The most popular martial arts1 today originated in Asia, especially in China. Some Chinese fighting styles were invented more than 3,000 years ago. Many martial arts were invented because people needed to defend themselves or protect others. Nowadays, people learn martial arts as a way of keeping fit or as a competitive sport, but they are still very useful for self-defence.
Martial arts are often referred to as either soft or hard. These terms imply a way of dealing with your opponent’s force. Soft martial arts, such as tai chi, teach you to use your opponent’s own force to defend yourself. Soft styles use fluid movements and timing to avoid, deflect and redirect their opponent’s attacks. These martial arts are soft for the defender but not for the attacker! On the other hand, hard styles, such as kung fu, teach you to defend yourself using force. Techniques involve blocking, posturing and powerful punching2 and kicking. Hard martial arts techniques are more effective if you are more skilful, more powerful and faster than your opponent.
Perhaps one of the best known Japanese martial arts today is karate. But did you know that its roots are derived from Fujian Province? In the 14th century, a community of Chinese migrants from Fujian settled in what was then the kingdom of Okinawa. The Chinese migrants used to gather in a park to enjoy cultural activities—one of which was kung fu. This soon caught the attention of local youths, who started leaning kung fu from their Chinese neighbours.
In fact, Chinese influence in martial arts was not limited to kung fu. The very first Korean military training manual3 was based on a Chinese version, During the Japanese invasion of Korea in the 16th century, the Korean army needed an effective way to train a large number of troops4. They adopted a training methodology5 from a Chinese military manual called Ji Xiao Xin Shu6, written by the famed Chinese general, Qi Jiguang, who had himself defeated Japanese pirates7.
NOTES
1. martial arts 武术 2. punch v. 用拳猛打 3. manual n. 使用手册
4. troop n. 军队 5. methodology n. 方法 6. Ji Xiao Xin Shu 《纪效新书》
7. pirate n. 海盗
GENERAL UNDERSTANDING
Read the text. Answer the questions.
1. What are the two main reasons why people learn martial arts?
2. What are soft martial arts? What are hard martial arts?
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【推荐1】Camberwell College Swimming Classes
Whether you want to swim competitively, you are trying to stay healthy or you want to learn,Camberwell College offers swimming classes to meet your needs.
Swim-A-Long
This class is suitable for parents with children aged up to the age of 1.5 years. This class allows very young children to gain confidence in the water,by way of songs and music.
Tadpole (蝌蚪) to Frog
This series of classes is suitable for children aged 1.5 upwards. There are six levels in the series. The first level is suitable for non-swimmers and teaches basic techniques and safety, using aids and floats. By the time students reach the sixth level, they will be able to swim independently and will be eligible (有资格的) to join the Swim Star classes.
Swim Star
An opportunity for able swimmers to earn the Bronze, Silver and Gold swimming awards. These classes teach children the ability to swim for long period of time, and teach skills such as diving, turning and different strokes. Children who successfully complete the Swim Star programme will be invited to join the Youth Squad and learn competitive swimming techniques.
Swim school
Swim School offers classes for adults. There are three levels, beginner, intermediate and advanced. The beginner class is suitable for people who are new to swimming; the intermediate level is designed for swimmers who want to go over their swimming style, and the advanced level offers in-depth advice on stamina , breathing and technique.
Aqua Health
We offer a range of levels of fitness classes for able swimmers who wish to keep fit, socialise and have fun to music. Aqua-light offers gentle exercise and is suitable for the elderly. Aqua-pump is a high energy class which increases your strength and builds your body up.
1. What's the requirement for children who attend Swim-A-Long?A.Being over 1.5 years old. |
B.Being confident in the water. |
C.Having basic swimming techniques. |
D.Being accompanied by their parents. |
A.Aqua Health. | B.Youth Squad. |
C.Swim School. | D.Tadpole to Frog. |
A.Training professional swimmers. |
B.Teaching non-swimmers how to swim. |
C.Making able swimmers much stronger. |
D.Offering guidance to elderly swimmers. |
【推荐2】These are the best online fitness programs that you should sign up for this year, with so much variation that there’s bound to be a class that suits you perfectly. These virtual fitness classes can help you to feel renewed energy for your fitness goals.
Peloton Digital
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As one of the world’s best online fitness programs, Peloton Digital offers better and more enjoyable at-home workouts. You don’t need a Peloton bike to use the Peloton app. The Peloton Digital app gives you access to this world-beating online fitness training program on your phone, tablet or laptop, so you can work out wherever you are.
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Fitbit Premium is ideal for beginners and people returning to exercise after a long break. It offers audio workouts for runners and walkers, and these focus on things like pace and relaxation. Fitbit’s online fitness program displays an average amount of calories you can expect to burn per workout in the home.
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Daily Bum could be the best online fitness training program for those who want to lose weight through a combination of regular exercise and a healthy diet. It helps people to not only lose weight, but to then maintain their new healthy weight. You will get a personalized plan recommending specific workouts to help you achieve your goals.
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Obe Fitness is the best choice for you as it features live workouts each day to keep you entertained and challenged. This is the closest real-life workout class at home. There are more than 100 live classes on offer each week. Perfect if you feel energized when you know classes are happening in real-time, and you’re following along—instructors even shout out to you to keep you focused.
1. Which program is suitable for cyclists?A.Peloton Digital. | B.Fitbit Premium. |
C.Daily Burn. | D.Obe Fitness. |
A.Its entertaining at-home workouts | B.Its low price and long trial period. |
C.Its combination of exercise and diet. | D.Its real-life workout classes at home. |
A.They satisfy beginners' needs. | B.They offer personalized plans. |
C.They provide virtual classes. | D.They suit people losing weight. |
【推荐3】Summer Badminton Camp
Our annual badminton camps are back this June holidays! Come and join us for some fun and action! All camps will be held at the Chestnut Sports Hall. There are a total of 4 fun-filled camps lined up for this amazing holiday. The aim is to allow them to understand and lift their game to the next level or just for recreation, at the same time adding fun elements in training to build a strong interest in the sport.
Camps Available
Beginner: For those who want to learn basic badminton skills. Date: 12 to 14 June 2024 Time: 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. Fees: $80 Ages: 5-8 years old only | Intermediate: For those who know the basics of playing badminton and want to improve their skills further. Date: 15 to 17 June 2024 Time: 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. Fees: $100 Ages: 7-12 years old only |
Advanced: For those who want to take up badminton as a competitive sport. Date: 19 to 21 June 2024 Time: 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Fees: $150 Ages: 11-12 years old only | Recreation: For those who want to make new friends while staying active. Date: 12 to 14 June 2024 Time: 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Fees: $60 Ages: 13-16 years old only |
Guest Speaker Badminton world champion, Adrian Goh, will address the participants at the start of each camp. He will share invaluable tips and his experience of playing badminton competitively. |
Special Camp Present All participants will receive our summer badminton camp sweater and water bottle. |
Early Bird Special First 20 participants to register will be given a pair of Yinex badminton bats. For more information, call Mr. Tan at 67892111 or visit our website at www. sbssummer camps. com |
A.The beginner camp. | B.The advanced camp. |
C.The intermediate camp. | D.The recreation camp. |
A.A summer badminton camper. | B.The badminton camp organizer. |
C.A badminton world champion. | D.A sponsor for the summer camp. |
A.To give away free badminton bats. |
B.To promote the special camp bottles. |
C.To invite people to attend Mr. Goh’s talk. |
D.To encourage people to sign up for the camps. |
【推荐1】Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends. At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to have lunch with him.
But after the term was over, Steve seemed more distant(疏远的). The two former classmates didn’t see each other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. Steve didn’t seem very interested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve’s change of attitude. “Steve said we were friends,” Yaser complained. “And I thought friends were friends forever.” Yaser is a little confused.
He is an outsider(局外人) to American culture. He doesn’t understand the way Americans view friendship. Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call both casual acquaintances(熟人) and close companions(伙伴) “friends”. Americans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friendships are based on common interests.
American society changes rapidly. Studies show that one out of five American families moves every year. American friendships develop quickly, and they may change just as quickly. People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. They exchange information about their families, hobbies and work. They may smile warmly and say, “Have a nice day.” or “see you later.” schoolmates may say, “Let’s get together sometime.” But American friendliness is not always an offer of true friendship.
1. According to the text , what made Yaser a little confused ?A.Steve’s inviting him to dinner | B.Steve’s studying with him |
C.Steve’s cold attitude | D.Steve’s misunderstanding him |
A.Americans may not only call casual acquaintances but close companion “friends”. |
B.American society changes rapidly, and the families move frequently. |
C.Americans often seem friendly, and chat easily with strangers at first. |
D.Americans think friendship means a strong lifelong relationship between two persons. |
A.that people should not make friends with Americans. |
B.that everyone needs friends. |
C.the importance of keeping friendship. |
D.how Americans understand friendship. |
【推荐2】To understand a foreign country, we need to learn about its culture. Certainly, it's of help to study the language and history. But it's also a good idea to learn what not to do. Things which are strongly unacceptable are called taboos.
Eating taboos are found throughout the world. In many Asian cultures, chopsticks should never be left standing up in a rice bowl. In India, touching food with one's left hand is seen as unclean. And, in Muslim cultures, people do not eat pork.
Interestingly, a taboo in one country may not be a problem in another. For example, in Chinese culture, giving clocks as gifts is frowned on. But that would be fine in America. In fact, a beautiful clock would be a thoughtful gift.
The same goes for some conversation topics. In many Western cultures, it's rude to ask about a person's age, weight, or salary. However, these topics may not be as sensitive in East Asia.
For sure, understanding what not to do can be hard. Fortunately, there are many websites about taboos. Travel guidebooks often have a section on the topic. It's worth taking time to understand another culture's taboos. It shows our respect for our friends around the world.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A.Learning about taboos helps us understand other cultures. |
B.People should try hard to be polite to foreign visitors. |
C.Some cultures have more taboos than others. |
D.Often, the most interesting taboos are related to eating. |
A.It is a serious taboo in Muslim cultures. |
B.It is thought of as a dirty action in India. |
C.It is done in cultures throughout the world. |
D.It is only a taboo in one Western culture. |
A.The Chinese are fond of exchanging clocks as gifts. |
B.It is polite to give someone a clock in China. |
C.People disapprove of using clocks as gifts in China. |
D.Giving clocks as gifts is common in Chinese culture. |
A.By corresponding with foreign friends. |
B.By going onto the Internet. |
C.By speaking with people from other countries. |
D.By watching television. |
【推荐3】Acupuncture (针灸) is a traditional Chinese medical practice of treating various physical and mental conditions. It won respect and interest in the United States after New York Times reporter James Reston visited China with President Nixon and needed an operation.
Chinese doctors used acupuncture on James after surgery (外科手术) to reduce his pain, and his recovery was quick. Curious about this, James was allowed to watch surgery on patients who received acupuncture for anesthesia (麻醉). Patients talked with their doctors during the operation and then walked back to their rooms on their own.
Acupuncture left James such a deep impression that he wrote a front-page article in New York Times about his operation upon returning to the United States. “A leading medical expert sent by Premier Zhou Enlai removed my appendix (阑尾). I was awake in the whole process.”
The National Institutes of Health began to organize some of their top doctors to visit China to investigate acupuncture and its possible functions in western medicine. With years going by, acupuncture has become popular across the world with magical effect.
1. What did James Reston do?A.A reporter. | B.A doctor. | C.A translator. | D.A scientist. |
A.Receive. | B.Study. | C.Create. | D.Develop. |
A.It is a traditional Chinese medical practice. |
B.It treats physical and mental conditions. |
C.It is a kind of surgery to reduce pain. |
D.It is popular for its magical effect. |