American scientists say they’ve developed a way to grow wood materials in a laboratory. The method could create different wood products indoors in a single process, greatly cutting the time and money spent on production and reducing damage to the world’s forests.
Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) showed a proof of concept by growing wood-like structures from cells taken from the leaves of a flowering plant. The process can hopefully simplify and speed up the production of wood products.
“The way we get these materials hasn’t changed in centuries and is very inefficient,” lead researcher Luis said. “The present process for making any wooden product can take many years. First, a tree has to grow. Then, it must be cut down, transported, processed, etc. Lab-grown wood, however, could combine all those steps into one. If you want a table, then you should just grow a table.”
In the wood experiment, the MIT team collected live cells from the leaves of a zinnia plant. The plant cells were then cultured and kept in a special environment. The experiment was carried out indoors, without soil or sunlight. During the process, the researchers used a mixture of two plant hormones (荷尔蒙) that helped the cells grow a thick, strong wood-like structure. With further development, the researchers say they could use the same process to grow wood in specific shapes, such as a table or chair.
“The process can remove difficulties linked to weather and seasonality in traditional agriculture methods,” Luis said. “Though it is still in early development, our team will be working to learn how to better control the final materials that are produced. And, we will also carry out new experiments to see whether the same results can be reached with other kinds of plants.”
David Stern, a plant biologist and president of the Boyce Thompson Institute told MIT News, “It sounds that this technology is very powerful, but what the researchers ignore is that further development of the method would require major financial and intellectual investments.” He also said new issues would arise when parts of forestry and agriculture are brought into the lab.
1. What can the method developed by American scientists be described as?A.cost-effective | B.widely applicable | C.eco-friendly | D.time-consuming |
A.By using specific figures. | B.By providing definitions. |
C.By making a comparison. | D.By showing causes and effects. |
A.To make the wood grow in specific shapes. |
B.To promote the growth of the live plant cells. |
C.To prevent sunlight from hurting the plant cells. |
D.To help the plant cells adapt to the special environment. |
A.Trees that grow naturally will be useless |
B.The furniture in your office is probably growing |
C.Forests made in the lab will change the environment |
D.Scientists develop a method to grow wood in a lab |
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【推荐1】Can robots be creative? British art gallery owner Aidan Meller thinks so. He hopes to begin answering that question with a robot called Ai-Da. Meller is watching the building of all Ai-Da’s parts by engineers at Engineered Arts, a company based in Cornwall, England. The engineers believe the robot will be able to make pictures of people from sight with a writing instrument in her hand. Meller wants the robot to perform like a human artist.
After seeing Ai-Da’s head being carefully brought to life by specialists who were connecting individual hairs to form eyebrows, Meller said, “She’s going to actually be drawing and we’re hoping to then build technology for her to paint.” But also as a performing artist, “she’ll be able to communicate with audiences and actually get messages across, asking those questions about technology today,” he added.
Ai-Da’s robotic head may still be separate from her body, but her movements are very alive. Cameras in each of her eyeballs recognize human body parts. Ai-Da will make eye contact and follow you around the room, opening and closing her mouth as you do. If you get too close, the robot will back away, closing and then opening her eyes as if in shock.
The specialists are using the company’s Mesmer lifelike robot technology to create her head. Once finished, Ai-Da will have a mixed-race appearance, with long dark hair and manmade skin. The teeth and skin inside her mouth will come from a 3-D printer. Marcus Hold works at Engineered Arts. He said Mesmer “brings together the development of software mechanics and electronics to produce a lifelike face with lifelike gestures in a small human sized package.”
Ai-Da will make her first public appearance at an exhibition called “Unsecured Futures” at the University of Oxford. Some of her pictures are expected to appear at another show in London later this year.
1. How will Ai-Da do when you get very close to her?A.Keep still. | B.Step back. |
C.Run away. | D.Speak aloud. |
A.Taking care of the old. | B.Communicating with persons. |
C.Doing housework. | D.Making up like humans. |
A.Ai-Da, a Creative Robot | B.Meller, a Great Engineer |
C.Ai-Da Makes Painting Easier | D.Meller Helps Robot Cleverer |
【推荐2】Europeans and other western nations have controlled car industry for over a century. But a newcomer will soon be running after them at their heels.
China has gradually built its car-making capabilities during different periods.
A.How did this happen? |
B.Yet this is changing rapidly. |
C.These cars sold well at home and abroad. |
D.The Chinese are not exactly newcomers. |
E.China also has excellent shipping links, like Shanghai. |
F.China is also in a good position to build cars for the right price. |
G.It originally began making Soviet-designed vehicles in the 1950s. |
【推荐3】A new officer with the Huntington Park Police patrols (巡逻) local parks 24 hours a day seven days a week.He doesn't need rest,coffee breaks,a salary or medical insurance,and that is because it is a Robocop.
The main function of the Robocop is to scan and film the surroundings.Besides cameras with night vision that report 360 degrees,it also has a distress button which is located here,so if somebody is to need assistance or they want to contact the communication center,they can do it by way of that distress button.There are people that are monitoring on the other end.
This newest police employee is self-charging.It's easy to program it and make changes to the software if necessary.Its maintenance (维护) costs are roughly 75 thousand dollars a year.It travels the entire park.It is a programmed path,but the police are able to change the path and adapt it.
The Robocop can record the license plates (车牌) of passing cars and check them against an online database of stolen cars.It can also help locate a lost iPhone because it is able to determine a smartphone's MAC address.The police can see from the robot if something wrong happens and then come and figure it out.
The Robocop can't replace its human handlers.The whole goal is to give police more time to do things machines can't do.The police have been having some concerns about safety of the parks and want an extra set of eyes that will help patrol a 24/7.Robocop's creators believe this model known as K5 is best used for providing security at public places like hospitals, parking lots,parks and airports.So far,it seems to be working out just fine.
1. What is the distress button used to do?A.Locate the Robocop. | B.Serve as an alarm device. |
C.Communicate with visitors. | D.Monitor the neighbourhood. |
A.Helpful but dangerous. | B.Intelligent but inexpensive. |
C.Tireless and multifunctional. | D.Fashionable and good-looking. |
A.To direct traffic. | B.To build a database. |
C.To prevent accidents. | D.To find lost cars. |
A.It has limitation in use. | B.It has been widely used. |
C.Its creators need more support. | D.Its security is still under test. |
【推荐1】Cultural heritage is a symbol of the history, traditions and culture of a country, but through various causes like wars and natural disasters, there are many properties of precious tangible and intangible cultural heritage which are currently placed at risk. International cooperation to protect cultural heritage not only shows respect for the cultures of others, but also creates a stable foundation for the international community. Accordingly, Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been concentrating on that as one of the pillars its diplomatic (外交的) policy.
For tangible cultural heritage, Japan is taking part in the international system of protection established through the World Heritage Convention. It has also been donating money for the protection of the historic ruins and buildings in various countries through the Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage set up through UNESCO, and by employing the excellent repair skills developed in Japan.
For intangible cultural heritage, Japan began well-developed domestic efforts for their protection with the establishment of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1950, far ahead of other countries. Since then, it has been using the knowledge that it gained through that experience to take a leading role in the creation and enforcement of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the. Intangible Cultural Heritage. In addition, Japan has also been financially supporting the conservation of traditional dances, music, and craftsmanship in various countries through the Japanese Funds-in-Trust.
Cultural diplomacy may take a long time to yield results. Nevertheless, Japan believes the support for the cultural heritage is the pride of people in a nation which touches the hearts of people directly. This kind of aid does not stop with just material but also conveys Japan’s knowledge, skills and heart, which can bring about a great long-term benefit.
1. What does-the underlined word “that” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Building an international community |
B.Creating a stable foundation for the world. |
C.Showing respect for the cultures of other countries. |
D.Cooperating with other countries for cultural heritage. |
A.Donating money. | B.Using repair skills. |
C.Making relevant laws. | D.Setting a good example. |
A.It helps to sell of Japan’s skills. |
B.It brings about immediate benefits. |
C.It advances international relationship. |
D.It strengthens the national pride of Japanese. |
A.Japan’s Cultural Heritage at Risk |
B.Japan’s Cultural Diplomatic Policy |
C.The Benefits of Cherishing Culture |
D.The Classification of Cultural Heritage |
【推荐2】After a lot of local and state warnings, research and bans of hoverboards (平衡车), the federal government issued a statement on Wednesday. The message: Many of the machines are a major fire risk.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) announced the recall (召回) of more than a half-million hoverboards.The safety commission said that the battery-powered machines had been the cause of at least 60 fires. The announcement affects 10 companies that make or sell the products, including Razor and Swagway, two of the leading manufacturers.
Hoverboards, which do not actually hover or fly, have been the subject of regulatory examination in recent years. Officials have banned them from airplanes and sidewalks, and the safety commission carried out research last fall because of reports of fires and explosions.
The risk of fires from the machine's electrical system and battery(电池) pack has attracted the most attention from the safety commission, which says it will now turn its focus toward the risk of falls and other accidents. The agency is worried that flaws (缺陷) in the board's design could lead riders to lose their balance.
There is no federal safety standard specific to hoverboards. Underwriters Laboratories (UL), a standards-setting and testing organization, came up with voluntary electrical requirements for self-balancing hoverboards as a result of the safety commission's research, said Elliot F. Kaye, the chairman of the CPSC.
He required consumers to return any hoverboard that did not reach the standards set by the company. However, part of the problem, he explained, was that many hoverboards had been sold by temporary stands such as those in malls or college campuses — fly-by-night sellers that can be harder to track down or get in touch with. “That is a deeply frustrating aspect of it,” Mr. Kaye said. “Somebody can just put up a stand, order some products, disappear, and there's nobody there to take responsibility when things go wrong.”
1. Why will so many hoverboards be recalled?A.They aren't easy to use. | B.They are likely to cause fires. |
C.They don't actually hover or fly. | D.They caused many traffic accidents. |
A.The recycling of hoverboards. | B.The popularity of hoverboards. |
C.The balance risk of hoverboards. | D.The price controls of hoverboards. |
A.The CPSC. | B.Razor. | C.Swagway. | D.UL. |
A.Many hoverboards can make people fall easily. |
B.The designs of hoverboards needed improving. |
C.CPSC intended to recall some hoverboards. |
D.People were discouraged from buying hoverboards. |
【推荐3】Language is part of our daily lives, no matter where we live in the world. Similarly, music is a part of many people’s lives. Both language and music play a huge role in our culture and here are some of their similarities.
◆Both language and music have a writing system. In English we record language using the alphabet, which is a collection of letters. Similarly, we use notes to keep a record of music. Just as you are reading this collection of letters and find meaning in it, musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music which we can hear. So just as you read English, you can read music. By writing pieces of text or music, we are able to share experiences through time. I can read or hear the ideas of someone who lived hundreds of years ago, which is really quite exciting.
◆Both vary with culture. You can make a good guess at where someone is from by listening to the language they use. In the same way, we know that styles of music are different around the world, giving us the opportunity to explore many different cultures through their music and providing us with music for every situation.
◆Both share feelings. You can know that I am angry through my words. Similarly, music can sound angry, sad or happy. Music can show you exactly how the composer was or is feeling, and allows us to share that feeling. When you feel happy, you may want to sing and dance to a happy song to celebrate your happiness, while you probably want to listen to sad music when you are feeling down. I think we have all used music to express our feelings.
1. What’s the main idea of the text?A.Language is part of people’s daily lives. | B.Music plays an important role in people’s lives. |
C.Language and music are similar in many ways. | D.Music is more important than language for us. |
A.By giving examples. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By describing details. | D.By listing reasons. |
A.Talking to a composer. | B.Singing a happy song. |
C.Dancing to delightful music. | D.Listening to unhappy music. |