Female cichlids are mouthbrooding (口育) fish, which carry their young in their mouths first as eggs and then as hatchlings. But in a study published in the journal Biology Letters, the scientists reported that in some instances, cichlid mothers swallow some of their young.
Dijkstra and his coworkers first suspected that something was wrong with their cichlid mothers when they noticed that some of the eggs in one female cichlid’s mouth were missing because the fish can hold up to 100 eggs at once, but in this case, the female was carrying only 25 eggs.
“We realized that one of the mothers wasn’t holding all of her young,” Dijkstra said. “We figured that she probably ate them. There’s quite a bit of literature out there about this phenomenon. It’s very common in a lot of animal species.”
But why would a mother chow down on her babies? The researchers said it likely is because females become desperate for nutrients while they’ re mouthbrooding.
Mouthbrooding also can be a high-stress time for female cichlids, and a prior study of A. burtoni, published in 2020, found that high-stress environments can lead mouthbrooding females to this behavior. In the new study, the authors discovered that some mouthbrooding mothers showed signs of liver damage, with levels of DNA damage that were 24% higher than in non-brooding females.
Horrible as it may sound, this behavior of female cichlids is actually a beneficial strategy for reproduction.
“As a parent, you don’t want to spend all of your energy on one child, and this is also true for humans,” Dijkstra said. “You want to make sure that in the future maybe you will have more children and you still want to be in good enough shape to take care of your existing children as well.”
It’s not only cichlids that exhibit this baby-swallowing behavior. Many different types of animals engage in this phenomenon, including many fish species, birds, insects, spiders and even some large animals.
1. What raised the researchers’ doubt?A.The disappearance of some cichlid mothers. |
B.The sickness of some female cichlids. |
C.The decreasing egg number in a female cichlid’ s mouths. |
D.The sight of some fish eggs floating in the water. |
A.Hatch. | B.Eat. | C.Protect. | D.Reject. |
A.To put forward a new discovery. |
B.To prove the accuracy of this study result. |
C.To explain the reason for female cichlids’ behavior. |
D.To show mouthbrooding can cause DNA damage. |
A.Cichlids know how to select quality eggs. |
B.Female cichlids have too much energy. |
C.Cichlids are extremely fierce fish. |
D.Female cichlids’ behavior is understandable. |
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The researchers identified 15 blue whales that have appeared off the coast of British Columbia and the Gulf of Alaska since 1997. Four of these whales were recognized as ones that were once sighted off California shores, suggesting that the whales are returning to an old migration pattern between the coasts.
Before commercial whaling began in the early 1900s, blue whales were found widely throughout the North Pacific and California waters. But from the 1920s to the 1960s,whaling severely reduced the whale populations. Blue whales never recovered in the Northern Pacific, making sightings in this area rare. However, much larger groups of whales have been observed close to California since the 1970s.
The scientists had previously thought that the California population was separate from the population that had historically lived in North Pacific waters. But the current study shows that whales off the coast of British Columbia and the Gulf of Alaska are likely part of the California population.
To identify the blue whales, the researchers looked at photos of cetaceans taken in the North Pacific Ocean and compared them with a library of blue whale pictures taken along the West Cost of the United States and Southern Pacific. Up to now, the researchers are not quite sure why the whales are changing their migration patterns, but they suspect that the whales may be following their food moving farther north by the changes in ocean conditions.
1. According to the passage, blue whales are .
A.following a fixed route of migration |
B.dying out due to commercial whaling |
C.moving from the south to the north |
D.rarely found in the Southern Pacific |
A.is different from the California population |
B.is probably part of the California population |
C.has become the largest group since the 1970s |
D.has lived there since the 1960s |
A.land creatures | B.whale species |
C.ocean conditions | D.migration patterns |
A.Commercial whaling. | B.Weather conditions. |
C.Life reproduction. | D.Food resources. |
【推荐2】Researchers from Aarhus University and University of Gothenburg have produced new maps of mammals (哺乳动物) to date connecting all living and recently extinct mammal kinds-nearly 6,000 in total.
Earlier similar studies always left out one key group of mammals: species driven to extinction by humans.
Scientists often use these maps to predict how climate change will affect species. And because the new ones show species’ footprints, they help scientists b otter see many species have had their numbers greatly reduced by humans for example, through over hunting and the destroying of their habitats.
“Brown bears may lead us to think of Alaska or Russia today but they used to cover all the way from Mexico to Northern Africa before they were widely hunted by humans.” said Faurby.
We usually think large mammals like elephants and lions line in Africa today, but for most of the last 30 million years, big animals traveled all over the Earth. It was only recently that humans drove many of these large mammals extinct, leaving a world depauperate of large mammals.
“Even some huge species that we think of as prehistoric, lived up to the time the Great Pyramid was being built,” Davis said.
Making a database that included every species of mammal was no easy task. It took the research team at Aarhus University months just to piece together existing datasets and fill in missing holes in the data.
Marking footprints on the map for them was even harder. The scientists used both DNA information and data from some dig sites around the world with a powerful new computer algorithm (算法) to predict where the extinct species fit in with mammals that are alive today.
1. What is special about the new maps of mammals?A.They are marked with dates on them. |
B.They map one key group of mammals. |
C.They are not so complete as earlier ones. |
D.They include 6000 extinct mammal kinds. |
A.Positive. | B.Concerned. | C.Unclear. | D.Doubtful. |
A.Elephants and lions are all over the world now. |
B.They died out long before the Pyramids were built. |
C.Brown bears were once limited to Alaska or Russia. |
D.They have been greatly affected by human activities. |
A.Short of. | B.Full of. | C.Famous for. | D.Suitable for. |
A.The computer algorithm is of great use. |
B.It took ages to find DNA evidence. |
C.Missing holes are pieced together. |
D.It took a lot to complete the task. |
【推荐3】Male cockatoos (风头鹦鹉) might be the rock stars of the animal kingdom-but unsurprisingly, they mainly just do it for the female.
The Australian bird is the only animal other than humans known how to make tools to compose music, a new study says. While other animals, such as chimpanzees, enjoy drumming on sticks and logs, they don’t make their own musical tools to do it.
Robert Heinsohn, a biologist at Australia National University, first witnessed the behavior in male cockatoos in northern Australia in 1997. Then, he spent the next two decades videotaping the shy animals to find out if their drumming was truly music—defined as regular beat production, repeated components, and, of course, personal style. By analyzing the beats made by the birds, he found that the sounds were highly predictable, just like human music that had a unique style. “The cockatoo was holding what looked like a stick and beating it on the tree branch, and every so often he would pause and let out either a long whistle or a sharp scream,” he said.
Importantly, male cockatoo primarily started drumming when they were around females—about 70 percent of the time, according to his research, published this week in the journal Science.
But Heinsohn did not found the females’ reactions to the males’ music and the male cockatoos didn’t dance, either, while they produced their own unique beats-an activity that usually goes hand in hand with music for many animals in love, such as swans, cranes and birds of paradise.
So Heinsohn thought such behavior may not be learned for courtship (求爱). “It seems that they are open to the pleasure of rhythm, just like humans,” he says. “As soon as one male works out a pleasing drumming rhythm that gets the approval from the females, they would stay together to enjoy it.”
1. What can we learn about the cockatoos?A.The females are the only birds that can sing. |
B.The males can make tools to compose music. |
C.The females don’t enjoy listening to rock music. |
D.The males dance to music when they are in love. |
A.was unpredictable | B.was very sharp |
C.had irregular beats | D.had unique styles |
A.Why cockatoos make music. | B.How cockatoos make tools. |
C.When cockatoos make music. | D.What are cockatoos’ reactions. |
A.A survey. | B.A zoo guide book. |
C.A news report. | D.A lab test report. |
【推荐1】In recent years, stressed-out people living in cities have been seeking protection in green spaces for the proven positive impacts on physical and mental (心理的) health, but the benefits (好处) of “blue space”-the sea and coastline, but also rivers, lakes, canals, waterfalls, even fountains-are less well advertised, yet the science has been consistent for at least a decade: being by water is good for body and mind.
“Many of the processes are exactly the same as with green space-with some added benefits,” says Dr Mathew White, a senior lecturer at the University of Exeter.
White says there are three established pathways by which the presence of water is positively related to health and happiness. First, there are the beneficial environmental factors, such as less polluted air and more sunlight. Second, people who live by water tend to be more physically active. Third-and this is where blue space seems to have an advantage over other natural environments-water has a psychological (心理的) recovery effect. When you are sailing, surfing or swimming, says White, “you’re really in step with natural forces there.”
Catherine Kelly is a wellness practitioner who teaches classes in “mindfulness by the sea”. She says the sea has a quality that can make people thoughtful.
“To go to the sea means letting go” says Kelly. “It could be lying on a beach or somebody handing you a cocktail. For somebody else, it could be a wild, empty coast. But there is this really human sense of: “Oh, look, there’s the sea-and the shoulders drop.”
1. Why are blue spaces less popular than green spaces?A.Because green spaces are good to people’s health. |
B.Because little research has been done on blue spaces. |
C.Because green spaces have more benefits than blue spaces. |
D.Because the benefits of green spaces are better advertised (宣传). |
A.Where there’s water, there’s fresh air. | B.People living near water are healthier. |
C.Water can help people regain mental health. | D.The sea can make people lost in deep thought. |
A.The sea will make you lonely. | B.The sea will hurt your shoulder. |
C.The sea will make you relaxed. | D.The sea will make you feel sad. |
A.People in cities prefer green spaces. | B.Blue spaces help both physically and mentally. |
C.Green spaces have been out of date. | D.Ways to keep us healthy. |
【推荐2】In recent years, scientists have discovered that mushrooms are much more than just a tasty addition to your favorite dish. In fact, they are the “Internet of trees” — a vast network of underground mycorrhizal (菌根的) fungi (真菌) that connects trees and other plants in a similar way to how the Internet connects people.
The mycorrhizal network is made up of hyphae (菌丝),which connect the roots of different plants and trees. These hyphae act like an underground internet, allowing plants to exchange nutrients, water, and even hormones (激素). For example, if one tree is under stress due to drought or disease, it can send out hormones to warn other nearby trees of the danger. The other trees can then prepare themselves for the coming threat.
Human beings can help trees and mushrooms by practicing “mycorestoration” in regenerative projects. With the Global Tree Initiative working towards reforestation and preserving natural habitats, it is important to share how mycorestoration can supply innovative ways to mitigate the impact of human activities.
Fungi are natural decomposers (分解器) that break down complex organic matter, like dead trees, into simpler compounds that can be absorbed by plants. This decomposition process is crucial for the health of our forests, as it contributes to nutrient cycling, soil formation, and carbon sequestration. By introducing native fungi species into areas where deforestation has occurred, we can help regenerate soil and support the growth of new trees. Fungi form symbiotic (共生的) relationships with tree roots, improving their ability to absorb water and nutrients. This increased access to resources accelerates tree growth and improves their resilience to stress, such as drought or disease.
Fostering sustainable communities through mycorestoration can be conducted through global partnerships that promote ecology within Ecovillage Design Education. The Global Ecovillage Network’s presence in five continents and in over 8,000 communities around the planet, helps the regenerative approach to community building and preservation of existing forests. By promoting sustainable land management practices and reducing our reliance on extractive industries, ecovillages can help prevent deforestation and protect the habitats of countless plant and animal species.
1. The “Internet of trees” can function as ________.A.A linker of hormones. | B.A warning of danger. |
C.A detector of diseases. | D.A destroyer of nutrients. |
A.Assess. | B.Increase. | C.Relieve. | D.Underestimate. |
A.They produce more water and nutrients. |
B.They help form complex plant-friendly compounds. |
C.They accelerate the process of carbon sequestration. |
D.They help with soil regeneration and tree growth. |
A.Promoting ecological education. |
B.Preserving existing forests. |
C.Building independent communities. |
D.Reducing reliance on industries. |
【推荐3】Scientists and spiritual teachers alike agree that the simple act of smiling can transform you and the world around you. It can make us appear more attractive to others.
How Smiling Affects Your Brain
The act of smiling activates neural messaging that benefits your health and happiness. For starters, smiling activates the release of neuropeptides (神经肽) that work toward fighting off stress. The feel-good neurotransmitters (神经介质) are all released when a smile flashes across your face as well.
How Smiling Affects Your Body
You’re actually better-looking when you smile. A study published in the journal Neuropsychologia reported that seeing an attractive, smiling face activates the region in your brain that processes sensory rewards.
Did you know that your smile is actually contagious (传染性的)? In a Swedish study, subjects were shown pictures of several emotions: joy, anger and surprise. When the picture of someone smiling was presented, the researchers asked the subjects to frown. Instead, they found that the facial expressions went directly to what subjects saw.
A.How Smiling Affects Those Around You |
B.Each time you smile, you throw a little feel-good party in your brain. |
C.So if you’re smiling at someone, it’s likely they can’t help but smile back. |
D.And it can even lengthen our lives. |
E.How Smiling Affects Your Facial Expressions |
F.They not only relax your body, but also lower your heart rate and blood pressure. |
G.This suggests that when you view a person smiling, you actually feel rewarded. |
【推荐1】We are what we eat. From calorie-inducing meals to low-fat lunches, much of our health depends on what we eat. We know about the benefits of eating properly for our physical well-being, but food-and cooking it-is proving to be good for our mental well-being as well.
Many professionals are now advocating the therapeutic value of cooking food. It’s not just about the end result but the experience someone goes through. Dr Mark Salter, a consultant psychiatrist, said, “Baking and cooking are good therapies that help patients develop planning skills, short-term memory and social skills, all of which suffer in mental illness.”
TV chef and author Nadiya Hussain agrees that cooking is great for helping our mind. She loves to bake and became the champion of the TV show, The Great British Bake Off. She says that “Baking’s always been about therapy. It’s never really been about the cake. ” And she thinks that baking is an important tool for our socialization and mental health.
Certainly, creating some delicious food has helped us get through the recent lockdown. People have said that kneading dough (揉面团) to make bread, for example, has given them a sense of calm and control when they feel lonely and depressed. Research has shown that doing creative tasks, like cooking, makes us feel happier. Nicole Farmer, who studies how food impacts our biology, behavior and mental health, said, “cooking represents the shared human experience of food, and nurturing people through food, so I think that’s where it incorporates opportunities for immediate positive emotions.”
Of course, cooking can be a very sociable activity and sharing the end result can be a rewarding experience. We can enjoy its benefits and let go of anxiety and depression.
1. How does the author prove his point of view?A.By making comparisons. | B.By giving examples. |
C.By making logical reasoning. | D.By listing numbers. |
A.Creating food benefits us physically. |
B.Kneading dough makes us feel delightful. |
C.Cooking is linked with delayed positive emotions. |
D.Cooking helps us feel positive during the lockdown. |
A.Science fiction. | B.Cooking guide. |
C.Health magazine. | D.Psychological textbook. |
【推荐2】Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous and seems to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.
This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women all over the world rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.
If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn only a few times, have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.
Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.
The fashion frenzy of women is so obvious that one may even wonder — do constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, to some extent, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? That is for you to decide.
1. What does “ludicrous” mean in Paragraph One?A.fashionable | B.glamorous | C.absurd | D.charming |
A.They love new fashion. | B.They love new clothes. |
C.They want to look beautiful. | D.They are too vain. |
A.Outward appearance. | B.Comfort. | C.Individuality. | D.Durability. |
A.The constant changes in fashion reflect the qualities of women. |
B.New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial exploitation of women. |
C.The top designers seem to have the right to dictate the latest trend in fashion. |
D.Compared with women, men have the basic quality of reliability. |
【推荐3】According to archaeological evidence, at least 5, 000 years ago, and long before the rise of the.Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars mainly to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on the cycles of the sun and the moon. Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. For those living near the equator in particular, its changes were more noticeable than the passing of the seasons. So the calendars that were developed at lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern areas, however, where seasonal agriculture was practiced, the solar year became more vital.
Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had developed a calendar having twelve months of thirty days, with five days added to approximate to the solar year. They divided the day into twelve temporal or seasonal hours. A temporal hour was one twelfth of the time from sunrise to sunset. Similarly, they divided the night into twelve hours from sunset to sunrise. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. In the daytime, summer hours were long, and winter ones short. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who spread them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.
In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials(日晷). To keep time during the night, inventors designed another time keeping instrument called the water clock. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water fell in drops. The falling water level showed the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines cut on the inner surface. Although these instruments performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe. As a result, generations of inventors put their efforts into designing all-weather, more accurate timekeeping instruments.
1. The cycles of the sun had more influence on the ancient calendars usedA.in more developed countries | B.in more southern areas |
C.at higher latitudes | D.near the equator |
A.The Babylonians. | B.The Egyptians. | C.The Greeks. | D.The Romans. |
A.It was very expensive. | B.It wasted too much water. |
C.It couldn't show the correct time. | D.It didn't work properly in icy weather. |
A.The passing of the seasons. | B.The invention of artificial light. |
C.The early history of timekeeping. | D.The calendars used in Roman times. |