Dogs in the classroom lower stress of primary school students, new research has found. The study by UK researchers found spending some time with a dog twice a week was better for reducing stress on students than many other classroom relaxation activities. And the benefits of these “dog dates” were similar for children in both normal and special schools.
Stress is known to negatively influence a child’s learning, behaviour, health and mood. This has led schools to try a number of ways to reduce stress, including yoga, mindfulness, physical activities and even having animals in classrooms.
The researchers from the University of Lincoln measured students’ stress levels by tracking the level of the stress in their saliva (唾液). They studied 105 students aged 8 to 9 in four normal schools as well as 44 children of a similar age in seven special schools in the UK. The children were divided into three groups: a group that spent time with a dog; a group that spent time doing relaxation activities; and a “control” group that did neither of these things. Students in the dog group spent 20 minutes with a trained dog twice a week for four weeks. The relaxation group spent the same amount of time doing exercises.
The researchers found that the children in the dog group had “extremely lower” stress levels, while those in the relaxation and control groups recorded an increase over the school term. The study, which was published in the journal PLOS ONE, also found stress was lowest in the children in the dog group immediately after their contact with the puppies. “Dog-assisted activities can lead to lower stress levels in schoolchildren with and without special educational needs,” University of Lincoln researcher Kerstin Meints said, “but more research is needed to discover what was the ideal amount of time and contact with dogs for the best effect.”
1. What is the benefit of having dogs in the classroom according to the research?A.Lower stress for students. |
B.Making students less lonely. |
C.Building up students’ health. |
D.Improving students’ confidence. |
A.By analyzing causes. |
B.By providing examples. |
C.By making a list of facts. |
D.By making comparison. |
A.The proper contact time with dogs still needs further study. |
B.Dogs have more effects on the children in special schools. |
C.The children doing more exercises have the lowest stress level. |
D.The children spending most time with dogs are lowest in stress. |
A.Students need the company of dogs |
B.Classroom dog dates reduce kids’ stress |
C.A new research about dogs is carried out |
D.Dog assisted activities become popular in UK |
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【推荐1】The amount of plastic pollution in the oceans is rapidly increasing. This is problematic, as at least 700 species of sea animals may mistake it for a tasty snack. While we know that some species seem to eat plastic because it looks like jellyfish or some other food source, less research has been carried out into what plastic smells like to marine animals.
But now, a study from the University of North Carolina has found that the coating of algae that naturally builds up on ocean plastics causes the rubbish to give off the scent of food.
The researchers took 15 loggerhead turtles, each around five months old, and placed them in a laboratory tank. They then piped in clean water, clean plastic, turtle food, and plastic that had been immersed in the marine environment for five weeks.
The turtles showed no reaction to the smell of clean water or clean plastic. But when they were exposed to the smell of ocean-soaked plastic 'or turtle food, they exhibited food-seeking behaviors like reaching their noses out of the water or showing increasing activities.
“This finding is the first demonstration that the smell of ocean plastics causes animals to eat them,” said Dr. Kenneth J Lohmann, who took part in the study. "It's common to find loggerhead turtles with their digestive systems fully or partially blocked because they've eaten plastic materials. There are also increasing reports of sea turtles that have become ill and stranded on the beach due to their ingestion of plastic."
According to the researchers, areas of the ocean with dense concentrations of plastic may trick turtles and other animals into thinking that there is an abundant food source. "Once these plastics are in the ocean, we don't have a good way to remove them or prevent them from smelling like food," said Lohmann.
1. Why is plastic pollution posing a threat to marine animals?A.It may eat up all jellyfish. | B.It may mislead them as food. |
C.It may kill them with its smell. | D.It may trap 700 species of sea animals. |
A.Sea water | B.Clear water | C.Brand-new plastic | D.Sea-soaked plastic |
A.Turtles should be trained to be more intelligent. |
B.Plastics should be kept from getting into the ocean at all. |
C.An abundant food source should be offered to sea animals. |
D.Researchers should come up with a solution to the current problem. |
A.Ways Found to Remove Plastics | B.Loggerhead Turtles Faced with Food Shortage |
C.Ocean Plastics- Trick or Treat? | D.Plastic Pollution- Compromise or Control? |
【推荐2】For thousands of years, humans have used names to communicate with one another. We also give names to animals, especially ones we love, such as pets. Until now there has been little evidence of animals naming one another, but a new study suggests that elephants use specific noises to identify other elephants.
A few animals, including parrots and dolphins, have been known to use sounds that are similar to names. Each dolphin invents a signature whistle that is unique to it, and other members of its species communicate with it by simulating this special call. The new study, led by Michael Pardo of Colorado State University, shows that wild African elephants use names in a way that is not just copying sounds and is much closer to the way humans use names.
For the study, the researchers recorded 625 sounds made by wild African elephants in Kenya that they called "rumbles (隆隆声)”. This is the most common type of call produced by elephants, and it can travel long distances-as far as 3. 7 miles. It takes place at a very low frequency, which means humans can't hear it.
The researchers analyzed the sounds using computers and found that certain rumbles were directed at specific elephants to get their attention They found that all the elephants in the herd used the identical call to get a particular elephant's attention -these calls were not just nicknames used by one of the elephant's friends. Also. unlike the way dolphins communicate. the rumbles were not just imitations of the elephant they were trying to communicate with.
The researchers then played back some of the recorded rumbles to the elephants. They found that elephants responded more to their own name than to other calls. coming toward it more quickly or calling back faster. Cartlin O'Connell-Rodwell, an elephant expert, said, "The study shows that elephants can still keep in touch with one another even across a large area. "She told Live Science, "The rumbles ere magical, which allow them to spread out much further and still have very close tabs(密切关注) on individuals. "
1. What does the underlined word "simulating" in paragraph 2 probably mean?A.Copying. | B.Inventing | C.Transforming. | D.Receiving. |
A.By making certain rumbles heard by people. |
B.By using specific languages like people’s. |
C.By making specific noises with a high frequency |
D.By using names in a way closer to people’s. |
A.It records 625 sounds from several species. |
B.It is subjective in the analysis of sounds. |
C.It is carried out with the help of computers. |
D.It shows dolphins' calls travel long distances. |
A.Elephants communicate with noses across a large area. |
B.Rumbles are important in elephants’ communication |
C.Elephants may be last on the way to their habitats |
D.Rumbles enable elephants to stand nr play closer. |
【推荐3】In September, a tragedy happened on the west coast of Tasmania, Australia. As many as 380 pilot whales became stranded (搁浅) in shallow water there and later died. This might have been Australia’s largest stranding event on record, the BBC reported.
But mass whale stranding is not uncommon. For centuries, it has happened all over the world and has puzzled scientists. Scientists say the cause is often unknown. But they have offered many different explanations.
Some say the whales chase small fish for food and end up in shallow water because they are not paying attention to where they are going.
Others think the stranding has something to do with Earth’s geomagnetic field. They say that a geomagnetic compass in whales’ brains controls their position. Unusual changes in Earth’s magnetic field can affect the whales’ compasses and send them in the wrong direction.
Another explanation suggests that mass stranding is caused by the close relationships that whales have. Pilot whales travel in large groups. One lead whale might mistakenly lead the whole group to shallow water. “And if one gets into trouble, the others will not leave,” said Sheryl Gibney, a leading biologist from New Zealand. “Some will come in and try to help, they get trapped on the beach, then more will come.”
The whales are trapped by mistake or out of sympathy. Once they get stranded, they will likely die. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the US, less than 10 percent of all stranded whales survive.
1. What do we know about the stranding?A.It happened on the east coast of Australia. | B.It is commonly seen in September each year. |
C.It caused the death of over 300 pilot whales. | D.It broke a world record. |
A.run after | B.give up | C.help with | D.compete against |
A.They will change their direction. | B.They will stay and try to help it. |
C.They will push it near the beach. | D.They will travel with another group. |
A.How human activity has affected whales. |
B.What might cause whale strandings. |
C.How whales find their direction while traveling. |
D.What scientists are doing to save stranded whales. |
A.Travel journal | B.Tourism magazine | C.News website | D.Science textbook |
【推荐1】A new Japanese research has suggested that regularly eating mushrooms could help lower the risk of cancer. The researchers found that the men who consumed mushrooms once or twice a week had an 8 percent lower risk of developing cancer, regardless of how much fruit and vegetables, or meat and dairy products they ate—compared to those who ate mushrooms less than once per week. Eating mushrooms more often appeared to bring even bigger benefits, with those who consumed mushrooms three or more times per week showing a 17 percent lower risk than those who ate mushrooms less than once a week.
Eating mushrooms also appeared to be particularly beneficial among those who ate a large amount of meat and dairy products, little fruit and few vegetables. The findings, published in the International Journal of Cancer, are the first to suggest that there may be an association between eating mushrooms and a lower risk of cancer.
“Test-tube studies and studies conducted on living organisms have shown that mushrooms have the potential to prevent cancer” said lead researcher Shu Zhang. “To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study indicating the cancer-preventive potential of mushrooms at a population level.” Zhang added that, “mushrooms are a good source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, especially L-ergothioneine,” which is believed to help fight against stress, and that is cell imbalance caused by lifestyle choices such as poor diets and exposure to environmental poisons. This imbalance can lead to chronic inflammation, resulting in chronic diseases such as cancer.
“Considering the average American consumes less than 5 grams of mushrooms per day, which is lower than that consumed by the participants in this study (7.6 g/day), one would expect that even a small increase in mushroom consumption can offer potential health benefits,” said Zhang. However, Zhang added that, “Although our study suggests regular consumption of mushrooms may reduce the risk of cancer, we also want to emphasize that eating a healthy and balanced diet is much more important than filling your shopping basket with mushrooms.”
1. What is the new Japanese research about?A.Healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of cancer. |
B.Often eating mushrooms reduces the risk of cancer. |
C.Drinking dairy products is good for our health. |
D.Eating fruit and vegetables makes us healthier. |
A.People who are over fat and having a poor diet. |
B.People who are feeling over stressed. |
C.People who consume much meat but few vegetables and little fruit. |
D.People who consume many dairy products and suffer cancer. |
A.It avoids the stress from a disease. |
B.It reduces environmental poisons. |
C.It hell helps reduce weight. |
D.It has a source of cancer-preventive. |
A.A state of being physically healthy. |
B.A state of keeping body balance. |
C.A physical condition that someone needs to be on a diet. |
D.A condition that a part of the body becomes red, sore and swollen. |
【推荐2】Learning a second language is tricky at any age and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to open that dusty French book. Now, in a new study, scientists have pinpointed the exact age at which your chances of reaching fluency in a second language seem to plummet: 10.
The study, published in the journal Cognition, found that it’s “nearly impossible” for language learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after 10. But that doesn’t seem to be because language skills go downhill. “It turns out you're still learning fast. It’s just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old ,” says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College.
Kids may also be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons. Children’s brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning they’re better able to adapt and respond to new information. “All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and children’s brains seem to be a lot more skilled at changing.”
Kids may also be more willing to try new things (and to potentially look foolish in the process) than adults are. Their comparatively new grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous. Unlike adults , who tend to default to the rules and patterns of their first language , kids may be able to approach a new one with a blank slate.
These findings may seem discouraging, but it was heartening for scientists to learn that the critical period for fluent language acquisition might be longer than they previously thought. Some scientists believed that the brief window closes shortly after birth, while others stretched it only to early adolescence. compared to those estimates, 17 or 18—when language learning ability starts to drop off— seems relatively old.
“People fared better when they learned by immersion, rather than simply in a classroom. And moving to a place where your desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult. If that’s not an option, you can mimic an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers in their own communities,” Hartshorne says. By doing so, it’s possible to become conversationally proficient—even without the advantage of a child’s brain.
1. The underlined word “plummet” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “ ”.A.decrease | B.rise | C.end | D.vary |
A.Children are too young to grasp a second language. |
B.Age 10-18 is the best time to learn a second language. |
C.Adults go beyond the critical period for learning a second language. |
D.communicating with native speakers enables you to master all the language skills. |
A.Flexibility of their brain. | B.A firm grasp on mother tongue. |
C.Their intellectual maturity. | D.A native language speaking workplace. |
A.the best age to learn a second language |
B.the approaches to learning a second language |
C.why kids learn a second language more easily than adults |
D.whether adults can learn a second language like their younger selves |
【推荐3】As a volunteer, John Apollos is losing weight - the old-fashioned way - by eating less. Apollos has lowered his daily caloric intake 25% over the past eight months. The fat, not surprisingly, has melted away. But that’s not the real reason Apollos and the other participants in the program are eating only three-quarters of what they used to. The researchers are trying to determine whether restricting food intake can slow the ageing process and extend our life span. “I feel better and lighter and healthier,” says Apollos. “But if it could help you live longer, that would be pretty amazing.”
The idea is counterintuitive: If we eat to live, how can starving ourselves add years to our lives? Yet decades of calorie-restriction studies involving organisms ranging from microscopic yeast to rats have shown just that. Last July a long-term study led by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, found that calorie restriction seemed to extend the lives of humanlike rhesus monkeys (恒河猴) as well. The hungry monkeys suffered from diabetes, heart and brain disease and cancer much less frequently than their well-fed fellows did.
Scientists have suspected that calorie restriction could extend the life span of animals since at least1935, when researchers at Cornell University noticed that severely food-restricted lab rats lived twice as long as normal ones and were healthier. Other investigators began exploring the idea and learned that the secret is not merely a matter of body weight.
One theory is that a state of slight hunger acts as a mild but constant stressor that makes an organism stronger and more resistant to the ills of ageing. Taking in fewer calories also slows metabolism (新陈代谢), and some data indicate that humans with a slower metabolism live longer. But even if these theories are correct, simply defining the mechanism is not the same as identifying the molecular pathways behind it. If researchers could determine those pathways, they might be able to pharmacologically mimic (模仿) the effect of calorie restriction. That could be the ultimate benefit of the CALORIE study. “Calorie restriction is pretty much the only thing out there that we know will not just prevent disease but also extend maximal lifespan,” says Dr. Marc Hellerstein, a nutritionist at the University of California.
1. The purpose of keeping diet for John Apollos and other participants is to ________.A.lose weight in order to keep slim |
B.prove how long people can survive if they lack food |
C.prove if eating less food can extend life span and keep young |
D.just keep a good mood and live a healthier life |
A.Unconventional. | B.Incorrect. |
C.Comprehensible. | D.Meaningless. |
A.people who are thin can survive longer than those who aren’t |
B.effective calorie restriction makes us healthier and live longer |
C.keeping diet cannot help people keep fit or live longer |
D.a state of hunger is beneficial for our health |
A.People should be slim in order to live longer. |
B.Keeping calorie restriction effectively makes one live longer. |
C.Eating too much is really harmful to our health. |
D.People should form a good diet habit in daily life. |
【推荐1】Young mums shopping in the Copley Mall in downtown Boston-month found themselves being questioned about their use of soap by students from Harvard Business School usually known as HBS. The students were not doing odd jobs to earn beer money. They were preparing to help a firm in Brazil launch an antibacterial cleanser.
The 900 students arriving in Boston this summer for their two-year course were told that they wouldbe subjects. The new practical addition to HBS’s curriculum is known as “FIELD” that stands for Field Immersion Experiences for Leadership Development. Fieldwork — ie, going out and talking to people — is a big change for HBS.
Not all the staff and students were overjoyed to be experimented on. But the man responsible, Nitin Nohria, head of HBS, says that “If it works, the FIELD method could become an equal partner to the case method.”
What happens in the second year of the new course is still being worked out. But the first year has three elements.First, team-building exercises. Students take turns to lead a group engaged in a project. They learn to cooperate and to give and take feedback.Second, students will be sent to work for a week with one of more than 140 firms in 11 countries. In the third part of the course, students will be given eight weeks, and seed money of $3,000 each, to launch a small company. The most successful, as voted by their fellow students, will get more funding. The experiment does not come cheap, adding 5-10% to the course’s cost, which HBS will bear while it figures out what works.
1. Why were the students questioning those young mums, according to the first paragraph?A.To promote an antibacterial cleanser. | B.To earn some money. |
C.To prepare to help a firm to launch a product. | D.To make a study about soap. |
A.will be led by a group and learn to give and take feedback. |
B.will have to set up a small company and earn at least $3,000 within eight weeks. |
C.will get more funding if his/her company is considered to be most successful by the fellow students. |
D.will be sent to work with one of more than 140 firms throughout the country. |
A.A New Course. | B.Ways of Learning. |
C.Learning Business in Practice. | D.Launching a New Business. |
【推荐2】Companies in New Zealand are working with American creators of some of Hollywood’s most famous creatures to develop animatronic dolphins that look almost the same with their living counterparts.
A robotic dolphin that can nod an answer to a child might sound unappealing. But as marine parks around the world face increasing pressure to abandon exhibitions featuring real whales and dolphins, the creatures provide an appealing alternative, their creators say.
But with a price tag of about NZ$40m (£ 20.8m) per dolphin, the biggest obstacle for the creators of the animatronic creatures is proving to potential clients that the robotic sea creatures will work out to be cheaper in the long run than the real thing.
Li Wang, a business developer for Edge Innovation, the New Zealand-based company making the case for the robots, said they do cost four times more than normal dolphins but would last longer.
Melanie Langlotz, one of the managers behind the project said, the robotic dolphin can’t be distinguished from the real thing. A test audience had been unable to guess the dolphin was not real, she added.
Animal rights advocates also welcomed the change. They hoped robotic dolphins would replace real ones in marine parks worldwide.
In nature, dolphins swim up to 40 miles a day and live in close family groups, but in captivity they were confined to concrete pools filled with chemically treated water and forced to interact with strangers. In the near future, cutting-edge technology might allow us to experience nature without harming it.
1. Why will animatronic dolphins be developed?A.To attract children. | B.To make a higher profit. |
C.To protect real dolphins. | D.To show the advance of technology. |
A.They look different from the real ones. |
B.They are appealing to marine parks as well as children. |
C.They would have a shorter lifespan compared to real ones. |
D.They would be more expensive but survive longer than real ones. |
A.To stress the significance of robotic dolphins. |
B.To inform us of bad conditions of dolphins in captivity. |
C.To clarify why dolphins live better in natural environment. |
D.To suggest that we should improve the living conditions of dolphins. |
A.Dolphins: cute animals to play with |
B.Robot dolphins: a costly but worthy alternative |
C.Robot dolphins: an attractive and affordable tool |
D.Advanced technologies benefit the environment |
Will mankind continue to live longer and have a higher quality of life? In large measure, the answer depends on technology and our ability to use it widely. If we keep making progress as we have over the past fifty years, the answer is definitely yes. The advancement of technology depends on research and development, and the latest surveys show that the united States is continuing to put billions of dollars annually(每年) into such efforts. So while we are running out of some limited resources, we may well find technological substitutes (代用品) for many of them through our research programs.
Therefore, in the final analysis, the three major factors of production (land, labor and capital) are all influenced by technology. When we need new skills or techniques in medicine, people will start developing new technology to meet those needs. As equipment proves to be slow or inefficient, new machines will be invented. Technology responds to our needs in helping us improve our standard of living.
1. What is the best title for the passage?
A.The definition of technology |
B.Modern technology |
C.The application of technology |
D.The development of technology |
A.higher quality of life |
B.medical technology |
C.modem farming machinery |
D.technological substitute |
A.Modern technology is the key to the improvement of standard of living. |
B.The three major factors of production-land, labor and capital are all influenced by technology. |
C.Technology is the response to our needs. |
D.The United States is making great efforts to advance its technology. |