedy. |
| A．Protect the weak from the evil. |
| B．Encourage people to be stronger. |
| C．Be determined to improve oneself. |
| D．Show you are better than other people. |
| A．By gradually influencing people’s attitudes. |
| B．By urging politicians to try and solve the issues. |
| C．By quickly yet thoroughly changing people’s thinking. |
| D．By calling on the whole society to pay attention to the issues. |
| A．getting people to laugh |
| B．promoting social progress |
| C．influencing people’s ideas |
| D．making people more productive |
【推荐1】History is written, read, told — but rarely ever is it smelled.
Historians and scientists across Europe have now gotten together with perfumers(调香师)and museums for a unique project: to reveal what Europe smelled like between the 16th and early 20th centuries. A European street today may smell like coffee, fresh-baked bread and cigarettes. But what did it smell like hundreds of years ago? As part of this three-year-long project called “Odeuropa”, the researchers want to find all the old scents(气味)of Europe — and even recreate some of this ancient smellscape: from the dry tobacco scents to the smelly canals.
To do this, they will first build artificial intelligence (AI) that will be trained to go through historical texts, written in seven different languages, for any descriptions of scents. The AI will also be trained to detect images of objects in the texts that might be scented. The team will then use this information to create an online encyclopedia(百科全书)of smells from Europe’s past.
The encyclopedia will include the meaning of certain scents and will trace the stories behind scents, places and related practices, according to project leader Angela Lee. “This database will become a library for the smell heritage of Europe, enabling future generations to access and learn about the scented past.” The encyclopedia will also include descriptions of people for whom smell was important.
The researchers will then work with chemists and perfume makers to recreate past smells and figure out how to display the smells in museums and other historical sites. With current technology, almost every scent can be produced. “The more difficult part of the project will be to find descriptions of scents, because people haven’t always talked or written about them,” Lee said.
Scent plays a central role in our everyday life, even acting as a powerful time machine into our own past with its ability to activate long-forgotten memories. But it’s also a key tool in telling the stories of others. “Scent gives us access to the past in a much more direct and emotional way than language and images,” Lee said.
1. Why did the researchers start the “Odeuropa” project?| A．To rebuild a historical European street. |
| B．To make perfumes of traditional scents. |
| C．To find and recreate the smells of Europe. |
| D．To reproduce the scented past of Europe. |
| A．Collect smell-related data. |
| B．Write interesting stories behind smells. |
| C．Detect objects by smell. |
| D．Describe smells in different languages. |
| A．Scents of the past are hard to keep. |
| B．Records of scents are rarely found. |
| C．Technology to reproduce scents is poor. |
| D．Display of smells in museums costs a lot. |
| A．The application of past scents. |
| B．The effect of scents on memory. |
| C．The role of scent in story-telling. |
| D．The value of understanding scent. |
【推荐2】While many people aren’t getting enough calcium (钙), new research cautions that some people may have the opposite problem: they could be getting too much. Americans spend more than $1 billion a year on calcium supplements in hopes of delaying osteoporosis, a kind of bone disease that disables many elderly women and some men. Yet recent studies link calcium supplements to a higher risk of heart attacks. Last month, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force issued a draft recommendation against taking calcium and vitamin D，saying there wasn’t enough evidence of benefit to justify the risk.
For generations of Americans who grew up encouraged to drink milk to maintain strong bones, the reports raised troubling questions: Is calcium not so important after all? Are the supplements unsafe? And how much is too much? “It’s gotten very confusing but it doesn’t need to be,” says Ethel Siris, director of the Toni Stabile Osteoporosis Center in New York. How much calcium people need varies by age and gender. “Adults generally need 1,000 mg daily, rising to 1,200 mg for women over 50 and men over 70, according to guidelines issued in 2010. Children need 1,300 mg daily during the peak growing years of 9 to 18.”
People also need sufficient levels of vitamin D to absorb the calcium. The IOM recommends 600 international units a day for most adults, and 800 daily after age 70，although many physicians recommend more. It is difficult to take in that much vitamin D from food sources, so experts say many people should take vitamin D in supplement form.
Getting adequate calcium from food is easier. For example, 8 ounces of milk or 6 ounces of yogurt has 300 mg of calcium, and one cup of spinach has 270 mg.
But studies linking calcium supplements to heart attack have made experts more cautious of excess calcium than before. A study of 24,000 Germans published in the journal Heart last month, found that those who got their calcium exclusively from supplements were more than twice as likely to have a heart attack as those who took no supplements.
Exactly how calcium supplements might contribute to heart attacks baffles experts. “Nobody has associated the calcium in your bloodstream with calcification(钙化)in your arteries(动脉),” says Nieca Goldberg, medical director of the Joan H. Tisch Center. Still, she says she now urges patients get their recommended calcium from food rather than from supplements to avoid possible problems.
Osteoporosis experts also urge patients not to take more than the recommended amount of calcium. “People should definitely stop taking two big calcium supplements a day,” says Dr. Dawson-Hughes. Even if the risks remain unclear, taking more than the body can absorb doesn’t benefit bones,” so it’s not worth any risk.” She adds.
1. According to the new studies, what might be the result of taking much calcium?| A．Delaying aging. | B．Building muscles. |
| C．Causing heart problems. | D．Curing bone diseases. |
| A．Taking calcium supplements is unsafe. |
| B．Adults need more calcium than children. |
| C．It is much safer to take calcium from food. |
| D．Age and gender determine the amount of calcium taken. |
| A．Interest. | B．Puzzle. |
| C．Amaze. | D．Frighten. |
| A．It is helpful to take two calcium supplements a day. |
| B．It is important to maintain strong bones for women. |
| C．It is unnecessary to take too much calcium supplement. |
| D．It is best to take calcium and vitamin D from supplement. |
【推荐3】Chinese food is well-known for its rich sorts and distinct flavors from different areas. This article highlights four classic dishes that represent the wide range of Chinese cooking.
Dongpo porkDongpo pork is a delicious dish from Zhejiang Province, China. It’s made by cooking streaky pork (五花肉) slowly with ingredients like soy sauce, ginger, and sugar. This makes the meat very soft and full of flavor. The tasty sauce is great for mixing with rice. The dish is named after a famous poet, Su Dongpo.
Hot candied milk tofuHot candied milk tofu is a sweet specialty from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is crisp (酥脆的) on the outside and soft on the inside. It tastes sweet and is suitable for people of all ages to eat. It’s also great for getting more calcium.
Steamed Chinese cabbage in supreme soupSteamed Chinese cabbage in supreme soup is a famous Sichuan cuisine. It is made with the hearts of Chinese cabbage from the north. It’s cooked with chicken, duck, and pork bones to make a clear flavourful soup, which is seasoned with minced chicken or pork. Some chicken oil is drizzled on top. The Chinese cabbage, cooked in the soup, keeps its crisp freshness and soaks up (吸收) the soup, offering a tasty experience.
Steamed fish head with chopped hot chilli peppersIn Hunan Province, the love for spicy food is obvious in a famous traditional dish, steamed fish head with chopped hot chilli peppers. The fish head is marinated (腌) with a generous amount of red chilli peppers and then steamed to perfection. The combination of the fish’s natural freshness and the chilli peppers’ heat creates an unforgettable taste experience.
1. What is the first dish named after?| A．A famous chef. | B．A historical figure. |
| C．A traditional festival. | D．A specific cooking technique. |
| A．Dongpo pork. |
| B．Hot candied milk tofu. |
| C．Steamed Chinese cabbage in supreme soup. |
| D．Steamed fish head with chopped hot chilli peppers. |
| A．Sweet and sour. | B．Sweet and fresh. |
| C．Salty and sweet. | D．Spicy and fresh. |
