The increased use of light-emitting diodes (LED) and other forms of lighting are now brightening the night sky at a dramatic rate. Research has revealed that light pollution is now causing the night sky to brighten at a rate of around 10% a year, an increase that threatens to ruin the sight of all but the most brilliant stars in a generation. A child born where 250 stars are visible at night today would only be able to see about 100 by the time they reach 18.
Physicist Christopher Kyba, of the German Centre for Geosciences told the Observer. “A couple of generations ago, people would have regularly encountered this glittering (闪耀) vision of the universe—but what was formerly universal is now extremely rare.” Nevertheless, the introduction of only a modest number of changes to lighting could make a considerable improvement, Kyba argued. These moves would include ensuring outdoor lights are carefully capped, point downwards, have limits placed on their brightness, and are not predominantly blue-white but have red and orange components.
The problem is that light pollution is still not perceived by the public to be a threat. As Professor Oscar Corcho, of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, has put it: “The negative consequences of light pollution are as unknown by the population as those of smoking in the 80s.”
Yet action is now urgently needed. Apart from its astronomical impact, light pollution is harming human health. “When reddish light shines on our bodies, it stimulates mechanisms including those that break down high levels of sugar in the blood. Since the introduction of LEDs, that part of the spectrum (光谱) has been removed from artificial light and it is playing a part in the waves of obesity (肥胖) and rises in diabetes cases we see today,” said Prof Fosbury from University College London (UCL),
UCL researchers are preparing to install additional infrared (红外线) lamps in hospitals and intensive care units (ICU) to see if they have an effect on the recovery of patients who would otherwise be starved of light from this part of the spectrum.
1. What does the author want to show by citing the child’s example?A.More objects in the universe will disappear. |
B.Light pollution is blinding our view of the stars. |
C.People’s perception of the universe is inadequate. |
D.New forms of lighting have made stars unnecessary. |
A.They are practical. | B.They are rarely successful. |
C.They aren’t worth the effort. | D.It takes ages to see the result. |
A.Controlling population growth. |
B.Changing people’s perception. |
C.Exploring the unknown universe. |
D.Banning smoking in public places. |
A.Whether they help patients recover. |
B.Whether they increase obesity risk. |
C.Whether they leave people starving. |
D.Whether they raise blood sugar level. |
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【推荐1】Scientists at Rice University in Houston, Texas have developed a fabric-based (基于织物的) wearable tool that “hits” users’ wrists (腕关节) with pressurized air, silently guiding them to their finishing point. The study, put out on August 29 in the magazine Device, showed that users could correctly read which direction the tool was telling them to go since the wearable uses air instead of electronics, it can be built lighter than present designs.
The wearables may benefit people with hearing loss, and experts such as doctors, pilots, and soldiers who are crowded with signs and sounds.
But while tools that produce signs or sounds are prevalent in everyday life, tools that use touch-based signs are still uncommon.
To get over this difficulty, the Rice University researchers developed a light, comfortable wearable tool from fabric materials that can be worn on a user’s arm. The team tested the tool by measuring forces applied to the user as a function of pressure and the shape of the wearable.
“Every person has a differently shaped arm, a different feeling of what ‘feels good’ in terms of the forces applied and the timing of the forces, and different abilities in responding to the type of touch-based signs we sent,” said Barclay Jumet the lead author of the study. “Fortunately, our fabric-based wearable tool is easily tailorable (可定制的) and adjustable (可调节的) to a series of body types and sizes.”
After testing the performance of the touch-based wearable tool in a lab-based study, the researchers set out to see how well these tools could guide users in a real-world situation. “We were amazed that the user was able to find his way around the streets of Houston and later follow 50 meters long on an open field with 100% exactness in receiving and reading touch-based signs,” said Daniel Preston, the co-author of the study,
“Further development will seek to improve the ability to pass on even more difficult signs that are easily and naturally noticed by the user,” said Preston.
1. Why are the wearable tools lighter?A.The wrist requires lighter tools. | B.The fabric of the tool is light. |
C.They use air to “hit” users’ wrists. | D.It is in response to the call from scientists. |
A.Alarming. | B.Pleasing. | C.Clear. | D.Common. |
A.By carrying out more studies. | B.By developing high-quality fabric. |
C.By tailoring and adjusting the tool. | D.By sending exact touch-based signs. |
A.The cause of testing the tool in real life. |
B.The test of the tool’s real-life performance. |
C.The perfection of the touch-based wearable tool. |
D.The necessity of stepping from the lab to the real world. |
【推荐2】For me, a large part of growing from a girl into a woman was developing a hatred for my body. When I was a kid, I didn’t think about my body all that much. My attitudes towards my body changed around middle school when people were talking about staying“in shape”and going on diets. And thus I started to internalize the harmful standard that we have to look good all the time.
Looks are given far too much importance in our society. Women are supposed to look perfect all the time. We’re supposed to idolize (崇拜) celebrities who have far more time and money to spend on their appearance than the average person. It’s simply not attainable.
I love the idea of body positivity. I firmly believe that everyone should try to love themselves as much as possible. However, it’s almost impossible to love every part of your body all the time. Personally, I could never achieve that. It’s a good idea to promote body positivity in theory, but it also allows us to beat ourselves up because we don’t love ourselves all the time.
Body neutrality (中立) is a much more attainable goal. Body neutrality promotes the idea that your body is simply your body instead of thinking something is good or bad. This mentality is easier to achieve, and it doesn’t force you to try to love things you don’t love. We don’t need to love every part of our body —it’s just a body.
Another way to view your body is to be thankful for everything that it does for you rather than how it looks. For example, I am grateful that my body allows me to go skiing because I love skiing. This shift in mentality can be helpful because it focuses on your body’s ability to do things you love, instead of your appearance.
Ultimately, the ideal mentality is loving every part of your body all the time. However, the more realistic alternative is accepting your body for what it is and what it does for you. Love can come after, but neutrality is a good place to start.
1. Why did the author change her attitude towards appearance around middle school?A.Because she was influenced by others. |
B.Because she began to dislike her body. |
C.Because she thought it important to stay in shape. |
D.Because she failed to meet her school’s standards. |
A.Supportive. | B.Doubtful. | C.Prejudiced. | D.Indifferent. |
A.Pursuing perfection in terms of body image. |
B.Trying to change your appearance constantly. |
C.Loving every part of your body unconditionally. |
D.Accepting your body as it is without judgment. |
A.Ignoring its limitations. |
B.Focusing on appearance. |
C.Being grateful for its capabilities. |
D.Being critical of its imperfections. |
【推荐3】Why is it that many people who have suffered a major shock, such as divorce or death of a family member, seem to be weaker against a variety of major and minor illnesses? One common idea among psychologists has been that people could deal with suffering more effectively if they were able to understand and accept it.
Recently, a team of medical researchers studied the links between describing psychologically painful events and long-term health. In one experiment healthy college students were asked to write about either personally disturbing experiences or ordinary topics over a period of four days. In the months afterwards, students who had chosen to show their inner thoughts and feelings in their writing visited the health center for illness much less often than those who had written about everyday topics.
In an experiment that followed, another group of healthy students were given the four-day writing exercises. Some chose to write about highly personal and upsetting experiences. When questioned immediately afterwards, they said that they did not feel any better. However, their blood samples (样本) taken before and after the experiment showed evidence of an improved resistance to illness. The white cells that fight off bacteria and viruses had increased their reaction and sensitivity to these “invaders”. This trend continued over the following six weeks.
The researchers suggested that failure to face up to painful experience can be a form of stress itself, and can increase the possibility of illness. The answer is not to suffer in silence. It may not always be possible to talk about personal problems, but writing them down will help the body to fight disease in the long run.
1. What were the students who wrote about painful events likely to do in the first experiment?A.They started to suffer psychological problems. |
B.They enjoyed sharing their inner thoughts and feelings. |
C.They were less likely to seek treatment for sickness. |
D.They couldn’t deal with suffering effectively. |
A.They had more bacteria and viruses in their blood. |
B.They had decreased feelings of loneliness. |
C.They showed an improved white cell reaction. |
D.They did better in their writing tasks. |
A.The white cells. |
B.Bacteria and viruses. |
C.Resistance to illness. |
D.The reaction and sensitivity of the cells. |
A.Suffering and Health |
B.Inner Thoughts and Feelings |
C.Illness and Health |
D.Mental Illness and Social Acceptance |
【推荐1】Objects in the night sky are disappearing from view because of light pollution, according to a new study. Outdoor lighting from street lamps, office buildings and vehicle headlights leads to sky less bright, which is when the night sky gets brighter. The brighter it is at night, the harder it is to see stars and planets from Earth.
Christopher Kyba, an astronomer with the GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, led his team studying 50,000 star observations between 2011 and 2022. “If the brightening of the night sky continues at the current rate,” Kyba said, “a child born in a place where 250 stars are visible will only be able to see 100 stars by the time he or she turned 18.”
The issue is global but particularly common in North America, where 80% of people cannot see the Milky Way galaxy(银河系). This huge group of billions of stars should look like a wide strip of light in the dark night sky. However, only very remote places, such as the Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest, have a truly dark night sky.
Light pollution makes it harder for astronomers to study stars and planets. It also causes problems for animals. Animals active at night like bats become confused and crash into objects. Turtles that hatch(孵化) at night need moonlight to find the sea, but artificial lights can confuse them and make them head inland instead. Birds in cities often wake up and start singing earlier than they should. Human lights also cause themselves to produce less of a chemical called melatonin (褪黑激素). This can lead to sleep problems, headaches, tiredness, and mood issues.
To help, scientists want to raise awareness of light pollution. They suggest that people use outdoor lighting that causes less light pollution, such as motion-sensitive lights that switch on only when they’re needed.
1. How does the author lead in the topic of the text?A.By asking a question. |
B.By referring to a study. |
C.By making comparisons. |
D.By showing experiments. |
A.Light pollution is becoming serious. |
B.Stars are becoming fewer year by year. |
C.Kids are losing interest in watching stars. |
D.It’s easier for adults to see stars than kids. |
A.Humans produce more melatonin. |
B.Turtles are forced to hatch at sea. |
C.Birds in cities wake up much later. |
D.Bats can get lost during the flight. |
A.Pollution does affect children. |
B.Light causes human sleep problems. |
C.Light pollution is making stars disappear. |
D.There are some ways to deal with light pollution. |
【推荐2】A decade-long study, also the first major research into air pollution and disease has shown that living near a main road increases the risk of dementia(痴呆). The study of 6.6 million people found that one in 10 dementia deaths in people living within 50 metres of a busy road was due to waste gas and noise.
Air pollution is already known to contribute to the deaths of around 40,000 people in Britain each year by worsening breathing and heart conditions, while previous research showed emissions (排放物) can cause brain shrinkage. But the new study by Canadian public health scientists is the first to find a link between living close to heavy traffic and the increasing of dementia, a discovery described as "believable" and "impressive" by British experts.
Dr Hong Chen said. "Our study suggests that busy roads could be a source of environmental stressors that could give rise to the onset of dementia. Population growth and urbanization has placed many people close to heavy traffic, and with widespread exposure to heavy traffic and growing rates of dementia, even a modest effect from near-road exposure could cause a large public health burden. More research to understanding this link is needed, particularly into the effects of different aspects of traffic, such as air pollutants and noise."
In the new study, the team tracked all adults aged between 20 and 85 living in Ontario for more than a decade from 2001 to 2012. They used postcodes to determine how close people lived to a main road and analyzed medical records to see if they went on to develop dementia, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis(多发性硬化).
While there was no correlation between living near a road and Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis, dementia risk reduced as people lived further from a main road, with a 7 percent higher risk in developing dementia among those living within 50 metres; a 4 percent higher risk at 50-100 metres and a 2 percent higher risk at 101-200 metres. After 200 metres there was no increase. Researchers believe that noise of traffic may also play a role in the raised risk as well as other urban pollution, which is often present near busy roads.
1. What can we know about Canadian's new study?A.British experts think highly of it. |
B.It brings benefits to dementia patients. |
C.It shows that air production is very serious. |
D.It shows that air pollution can cause brain shrinkage. |
A.people are diagnosed with dementia mainly due to air pollution |
B.widespread exposure to traffic will reduce the risk of having dementia |
C.the link between living near roads and having dementia was not obvious |
D.busy roads could be a source of environmental stressors that caused dementia to increase |
A.Change. | B.Improvement. |
C.Association. | D.Secret |
A.Living near a main road adds to the risk of noise. |
B.Living beyond 300 metres of a main road is safe for people. |
C.Living within 200 metres of a main road has a lower risk of having dementia. |
D.The further people live away from heavy traffic, the smaller the risk of having dementia. |
Man has been polluting the earth. The more people, the more pollution. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people. When the land was used up or the river was dirty in one place, man moved to another place. But this is no longer true.
Man is now slowly polluting the whole world.
Air pollution is still the most serious. It’s bad for all living things in the world, but it is not the only one kind of pollution. Water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. Noise pollution makes us angry more easily.
Many countries are making rules to fight pollution. They stop people from burning coal in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. Pollution by SO2 is now the most dangerous kind of air pollution. It is caused by heavy traffic. We are sure that if there are fewer people driving, there will be less air pollution.
The earth is our home. We must take care of it. That means keeping the land, water and air clean. And we must take care of the rise in pollution at the same time.
1. _______, our world is becoming much smaller.
A.Because of the rise in pollution |
B.Thanks to science development |
C.Because the earth is being polluted day and night |
D.Because the earth is blown away by the wind every year |
A.much easier than | B.as easy as |
C.much harder than | D.as hard as |
A.rubbish(垃圾) | B.noise pollution |
C.air pollution | D.water pollution |
A.it makes much noise |
B.it makes us angry more easily |
C.it makes our rivers and lakes dirty |
D.it’s bad for all living things in the world |
A.Many countries are making rules to fight pollution. |
B.The pollution of the earth grows as fast as the world population does. |
C.The problem of pollution is not so serious because there are not so many people living on the earth. |
D.If people could go to work by bus or bike instead of car or motorbike, it would be helpful in fighting against the problem of SO2. |
【推荐1】A study was carried out as a cooperation program among researchers at the universities of Turku (Finland), Sydney (Australia) and Cordoba (Spain). Those researchers used artificial nests (人工鸟巢) to test two methods for reducing the nest predation (捕食) of endangered ground-nesting birds.
Predator control is a common challenge in areas where many animals, such as ground-nesting birds, cannot bear the impact of the increased number of predators. For example, in areas that have fewer top predators, the red fox population can be overly large for the areas they live in. Besides, predator control by hunting can be hard and cannot be carried out everywhere or at any time, for example, during the birds’ nesting season. In such cases, the foxes can cause a decline in the populations of some birds.
In the first experimental sites, the researchers spread waterfowl’s smell in wetland areas. With the chemical camouflage (伪装), the researchers studied whether predators might fail to find the artificial bird nests. In other areas, the researchers used eggs giving off an unpleasant smell which could cause discomfort with the goal of making predators believe that the bird eggs were not eatable. The researchers also used control sites which they visited as frequently as the experimental sites to stop predators from making the right choices.
The study showed that the chemical camouflage especially decreased the predation of the artificial bird nests by red foxes. “Unlike other predators, red foxes were more easily deceived into not eating bird eggs than some other predators. We found red foxes might rely more on their sense of smell to find bird nests. The chemical smells could make most of them think the food they found could not be eaten,” explains Senior Researcher Vesa Selonen from the University of Turku.
“Our results are interesting as they show that these approaches could reduce the nest predation of endangered birds. We’re wondering whether the results we observed with the artificial nests can also lead to the protection of real bird nests and a larger number of young birds,” says Professor Toni Laaksonen from the University of Turku.
1. What does the author want to show by mentioning predator control?A.The number of red foxes is out of control. |
B.The living areas of ground-nesting birds are limited. |
C.Predator control and hunting should be applied together. |
D.New solutions for fighting predation are necessary. |
A.Driving away the smart predators. |
B.Causing the bird eggs to be unsuitable for eating. |
C.Making the wetland areas attractive to the predators. |
D.Confusing the predators about the location of nests. |
A.Forced. | B.Raised. | C.Cheated. | D.Frightened. |
A.Put their research methods into practice. |
B.Search for new sites to continue the experiments. |
C.Perfect their methods to study birds’ nesting behavior. |
D.Develop more methods of designing artificial nests. |
【推荐2】High blood pressure, a common condition, rarely has noticeable symptoms, which make the condition difficult to identify, and that is why many people don't know they have it. The best way to find out whether you have the condition is to have your blood pressure(BP) checked with a monitor.
This is important because spotting any problems as early as possible reduces the risk of complications(并发症),which include cardiovascular disease such as stroke(中风),heart attack and heart failure, and kidney disease.
So how often should we check your blood pressure to find out whether you have the condition?
Dr Sarah Brewer, medical director of Healthspan, said if you haven91 had your blood pressure checked in the last year, make this a priority.
She explained, "If the reading is below 130/80 mmHg, then you go forward and have your blood pressure checked at least once every 5 years as it tends to increase slowly with age. If your BP is on the high side of normal (130/85mmHg to 139/89mmHg) or if you are aged 40 or over, it's best to have an annual check. If your blood pressure is 140/90mmHg or higher, see your doctor for advice on high blood pressure."
How often should you check your blood pressure if your BP is high?
If you have hypertension(高血压),check your blood pressure as often as your doctor tells you to, said Dr Brewer.
She added, "Guidelines suggest your doctor review you every 3 to 4 months until your blood pressure is well controlled. Once your blood pressure is stable on medication, you may be reviewed less often, every 6 months or annually. It's a good idea to check your blood pressure with a home monitor so you can ensure it isn't increasing or affected by changes in diet, lifestyle and stress?"
1. Why are many people unaware they have high blood pressure based on the passage?A.Because its symptoms are difficult to identify. |
B.Because they don't consider high blood pressure risky. |
C.Because the way to identify high blood pressure is not found yet. |
D.Because it is difficult to get a monitor used to check blood pressure. |
A.it is impossible to spot it as time goes by |
B.patients won't have to see a doctor regularly after that |
C.uncontrolled high blood pressure can lead to serious health problems |
D.it will take doctors less money to treat patients with high BP by doing that |
A.A 41-year -old adult should have BP checked at least once a month. |
B.BP will never change if you have it checked with a monitor. |
C.It is good for you to consult a doctor if your BP is 140/90 mmHg or higher. |
D.You don't have to worry about BP if your age is below 40. |
A.Health. | B.Style. | C.Life. | D.Sport. |
【推荐3】High in the Swiss Alps, St Moritz made its name as a place for pushing the boundaries of winter sports. Recently, the region continued its long tradition of expanding the limits of what is possible with a world record attempt-not on snow or ice, but on rails. To mark the 175th anniversary of Switzerland’s first railway, a railway company created the world’s longest passenger train-100 cars, 2, 990 tonnes and almost two kilometers long.
Formed of 25 new electric trains, the record-breaking 1, 906-meter train took almost an hour to cover around 25 kilometers over the impressive UNESCO World Heritage Albula Line, which is famous for its endless swooping curves and steep inclines (斜坡). The mountain railways are regarded as great feats of engineering. The 62-kilometer line be- tween Thusis and St Moritz, a world-renowned masterpiece of civil engineering, took just five years to build despite requiring 55 bridges and 39 tunnels.
Unlike most Swiss and European railways, which use the standard gauge (标准轨距) between the rails of 1. 435 meters, the rails, known as Rhaetische Bahn rails, are just one meter apart. “In order to complete the train’s journey successfully, everything has to be perfect. We need to be 100% synchronized (同步的), every second. Everyone has to keep their speed and other systems under control at all times, " lead driver Andreas Kramer said. "We need to know the Albula Line very well, every change of gradient, and every incline. "
The mountainous Swiss landscape has encouraged creative transportation solutions for generations, resulting in one of the most train-reliant nations in the world. On average, Swiss citizens travel about 2, 450 kilometers by train annually-an estimated quarter of their total transportation system. In 2021, Swiss Federal Railways operated 11, 260 trains carrying 880, 000 passengers and 185, 000 tonnes of goods per day on a 3, 265 kilometer-long network with 804 stations. Therefore, the successful record attempt will be great for the local area and for the country as a whole.
1. Why is the world’s longest passenger train created?A.To satisfy people’s increasing demand for transportation. |
B.To celebrate the 175th year of Swiss first railway. |
C.To encourage people to pay attention to Swiss winter sports. |
D.To attract more visitors to appreciate the beauty of St Moritz. |
A.Achievements. |
B.Competitions. |
C.Difficulties. |
D.Expectations. |
A.Boring but well-paid. |
B.Impressive and difficult. |
C.Demanding and challenging. |
D.Dangerous but rewarding. |
A.Tourism increasingly gains popularity among Swiss citizens. |
B.Constructing the world’s longest train has proven to be difficult. |
C.The successful record attempt has great significance for Switzerland. |
D.The development of green transportation is an important growing trend in Switzerland. |