We all try to spend our days doing engaging things, but the reality is that there’s a lot of boring work which also must be done. Whether it’s washing the dishes, filing papers, entering data, or any of the countless dull yet critical tasks that keep our homes, organizations, and communities running, we all have less-than-exciting tasks we have to do. Of course it’s not always easy to get ourselves to stick to these tasks, even if we know we should. What does it take to persist (坚持) when work is boring?
Researchers have explored this question from many angles and studies have shown that people may persist longer when they monitor their progress, receive rewards, or when a task is made more fun. These findings have direct effects on how we design products and policies. For instance, companies are increasingly offering incentives to encourage employees to get more exercise, and managers are carrying out various game strategies to make employees’ work more fun.
Recent research by Harvard University, however, suggests that for tasks that don’t require a lot of attention, there may be a better approach. Researchers conducted a series of studies with over 2,000 participants and found that in many cases, people stop working on tasks earlier than expected not because they aren’t motivated enough, but because the tasks do not need enough attention.
Often, strategies designed to increase persistence will involve changing something about the work itself — but you can only make washing the dishes so exciting or mentally stimulating (振奋人心的). Rather than endlessly attempting to make boring tasks less boring, it can sometimes be more effective instead to pair these activities with other tasks that require more attention. This concept is called tangential immersion (切入式专注法).
Basically, the mind seeks to be engaged. We experience boredom when doing tasks that require less attention than we have available, and this leads us to quit those tasks too early. But if there is a second activity in which we can involve ourselves at the same time with the low-attention task, it can occupy that extra attention, reducing boredom and thus increasing persistence.
1. In what circumstance may people continue with a boring task?A.When they feel motivated. | B.When they want to kill time. |
C.When they are full of energy. | D.When they lack attention. |
A.Instructions. | B.Rewards. | C.Programmes. | D.Positions. |
A.The tasks were beyond them. | B.The studies took too much time. |
C.The tasks demanded less attention. | D.The participants were not devoted. |
A.By making it more challenging. | B.By checking the progress repeatedly. |
C.By refreshing the mind regularly. | D.By pairing it with a demanding one. |
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【推荐1】Public speaking has to be one of the most important professional skills because it is used in nearly every industry.
Calm your nerves.
It's normal to still find yourself overcome with nerves at some. point in your presentation, despite your preparation. When this happens, take a deep breath.
Record your speaking.
Co-workers and friends can help provide feedback, but you can also evaluate yourself while speaking. When you speak in front of a group, set up your phone to record yourself and watch it later.
Connect with a personal story.
Use the stage to your advantage.
Before the presentation, know where you'll be speaking. Check that your PowerPoint presentation works with the provided equipment. Make sure you know how the room will be set up. Ask about whether people will be eating during your talk, and what kind of microphone you'll be using.
A.No one's expecting you to be perfect. |
B.When you're on stage, own the space. |
C.But it is also one that people commonly fear. |
D.Personal stories can enhance your presentation. |
E.Even the most seasoned public speaker needs praise. |
F.Let your personality shine through as you convey your message. |
G.You may be surprised by your nervous habits or awkward phrasing. |
【推荐2】Every person wants to achieve the goals set at the beginning of a new school year. The following are some ways to help you achieve your goals.
●
●
●Try various methods. One may not work while another may be just right for you.
●Think positive.
●Reward yourself along the way.
A.Write down your goal. |
B.Choose specific and realistic goals |
C.Be aware of the way you learn best |
D.Remember that everyone makes mistakes |
E.Set aside some time each week for exercise |
F.All study and no reward can break your spirit |
G.If you’re not in the right state of mind, you won’t be able to succeed. |
【推荐3】Don’t miss out—30% off garage parking at Dulles International Airport (DIA) reagan-dullesairport@mw…
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1. When entering the garage, pull parking ticket from the machine.
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4. Scan the QR Code with the QR code reader
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1. Which of the following statements is RIGHT?A.He who parks his car at DIA more than four days enjoys the discount. |
B.The coupon one has redeemed at RNA could be used by another person. |
C.Any traveler is entitled to the 30 % off the parking charge. |
D.A person who’s not redeemed the coupon can’t enjoy the discount. |
A.Inserting the parking ticket into the machine | B.Presenting the coupon |
C.Scanning the QR with the QR code reader | D.Combining A and C |
A.Five | B.Two | C.Four | D.Three |
【推荐1】Practice doesn’t always make perfect when it comes to becoming the next Mozart, a new study suggests. Researchers compared pairs of identical twins, and found that no matter how hard one twin had practised, the other twin who had practiced much less still had an equal level of ability in certain musical skills. This may be because some aspects of musical talent are built into the genes (基因), the researchers said.
Miriam Mosey, a scientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and her team looked at the DNA of 1,211 pairs of adult identical twins, who share almost 100 percent of their genes. Identical twins are born from the same single egg and often look very similar in appearance. They also examined the DNA of 1,358 pairs of fraternal twins (异卵双胞胎), who share an average of 50 percent of their genes. Those who played a musical instrument or sang reported how many years they practiced, and for how many hours a week.
Mosey then tested their musical abilities to see if practice had an effect on ability. She looked at how well people could tell differences in pitch (音调).
Like most people, Mosey used to think that those who put in more practice time would earn higher scores on their ability than those who practiced less. But when she compared lifetime practice scores with musical abilities between identical twins. Mosey found no relationship between the amount of practice time and her level of musical ability. Two twins could have an equal level of musical ability, no matter how much more one twin practiced compared with the other.
The researchers concluded that genetics play a larger role than practice in certain aspects of musical talent.
Mosey and her colleagues made another interesting finding :Genes may determine a person’s motivation (动机) to practice. The majority of participants who reported practicing a lot also shared a high percentage of the same genes.
1. What do you know about identical twins?A.They often look different. |
B.They are usually very alike. |
C.They share same interests. |
D.They share almost 100 percent of their genes. |
A.Those who practice more will have higher musical ability. |
B.Fraternal twins have more musical talent than identical twins. |
C.Those who practice more are likely to have similar genes. |
D.Twins may obtain similar musical ability if they practice enough. |
A.education magazine | B.medical report |
C.social report | D.science magazine |
【推荐2】There is an English saying: “
Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise.
Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programmes. The group which tolerated the pain for the longest time was the group listening to a funny programme.
A.Laughter can extend one’s life. |
B.As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics to help their patients. |
C.The reason is that it helps to produce a kind of chemicals in the brain which reduce both stress and pain. |
D.It increases blood pressure, the heart beating and breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. |
E.Although laughter helps cure the disease, doctors still cannot put this theory into clinic practice. |
F.Laughter is the best medicine. |
G.They have found facts that laughter really can improve people's health. |
【推荐3】Whale sharks, the world’s largest fish, spend much of their time swimming slowly, swallowing large quantities of tiny creatures.But the animals have more complex hunting habits than previously thought.
New observations in Western Australia’s Ningaloo Reef show these animals can hunt together with other predators(捕食者)including tuna, other sharks,and even seabirds. In a recent video, filmed by photographer Tom Cannon, at least three whale sharks were seen feeding on a ball of bait-fish(钓饵鱼), a behavior rarely caught on camera.
“I’ve watched the video hundreds of times, and it still blows my mind,”says Emily Lester, a postdoctoral fellow at the Australian Institute of Marine Science. Bait fish balls draw in predators of all shapes, and in the Ningaloo video the whale sharks were seen attacking at speed through the center of the bait ball, as well as positioning themselves beneath it. Both of these skills require more effort than swimming slowly along, mouth wide open.
“By themselves, whale sharks will certainly do the work, but they’re slow,”says Simon Pierce, who has been conducting research on whale sharks for over 15 years. “But when other predators are there attacking the bait fish, forcing them into a ball, the largest mouth gets the most fish.”
Having a big shark get the largest part of your meal seems like a major disadvantage, but there could be some benefit to the seabirds and other fish as well. “I wonder if this is a two-way interaction,”Lester says. “After the whale sharks charge through the bait ball, can those other predators capitalize on the separated fishes?”
“This is only one interaction, and we got very lucky to video it,” Lester says. “But I’m hoping that we get even luckier in the future.” Ningaloo’s rich ecosystem together with the countless ocean lovers who document it, puts that goal within reach.
1. What have the new observations found about whale sharks?A.They team up with other feeders to hunt. |
B.They swim more quickly than thought. |
C.They usually prefer tiny creatures to large ones. |
D.They depend mainly on one kind of fish for food. |
A.They are uninterested in bait fish balls. |
B.They swim slowly along to feed on bait fish. |
C.They are unable to hunt bait fish on their own. |
D.They need other predators’ help to get the most bait fish. |
A.They could be eaten by sharks. |
B.They couldn’t get enough food. |
C.They could benefit from the shark’s hunting. |
D.They are more skillful in attacking the bait fish. |
A.Worried. | B.Hopeful. | C.Skeptical. | D.Formal. |
【推荐1】Black students reported facing barriers that prevent them from completing their undergraduate studies in six years or less, regardless of the type of certificate or degree program, according to research published Thursday by Gallup and the Lumina Foundation. The most significant factors contributing to the lower rates among Black students, the study found, were experiencing acts of discrimination and managing multiple priorities that can interfere with completing coursework.
The report compiled data in fall 2022 from 6, 008 college students across different certification and degree programs, including 1, 106 Black students.
21% of Black respondents said they felt discriminated against frequently or occasionally compared to 15% of other students. Black students were also more likely to have shared that they felt disrespected or psychologically unsafe at an institution while learning. 28% of Black students who attended an institution with little diversity felt physically unsafe, while 26% felt disrespected and 27% felt psychologically unsafe.
Managing multiple priorities was another factor interfering with Black students’ education goals. The report found that 22% of Black students overall have caregiving responsibilities, compared to 11% of students in other racial groups, and 20% of Black students overall have full-time jobs, compared to 11% of other racial groups.
Aside from discrimination and the task of managing responsibilities, the data also acknowledged other barriers making it difficult for Black students to complete their education, including the high costs of attending school. An April 2022 report by The Education Trust found that because Black women fall within two marginalized groups, they make less money and often have to takeout more loans to cover the cost of attending college.
1. Which factor can’t lead to the lower rate of completing education among black students directly?A.Management of multiple priorities. | B.Experiences of discrimination. |
C.The types of certificate or degree programs. | D.High costs of attending school. |
A.By referring to previous studies. |
B.By making some comparisons. |
C.By explaining causes and effects. |
D.By analyzing respondents’ psychology. |
A.About 21% of Black students feel discriminated against frequently. |
B.Black students feel discriminated mainly due to physical in security. |
C.Black students have to take full-time jobs for lack of access to loans. |
D.The black female students may be in the most disadvantaged position. |
A.Objective. | B.Favorable. | C.Critical. | D.Concerned. |
【推荐2】Olympiads(奥林匹克竞赛)are a kind of competitive exam to tap exceptional students with the best of potential,talent,and IQ.These exams are conducted to challenge and motivate the brightest students from around the world and to urge more and more children to take up a career in pure science.But why do most parents nowadays want their children to participate in Olympiads?
Participating in and winning any kind of competition is one of the best feelings in the world.Competitions award merit(优点),performance,excellence—quite literally,the best in a human being.Thus,it might be understandable that:a lot of pride is associated with a child qualifying at any of the Olympiad levels.Who doesn’t want to be the proud parent of a smart,intelligent young child?
It has also been claimed that Olympiads can act as a great morale booster(信心增强剂).Bangalore-based programmer of Olympiad Helper,Vikash Anil says,“Even when students don’t win,their confidence grows.”
However,there are a number of serious considerations parents are missing out on,which has impacts on children.They are being burdened with the pressure of performing well in these exams—a pressure that is often too high and unhealthy for their young minds and bodies.They are also being introduced to peer pressure and“competition”in a very negative and ugly light.
What’s worse,the age at which children are being forced to take these exams keep dropping with each passing year.Children as young as 5 or 6 years old are being sent away to tuitions(辅导)right after school gets over.Many educationists are condemning this,because the International Science Olympiads is for high school students only.
The claim that Olympiads actually make children“more confident”cannot be readily accepted.While a lot of good outcomes are possible from Olympiads,it is also true that all students will not react positively to“failing”at Olympiads.More students are going to come out feeling miserable for having failed the exam.
Being a parent in today’s dynamic,commercial and material world is not easy.It is indeed a pity if parents are chasing“recognition”,rather than“excellence”and“merit”for their children.There is no such thing as a“good”,or a“poor”child.Parents should realize this,embrace this,and empower themselves and their children with this.
As a parting thought I would like to leave this Einstein quote:“Everybody is a genius.But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree,it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.”
1. Why do most parents want their children to participate in Olympiads?A.To prove their children’s potential and excellence. |
B.To prepare their children for a pure science career. |
C.To strengthen their children’s competitive awareness. |
D.To make their children benefit from stress and failures. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Positive. | C.Disapproving. | D.Uninterested. |
A.Olympiads:Are Children Relying on Tuitions Too Much |
B.Olympiads:Are Children Starting at a Too Young Age |
C.Olympiads:Are Parents Being Driven by Commercials |
D.Olympiads:Are Parents Becoming Over-Ambitious |
【推荐3】As Valentine’s Day approaches, many people with dogs will not care one bit whether they get a card.
A survey by the Kennel Club in the UK has found almost one in five would rather have a dog than be in a relationship. Almost half said they were so attached to their pet because their dogs don’t let you down in the same way that other people might. Although a dog might not buy you roses or take you out for dinner, it seems unconditional love and a wagging tail can make being single less lonely. The research, which asked 2,612 dog owners for their thoughts on romance, found just under a quarter agreed that having a dog would make them feel less concerned about not being in love.
Perhaps the findings are unsurprising, as celebrities (名人) have long used dogs as their plus ones. Hollywood legend Glenn Close took her Havanese dog Pip to the Oscars last year, describing her pet as “the best date a girl can have”. Bill Lambert, a spokesman for the Kennel Club, said, “There certainly seems to be a growing number of dog lovers who would rather share their lives with a four-legged friend instead of a human partner. This could be due to the numerous benefits that come with dog ownership.”
Dogs help their owners relaxed, whether that’s with a daily walk in fresh air, or with a hug on a sofa. They can also be great listeners, help their owners reduce stress, and can play a part in improving the health and fitness of their owners. Nonetheless (尽管如此), for those dog owners who are still looking for love, the research suggests their pet might help. Mr. Lambert said, “This is quite unsurprising when you consider that dogs are a great icebreaker, when strangers may otherwise not look twice at each other, and that we tend to have very positive associations about people who love dogs.”
1. How does the author show people’s love for dogs in Paragraph 2?A.By listing concrete figures. | B.By giving many examples. |
C.By giving scientific reasons. | D.By quoting famous people’s words. |
A.They both are famous people in Hollywood. | B.They both take their dogs everywhere. |
C.They both have more than one dog. | D.They both are pet supporters. |
A.It helps save your lost friendship. | B.It makes you become a sports lover. |
C.It entirely replaces your best friend. | D.It comforts you when you feel uneasy. |
A.Trying to donate more to pet shelters. | B.Loving your pets more than anyone else. |
C.Raising a dog to be your reliable company. | D.Stopping developing relationship with others. |
【推荐1】The Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,usually known as Kew Gardens,in Richmond upon Thames is a major London tourist attraction and a UNESCO Word Heritage site.
Founded in 1759,Kew began as a royal garden attached to the Royal Kew Palace,home to George III and his many children. The Palace is now open to visitors,but probably the buildings most visitors come to see are the incredible glasshouses. The Palmhouse is one of the largest surviving Victorian glasshouses in the world,with over 16,000 panes of glass. The Waterlily House,which contains some of the world's largest and smallest waterlilies, is also not to be missed.
However, Kew is more than just a garden and green space in the heart of Britain’s capital city. It is also the world’s leading horticultural (园艺学的) center for botanical research and plant science. The Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,covers approximately three hundred acres of land,and attracts around a million visitors every year.Its collections and laboratories illustrate the important part that plants play in our lives, and highlight the need to protect and conserve them for the benefit of generations to come.
Kew is a vital research and scientific base, with multiple research projects and partnerships stretching across the globe. As a world leader in plant science,Kew employs around seven hundred people, and is home to about nineteen thousand species of living plants. Its Millennium Seed Bank at Wakehurst Place holds seeds from around ten percent of the world's plant species for the benefit of humankind, exhibiting around two billion seeds from 28,000 species of plants sourced from approximately 130 countries.
Around eighty percent of our daily calorie intake comes from just twelve plant species.A project of Kew's Millennium Seed Bank recognizes the need for greater genetic diversity in our crops and seeks to preserve food security for future generations.The project collects seeds from the wild relatives of some of our most important food crop plants whose genetic make-up can be used to breed new and useful qualities back into modern agricultural crops so that they can better adapt to future climates and other threats, such as pests and diseases.
1. What can we learn about the glasshouses from Paragraph 2?A.Every tourist to Kew will come to see them. |
B.The Palmhouse is the largest glasshouse in the world. |
C.They are made of about 16,000 panes of glass. |
D.The Waterlily House displays waterlilies of different sizes. |
A.Lives. | B.Plants. | C.Gardens. | D.Laboratories. |
A.To help modern crops become more adaptable. |
B.To guarantee safe environment for future generations. |
C.To completely change the genetic make-up of crops. |
D.To find a way to kill pests and prevent other threats. |
A.The booming tourism of London. |
B.The popularity of a royal garden. |
C.Kew Gardens featuring science. |
D.Genetic make-up boosting modern crops. |
【推荐2】Education appears to protect older adults especially women, against memory loss, according to a study by investigators at Georgetown University Medical Center.
The study tested declarative memory in 704 older adults (58-98 years of age). Declarative memory refers to our ability to remember events, facts and words, such as where you put your keys or the name of that new neighbor. The investigators found that their memory performance became progressively worse with aging. However, more years of early-life education countered these losses, especially in women.
For example, the declarative memory abilities of an 80-year-old woman with a bachelor’s degree would be as good as those of a 60-year-old woman with a high school education. So, four extra years of education make up for the memory losses from 20 years of aging.
“Simply said, learning brings about learning,” says the study’s senior investigator, Michael Ullman. “Since learning new information in declarative memory is easier if it is related to knowledge we already have, more knowledge from more education should result in better memory abilities, even years later,” adds the study’s lead author, Jana Reifegerste.
“Evidence suggests that girls often have better declarative memory than boys, so education may lead to greater knowledge gains in girls,” says Ullman. “Education may thus particularly benefit memory abilities in women,even years later in old age.”
The study tested individuals in a non-Western population. Participants varied in the number of years of education, from none at all to graduate studies. “Future research is needed to test whether the findings can be generalized to other populations,” Ullman says.
“These findings may be important,especially considering the rapidly aging population globally,” Reifegerste says. “The results argue for further efforts to increase access to education.”
“Education has also been found to delay the beginning of Alzheimer’s disease,” Ullman says.“ We believe that our findings may shed light on why this occurs.”
1. What does the underlined word “countered” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Canceled. | B.Changed. |
C.Replaced. | D.Reduced. |
A.Slow down the process of aging. |
B.Promote the development of education. |
C.Advance the study of Alzheimer’s disease. |
D.Ensure the equal rights of women’s education. |
A.Declarative memory abilities fail with aging. |
B.Women should try to obtain a bachelor’s degree. |
C.Learning regularly helps improve old adults’ memory. |
D.Early-life education helps prevent memory loss in old age. |
【推荐3】I used to think that the most effective way to resist depression (抑郁) was to have my heart set on happiness. If you valued happiness instead of sorrow as your goal, I thought, one would not suffer from depression.
However, a study, carried out among students living in the UK, found those who said they valued happiness extremely highly tended to show greater signs of depression.
Vogt and colleagues presented 151 students, the majority of them female, with a series of online questionnaires, These examined attitudes from how much they valued happiness to how much their emotions affected them, how easy they found it to put aside emotions, and their levels of depression-related symptoms.
The results, published in the Journal of Happiness Studies, reveal that those who valued happiness more had higher scores for symptoms of depression. The reason is in part because individuals become distracted by their feelings and a lower ability to reframe thoughts or experiences. It is also in part because. of bottling up emotions. “Suppression is not considered a successful emotional regulation strategy because when you try not to think of something you think of it all the time," said Vogt.
While Vogt said the study cannot prove that valuing happiness too much causes symptoms of depression, she said it was highly possible. She also noted that in Russia and east Asian countries the opposite trend had been found.
However, the study has limitations - including that it mainly involved women and did not account for the health or socioeconomic status or participants, although all were young and at university.
1. What did the study find?A.If you value happiness, you won't get upset. |
B.The goal of happiness leads to depression. |
C.Negative :emotions affects one's happiness. |
D.Female college students are easier to become depressed. |
A.They are distracted by their feelings. | B.They fail to adjust their thought. |
C.They welcome every kind of emotions. | D.They think about happiness all the time. |
A.expression | B.hiding |
C.value | D.happiness |
A.objective | B.indifferent |
C.supportive | D.critical |