On average, wildfires destroy over 6 million acres of land each year in the US. Last year, the U.S. Forest Service spent over $1 billion fighting those fires, mostly out West. Blazes start easily where there’s plenty of dry fuel, such as dead grass, sticks and other dried plants. Knowing how much fuel is available can help fire management teams know where and when to be on high alert. And a teen has figured out a way to home in on such areas quickly.
Nadine Han, 13, is a seventh grader at Boston Latin School. When she built a robot three years ago with FIRST LEGO League, hers was designed to prevent wildfires. When the girl’s family visited Yellowstone National Park, later that year, what did they see? Evidence of wildfires. So Nadine followed up on that theme for her science fair project, and decided to find out how to predict wildfires.
The teen learned about a satellite called SMAP. Launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 2015, it detects how wet or dry the soil is. It also can tell whether that moisture (水分) is frozen or liquid. SMAP’s data soil moisture can be combined with other data to determine the vegetation water content, meaning the amount of water present in the plants. SMAP’s data and the vegetation water content data are both freely available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center. For her project, the teen downloaded a year’s worth of data.
Having compared plant water content and fuel moisture data for 1,413 different locations, she found that an increase in plant water content measured by the satellite was linked with an increase in fuel moisture as measured on the ground. For her study, 87% of the sites showed such a link.
“This suggests it’s feasible to use satellite data to estimate fuel moisture on the ground,” Nadine concludes. The teen now hopes her technique will help land managers determine fire risks more quickly. Next, Nadine hopes to make a computer program that will estimate fire risk using satellite data.
1. What is implied about wildfires in the United States in Paragraph 1?A.They are a natural phenomenon. |
B.They happen less frequently year by year. |
C.They’re mostly caused by human activities. |
D.They cause damage to most of the land in the US. |
A.Her interest in scientific research. |
B.Her success in creating a robot. |
C.Her involvement in a wildfire. |
D.Her visit to a national park. |
A.Challenging. | B.Practicable. | C.Valuable. | D.Necessary. |
A.She invested a lot of money in collecting data. |
B.She has designed a computer program. |
C.She got guidance from land managers. |
D.She’s confident about her research results. |
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【推荐1】Switzerland(瑞士)is famous for its watches. However, this country didn’t invent the watch. It was the British who did it. Here is a story of how the watch was brought to Switzerland.
Many years ago, an Englishman was traveling to Italy. On his way he stopped in a small town in South Switzerland. This Englishman traveled in a carriage (马车) inside which there was a carriage watch. This was the earliest kind of watch. A native (本地的) shop assistant happened to see the watch. He wondered what it was and asked the Englishman about it, “It is a carriage watch,” said the man. “This machine tells the time but now it isn’t working.”
At once the shop assistant offered to try to repair it. So the traveler handed him the watch. The assistant was a very wise man. So it was not surprising that he managed to repair it. He even remembered how it was made. As soon as the traveler had gone on his journey, he made a watch exactly of the same kind.
Thus the watch-making was started in Switzerland. Today Swiss (瑞士的) watches are sold in stores all over the world.
1. Switzerland is famous for ________.A.making watches | B.selling watches |
C.inventing watches | D.the carriage watch |
A.Switzerland | B.Italy | C.England | D.a small town |
A.an Italian shop assistant |
B.a man who came from Switzerland |
C.an English shop assistant |
D.a man who was traveling to Italy |
【推荐2】In the movie “The Wrong Trousers”, a pair of futuristic trousers lets people walk on walls and ceilings. Inspired by the movie, researchers in England created “The Right Trousers”, a set of trousers embedded(嵌入) with electrical pumps to force air into tiny tubes that expand and can help elderly or disabled people with issues like getting up or improving blood flow. Now, material scientists, computer programmers and fabric designers are working to advance robotic clothing.
In June, researchers in Australia created robotic fibers, which can make fabric move automatically. Last year, scientists at MIT built fiber batteries that could be embedded into clothes and power robotic clothing. In recent years, Google partnered with brands like Levi’s and Adidas to put sensors in jackets, backpacks and shoes, letting users access their phones instantly. Researchers said they could soon unlock an era where clothing will act more like a computer, sensing how your body feels and telling your clothes how to help.
At the University of New South Wales in Australia, researchers are creating fabrics that can shape-shift. Thanh Nho Do, a senior lecturer at the school, said his team has created tiny tubes that can weave into sheets of fabric. These tubes can make fabric take various preprogrammed shapes. But challenges still remain for Do’s team, notably around making these robotic tubes smaller so they can weave easily with other fabrics.
Rebecca Kramer Bottiglio from Yale University agreed that many challenges remain before smart clothing “reaches their full potential.” It will be challenging to make these clothes, equipped with fibers and technology, strong enough to go through multiple cycles in the laundry, she said. Despite that, she says researchers will figure out a way forward. “Recent breakthroughs point toward a not-so-distant future where smart clothing will be a part of our everyday life.” she said.
1. What inspired the researchers to come up with “The Right Trousers”?A.A film. |
B.A blood issue. |
C.The way electrical pumps work. |
D.The way the elderly and disabled move. |
A.They put sensors in clothes. |
B.They created movable robotic fibers. |
C.They made batteries for robotic clothing. |
D.They released smart clothing connected to cellphones. |
A.Making robotic tubes smaller. |
B.Keeping robotic tubes properly shaped. |
C.Producing stronger robotic tubes. |
D.Programming the shape of robotic tubes. |
A.Doubtful. | B.Indifferent. | C.Worried. | D.Hopeful. |
【推荐3】Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are compounds(化合物;复合物) that are set to solve some tough challenges: producing water in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely.
The Arizona desert is really dry. Anyone stuck in it without water would die from dehydration (脱水) within three days unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next generation water harvesters, who is a chemist at the University of Califormnia, Berkeley. Although daytime wetness is only about 10 percent, this rises to 40 percent at night, which means there's enough water in the atmosphere to support life-if it can be transformed into liquid form.
That's exactly what Yaghi's invention does. It's about the size of a small microwave oven, designed to suck the water from the air at night and turn it into drinking water the next day using only the heat of the sun as its power source. What makes it work is a special material called a MOF, which at normal temperatures attracts water molecules (分子) onto the surface of is internal small holes. Warm-it up and get the water, each harvest producing one-third of a cup of pure drinking water.“A device the size of a washing machine could produce enough water for the basic needs of a household," says Yaghi.
These crystalline (结晶的) groups of metals linked by organic molecules can be made into materials with an extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces. In this way, MOFs cling to a variety of liquids and gases.
MOFs work thanks to their distinctive structure. In fact, one MOF the size of a sugar cube has so many small holes that they would cover an area as large as six football fields. MOFs are also extremely stable, light and have many different uses: their molecular structure can be varied to attract specific molecules. Adding a small amount of heat or pressure causes the MOF to give what it's holding. More than 70,000 different MOFs have been produced to date for various applications.
1. Why is the Arizona desert mentioned in the second paragraph?A.To introduce water harvesters. |
B.To stress the importance of water. |
C.To show the severity of its condition. |
D.To express the urgent need for water there. |
A.Solar energy. |
B.Water molecules. |
C.Metal-organic frameworks. |
D.MOFs' internal small holes. |
A.refer to | B.tend to | C.hold onto | D.turn into |
A.The future of the MOF technology. |
B.Other uses of the MOF technology. |
C.The improvement to the MOF technology. |
D.Possible limitations of the MOP technology. |
【推荐1】I was in Walt Disney World with my son, Daniel, who is autistic (患自闭症的), and at that time he was 7 years old. My wife and our three other sons were with us too. He was having one of his melt down screaming tantrums (发怒), only God knows why. So my wife and I decided I would take the bus back to the hotel, and she would stay in the park with the other three children.
After we got on the bus, the screaming continued. My son looks “normal”. To the many people on the bus, he appeared to just be a kid screaming --- or a spoiled child who did not get his special toy that day. It did not take long --- less than a minute --- before the screaming brought about stares, then glares from the other passengers.
To my shame, I found myself losing my temper at my own son. I was embarrassed, angry, and frustrated, and felt cheated by God for not being able to enjoy a normal vacation with my family because of him. I started to wonder what life would be like without having to deal with this cross (痛苦).
And just as the reactions of the other passengers were becoming most intense, a man seated just in front of me turned around to face me. I cheered myself up for his advice on how to raise a well-behaved child.
He said calmly, “Is he alright?” I said, “He’s autistic.” Then the man said , “It's alright.” And he smiled. That’s all.
And suddenly, all the anger building up inside me was gone. I almost wept for shame at how I had felt a moment before. It no longer mattered what the other people thought. My son was my gift from God.
I will never forget that man, nor his small, simple act of kindness and understanding. I truly believe he was my son’s guardian angel that day maybe mine too.
1. Why did Daniel become angry?A.Because he didn't get his special toy. |
B.No one knew the reason for his anger. |
C.Because something went wrong with him. |
D.Because he quarreled with his brother or sister. |
A.the passengers were not satisfied |
B.the passengers felt sorry for the author |
C.the author comforted him with patience |
D.the driver asked the author and his son to get off |
A.How the author helped his son calm down. |
B.How the author reacted to his son's screaming. |
C.What made the author angry and embarrassed. |
D.What the author’s life would be like without Daniel. |
A.The bus arrived at the stop near his hotel. |
B.A stranger helped him realize his mistake. |
C.His son stopped screaming and apologized to him. |
D.He suddenly realized his son was an autistic child. |
【推荐2】After a serious disease Raghu Makwana lost his legs. He had to walk with the support of his hands. A long time back, a few friends took a walk on the street with the inspiration to do a small act of kindness. One of his kind behavior is the Tulsi Project. Whenever he learns of a family with some arguments or even violent abuse(辱骂), Raghu courageously walks in to spread good cheer and gifts them a tulsi plant. Most of these are complete strangers. Sometimes he’ll recite prayer; sometimes he’ll share stories. Meanwhile, Ragbu gave birth to one of his dreams. When he “walked” on the streets, he often felt deeply moved by others on the streets who had even less than him.
He made a promise to himself that he would return to serve them one day, and that day had arrived for him. He put together a team of five (one of whom is blind), who would make small sacrifices(牺牲) in their own lives to support delivery of hand-cooked meals for some of the absolutely ignored people on the streets. They named it “Tyaag Nu Tiffin(Food of Sacrifice)”.
Every day at 12:30 pm and at 7:30 pm, Raghu starts off on his hand tricycle to deliver the food. It’s the same food he himself eats, but he won’t eat until he has finished his round of offerings.
In a recent feature in The Times of India, Raghu notes, “I’m not doing anything great. I’m not on a mission(使命) to change the world. People around me have been very kind to me in my struggle to survive. Now it is my turn to repay the kindness by helping other needy human beings.”
1. Raghu often does the following if he knows a family has arguments EXCEPT ______A.reciting a prayer | B.telling them stories |
C.giving them some gifts | D.singing special songs |
A.delivered three meals one day |
B.delivered food only to the disabled |
C.ate food himself after delivering all the food |
D.delivered food different from what he ate |
A.he is not satisfied with the society at present |
B.he sees himself as a hero to change the world |
C.he wants to be a great person in the future |
D.he knows the meaning of repaying and appreciation |
【推荐3】When I was at university, I studied very hard. But a lot of my friends did very little work. Some did just enough to pass exams. Others didn't do quite enough. Fred Baines was one of them. He spent more time drinking in the Students' Union than working in the library.
Once at the end of the term, we had to take an important test in chemistry. The test had a hundred questions. In my room the night before the test, Fred was watching TV. Fred usually worried a lot the night before a test. But on that night he looked perfectly calm. Then he told me of his plan. "It's very simple. There are a hundred questions and I have to get fifty correct to pass the test. I’ll take a coin into the examination room. I haven't studied a chemistry book for months, so I’ll just toss the coin. That way, I'm sure I'll get half the questions right. "
The next day, Fred came happily into the exam room. As he sat tossing a coin for half an hour he marked down his answers. Then he left, half an hour before the rest of us.
The next day, he saw the chemistry professor in the corridor (走廊). "Oh, good, "he said, "Have you got the result of the test?" The professor looked at him and smiled, "Ah, it's you, Baines. Just a minute. "Then he reached into his pocket and took out a coin. He threw it into the air, caught it in his hand and looked at it.
"I’m terribly sorry, Baines, " he said, "You failed!"
1. This story mainly wants to tell us ________.A.chemistry is really hard to learn |
B.there were too many questions for students to prepare for |
C.good exam results needs hard study |
D.tossing a coin can not always decide the result |
A.did just enough to pass the exam |
B.did not work hard enough for their studies |
C.had too much other work for the Students' Union |
D.were quite good at passing exams |
A.he had got ready for the exam |
B.he knew the answers already |
C.the other students would be behind him |
D.he had his way to finish the exam |
A.he was satisfied with his way for the exam |
B.he wanted to make friends with him |
C.his way for the exam would never work |
D.the exam result depended on the coin |