What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science? We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.
The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.
What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity — he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.
He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes. He utilizes the facts he observes to the fullest extent. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum.
He is suspicious — he does not accept statements which are not based on the most complete evidence available — and therefore rejects authority as the only basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.
Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.
Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place.
These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.
1. Many people believe that science helps society to progress through________.| A．applied knowledge | B．more than one aspect |
| C．technology only | D．the use of machines |
| A．It gives the scientist confidence and pleasure in work. |
| B．It gives rise to interest in problems that are unexplained. |
| C．It leads to efforts to investigate potential connections. |
| D．It encourages the scientist to look for new ways of acting. |
| A．easily believe in unchecked statements |
| B．easily criticize others’ research work |
| C．always use his imagination in work |
| D．always use evidence from observation |
| A．Application of technology. |
| B．Progress in modern society. |
| C．Scientists’ ways of thinking and acting. |
| D．How to become a successful scientist. |
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【推荐1】Words are the tools through which we can heal or destroy. They are weapons that hurt people as well as magical sticks that repair everything.
Good words are encouraging words, caring and loving words, powerful words etc. To fill someone’s wound, the good words should be used. So, just say, good things are going to happen. I am always with you. You can make it.
Good words have healing power.
To avoid hurting others with your words, you’d better speak the way you want others to speak to you. Whatever you say and whoever you’re speaking to, be aware of your words.
| A．Now what are bad words? |
| B．The same sentences apply for other purposes as well. |
| C．But sadly, nowadays people speak without thinking. |
| D．All in all, a proper word says a lot than to speak lots of words uselessly. |
| E．When we read motivational books, the book motivates us by its words. |
| F．So in our language words need to be good because our •words tell about us. |
| G．When you involve in an argument, remember that no one has won in argument. |
【推荐2】I’d like to share a little story with you about something that happened when I was four. I remember it clearly. Our loving family dog was nearing the end of his life. My father picked him up and put him in a little bed we had made for him. Our dog, my companion, whom we had cared for, bit my father when he attempted to help him. How could he? Why? I couldn’t understand it. I didn’t like him anymore.
I hadn’t thought about that story for a long time but something that happened last week brought it back to me. I went to speak with a friend. When I knocked on the door, I met in an instant an angry look and a few harsh(尖刻的)words. When the door was slammed(砰地关上)in my face, I stood there shocked, and in a rush, I was reminded of my dog bit my father 20 years ago or so. What brought that story back was that same feeling of betrayal.
Both stories taught me something the next day. You see, when I got up in the morning and was told my dog had died, it became clear to me that he must have been in great pain. For him to have bitten a family member, he could not have been himself. Much the same for the other story when I learned that my friend’s wife had just left him.
We are all beings of our environments, our opinions and feelings. And all of those things can cause you to say and do things that can’t be understood by those who are not in the same situation with you.
If you meet someone either behaving out of character or acting in a way that doesn’t seem to fit the situation, put out your hand and be patient when you think it is least possible for him to do so. You may turn around a story that has a sad ending simply by your actions.
1. What is the influence of the incident mentioned in Paragraph 1?| A．It hurt his father’s feeling deeply. | B．It has puzzled the author ever since. |
| C．It left a deep impression on the author. | D．It made the author dislike dogs. |
| A．He was ill-tempered. |
| B．He was suffering the pain of losing his wife. |
| C．He was bothered by an unexpected visit. |
| D．They once quarreled and he couldn’t forgive the author. |
| A．Misunderstanding should be removed in time. |
| B．Sometimes one will be hurt without any reason. |
| C．Many people think more of themselves and less of others. |
| D．Many factors will affect one's behavior. |
| A．Help those in need. |
| B．Look before you leap. |
| C．Respect for others is a kind of virtue. |
| D．Learn to put yourself in others’ shoes. |
【推荐3】After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept the boy home, but he had expressed an interest in meeting me, and it would mean a great deal to him. I agreed.
During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular dystrophy(肌肉萎缩症). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to see five, then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen. He wanted to meet me because I was a gold-medal power lifter, and I knew about overcoming obstacles and going for my dreams.
I spent over one hour talking to Matthew. Never once did he complain or ask, “Why me?” He spoke about winning and succeeding and going for his dreams. Obviously, he knew what he was talking about. He didn’t mention that his classmates had made fun of him because he was different. He just talked about his hopes for the future, and how one day he wanted to lift weight with me.
When we finished talking, I went to my briefcase and pulled out the first gold medal I won and put it around his neck. I told him he was more of a winner and knew more about success and overcoming obstacles than I ever would. He looked at it for a moment, then took it off and handed it back to me. He said, “You are a champion. You earned that medal. Someday when I get to the Olympics and win my own medal, I will show it to you.”
Last summer I received a letter from Matthew’s parents telling me that Matthew had passed away. They wanted me to have a letter he had written to me a few days before:
Dear Rick,
My mom said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I don’t have long to live anymore. But I still smile as much as I can.
I told you someday I was going to the Olympics and win a gold medal. But I know now I will never get to do that. But I know I’m a champion, and God knows that too. When I get to Heaven, God will give me my medal and when you get there, I will show it to you. Thank you for loving me.
Yours,
Matthew
1. The boy wanted to meet the author because _______.| A．he was interested in weight lifting | B．he wanted to get a gold medal |
| C．he admired the author very much | D．he wanted the author to know him |
| A．Why do you come to see me? | B．Why do I have to stay at home? |
| C．Why does the disease fall on me | D．Why not give a gold medal to me |
| A．Matthew is a determined boy | B．Rick used to have the same disease |
| C．Matthew became a champion finally | D．Rick regarded Matthew as normal |
| A．he was not worthy of it | B．he would not be pitied by others |
| C．he knew he would die soon | D．he thought he himself could earn one in the future |
【推荐1】Turning 18 is a big deal when you are a teenager. It means you are responsible for yourself and don’t need your parents’ permission anymore. However, there are lots of opinions about when one becomes an adult. Some are based on science, while others are personal opinions.
While currently the age is 18, science supports 25 as a more sensible age for adulthood, and I agree. While studying the brain of teenagers, scientists have learned that when kids are around 18, their prefrontal cortex (前额皮层) is only halfway developed. The prefrontal cortex helps people set and achieve goals by receiving signals from different regions of the brain to process information and adapting accordingly. That halfway development means that you still have things to learn and your brains still have time to develop until the age of 25.
Some people think going off to college and living on your own qualify you as an adult, while others may believe having a steady income and being able to afford to live on your own are what make you an adult. Not everyone has a fortunate life where they have family that can provide support; there are situations where you are forced to become an “adult” whether you like it or not.
In the foster care (寄养) system, once a child turns 18, he or she is considered an adult and can no longer receive state-sponsored support. These children are forced into a life where they have no family or anyone to support them other than those who were there for them in the system.
Having a quality job will allow you to supply yourself with necessary things to live and help you become a more mature and responsible person. Also, going through difficult times and realizing life isn’t as easy as it seems, should qualify someone as an adult.
1. What is the author’s attitude toward considering 25 as an age for adulthood?| A．Cautious. | B．Uncaring. |
| C．Doubtful. | D．Positive. |
| A．By dealing with received signals and responding accordingly. |
| B．By collecting information from other parts of the body. |
| C．By sending instructions to different regions of the brain. |
| D．By transporting sensed emotions and making records. |
| A．Give a definition of adulthood. |
| B．Stress the importance of family support. |
| C．Prove not everyone lives a fortunate life. |
| D．Show opinion on becoming an adult is divided. |
| A．Families. | B．Children in the foster system. |
| C．Workers in the foster system. | D．Adults. |
| A．Setting up a family. | B．Being responsible for your study. |
| C．Embracing the low moments in life. | D．Buying yourself quality things to live. |
【推荐2】World First Aid Day is a global observance that is held every year on the second Saturday in September to make people learn about how first aid can save lives. It was introduced in the year 2000 by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and has been celebrated each year ever since. Around 100 Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies organize ceremonies and events on this day every year. The theme this year is “First Response to Road Crashes” to focus on the importance of giving first aid to save the lives of people involved in road traffic accidents.
Worldwide, about 2 million people are killed and 50 million are injured in road crashes each year; road accidents are the primary reason for death among young people aged 15 to 29, given that 49% of deaths are pedestrians (行人). For motorcyclists, wearing a motorcycle helmet can reduce the risk of death in the event of a crash (by up to 40% ) and the chance of a serious injury (by up to 70% ). Seat belts reduce the risk of death by 45% to 50% for front-seat passengers and up to 75% for rear-seat passengers. Lack of oxygen (or hypoxia) is one of the most common causes of death among traffic accident victims. Road accidents right now rank as the 9th leading cause of death and are expected to climb up to the 7th position by 2030.
To respond to the theme of “First Response to Road Crashes”, the IFRC has a toolkit (软件包) on their website that consists of an interactive quiz, posters, and learning material on first aid in response to a road crash. The learning material lists the “Top 10 Prevention / Simple Actions to help avoid a car crash” and the “Top 10 Action / First Aid actions in case of the road accident”. The interactive quiz evaluates (评估) your behaviour on the road.
It is vital that everyone follows simple rules like respecting other people and traffic regulations, fastening seat belts, wearing helmets and high-visibility protective clothing. All these can prevent road crashes. For more information please click here.
1. What can we know about World First Aid Day?| A．It was founded by IFRC. |
| B．It has a history of 30 years. |
| C．It is celebrated on the same day each year. |
| D．It mainly aims to reduce the traffic accidents. |
| A．Some advice on safe driving. | B．Danger of breaking traffic rules. |
| C．Some facts about road accidents. | D．First-aid tips for road crashes. |
| A．Assess your car conditions. | B．Finish a quiz to win awards. |
| C．Design posters about first aid. | D．Test your knowledge of first aid. |
| A．In a newspaper. | B．On the Internet. |
| C．In a magazine. | D．In a textbook. |
【推荐3】Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
1. What does the author seem to like about cherries?| A．They contain protein. | B．They are high in vitamin A. |
| C．They have a pleasant taste. | D．They are rich in antioxidants. |
| A．To make them smell better. | B．To keep their colour. |
| C．To speed up their ripening. | D．To improve their nutrition. |
【推荐1】Many of the world’s most well-known people were once successful failures. Here are the stories of a few of them.
Abraham Lincoln(1809-1865)
Abraham Lincoln was one of America’s greatest leaders, taking the country through the Civil War(from 1860 to 1865). However, his life was never easy. He started numerous businesses that failed. He went bankrupt twice, and was defeated in 26 campaigns for public office. He is courageous and persistent. He later said, “My great concern is not whether you have failed, but whether you are content with your failure.”
Vincent Van Gogh(1853-1890)
Van Gogh is one of the most famous and influential painters in the history of Western Art. He’s renowned(著名的) for paintings such as The Starry Night, The Potato Eaters and Sunflowers. However, Van Gogh became famous all over the world after his death. During his lifetime, he sold only one painting for a very small amount of money. Despite this, he carried on painting, sometimes even going without food so he could complete his collection of over 800 known works.
Albert Einstein(1879-1955)
Albert Einstein won the Noble Prize in Physics in 1921. However, he wasn’t always considered as a “genius”. He didn’t speak until he was four, and couldn’t read until he was seven. His teachers and parents thought he was slow, so he was expelled(开除) from school and couldn’t get into the Zurich Polytechnic School. He later famously said, “Success is failure in progress.”
Stephen King(born 1947)
Stephen King is one of the best-selling authors of all time, but his first book, Carrie, was rejected by about 30 publishers. Eventually, Stephen threw it in the bin, but his wife fished it out and encouraged him to resubmit it, which he did successfully this time!
1. Which statement is true about Abraham Lincoln?| A．He led the American War of Independence. |
| B．He was full of courage and persistence. |
| C．He never succeeded in his business. |
| D．He is the greatest president of the United States. |
| A．Abraham Lincoln. | B．Albert Einstein. |
| C．Vincent Van Gogh. | D．Stephen King. |
| A．He was really too clever so that he needn’t go to school.. |
| B．His teachers and parents thought he was slow. |
| C．He couldn’t speak or read at all. |
| D．He was naughty and didn’t obey the school rules. |
| A．They all suffered failure before they succeeded. |
| B．They are known for their writings. |
| C．They were born in the same century. |
| D．They are all Americans. |
【推荐2】The Mattel toy company created a new Barbie doll with the famous British scientist Jane Goodall as its model. The company issued the new doll this week, the latest member of the Barbie toymaker’s “Inspiring Women”. Mattel said the doll, made from used plastic, honored Goodall’s deep research on chimpanzees(黑猩猩)in Tanzania and her efforts to protect the wild animals.
The doll was dressed in a light brown shirt and shorts, much like that seen in many images of Goodall at work in Africa. It also came with a notebook, telescopes and another doll modeled on the real chimp Goodall named David Greybeard, He was the first chimpanzee with which she built trust in Tanzania’s Gombe Stream National Park. The relationship permitted her to study the animals extremely closely. “I wanted a doll to be me even before this idea came up,“the 88-year-oldscientist said, She praised Mattel for developing new Barbies standing for a wider number of working women.
Lisa McKnight agreed. She is the Executive Vice President and Global Head of Barbie and Dolls for Mattel. She said, “We hope that this collection encourages kids to learn more about green careers and how they can protect the planet, and act out stories about environmental protection through doll play.”
Goodall started her research in what is now Tanzania in the 1960s. She produced much research on wild chimpanzees over the years. She recorded how they made and used tools, lived in communities,and showed a high level of emotional(情感) understanding.
Goodall wanted to teach children that if they wanted to have a good effect on the changing environment, they must act. Goodall said,“Hope is about action on climate change, loss of wildlife, unfriendly lifestyles and pollution. We reach out to others because there are people working on each one of these problems.….”
1. What do we know about the doll modeled on Goodall?| A．It was created by Goodall. | B．It looked like a chimpanzee. |
| C．It was in honor of a great woman. | D．It was named David Greybeard. |
| A．The habits of chimpanzees. |
| B．The reasons for Goodall doing research. |
| C．Goodall’s research work with chimpanzees. |
| D．The connection of Goodall and chimpanzees. |
| A．Keep healthy. | B．Be friendly to others. |
| C．Adapt to the environment. | D．Protect the natural environment. |
| A．Barbie Doll Honoring Jane Goodall |
| B．A New Doll Is About to Go on Sale |
| C．Women Should Have Green Careers |
| D．Environmentally Friendly Action Is a Must |
【推荐3】The Nobel Prize in Literature, which has been awarded annually almost every year since 1901, netted（净赚）the winning author 747,000 pounds ($915,000), a medal and certificate, and the legal duty to deliver a lecture in Sweden at some future date. The winner was selected, as usual, by the Swedish Academy, which also picked a second laureate（获奖者）this year to make up for the fact that no prize was presented in 2018 because of a scandal（丑闻）.
The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2018 was awarded to the Polish author Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic（百科全书式的）passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”. She won last year’s Man Booker International Prize for her novel Flights. Her representative works include Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead and Primeval and Other Times.
The Nobel Prize in Literature for 2019 was awarded to the Austrian author Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity（语言的独创性） has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience”. His representative works include Sorrow Beyond Dreams, Slow Homecoming and The Great Fall.
Before the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Literature winners, there are also two nominees（被提名者）who have attracted much attention. Chinese people are keeping their eyes on nominee Can Xue. Can Xue, whose real name is Deng Xiaohua, was born in Central China’s Hunan Province in 1953. She had a tough childhood working as a worker in a street factory for eight years. Her life experience has formed her own unique literary path. Can’s books have been translated and published outside China. Frontier, published in the US in 2017, won attention and applause from the West.
The other hot guess is Japanese writer Haruki Murakami whose books and stories have been bestsellers in Japan as well as internationally, with his work being translated into 50 languages and selling millions of copies outside his native country. His work has received numerous awards. Internet users keep eyes on him in the Nobel Prize in Literature because he has become hot guess for years. His representative works include Norwegian Wood, Kafka on the Shore and 1Q84.
1. Why are two writers awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature this year?| A．To fill the prize gap of 2018. |
| B．To attract more people’s attention. |
| C．To inspire more outstanding writers. |
| D．To satisfy the development of literature. |
| A．Her high popularity. | B．Her language skills. |
| C．Her numerous works. | D．Her writing style. |
| A．Flights. | B．The Great Fall. |
| C．Frontier. | D．Kafka on the Shore. |
| A．He has created hundreds of great novels. |
| B．He has received lots of awards all the time. |
| C．He has been supposed to win the prize for years. |
| D．He has been recognized as the most popular writer. |
