The early life of the green sea turtle (海龟) is full of danger. Only one in 1,000 baby sea turtles survive to adulthood. From its home in the sand, it breaks its egg with an egg tooth. Its mother is not there to help it. Instead, it is greeted by crabs, coyotes, and dogs waiting to eat it for dinner. To survive, the baby turtle must hide in the sand until night. There, it moves slowly to the sea.
The small turtle must swim hard to reach the ocean waters. In the sea, it tries hard to find food. It must also keep itself from being food for fish.
As dangerous as the sea turtle’s life is in the natural world, its most dangerous enemies are humans. The rubbish left by humans in the ocean causes problems for the small green sea turtle. A little turtle might eat a piece of plastic in the sea. It might also eat oil on the ocean’s surface. Young turtles also get caught in fishing nets. There are laws against hunting sea turtles. Still, many are hunted, both for their meat and for their shells (壳). All of these dangers must be prevented.
Sea turtles that do survive to grow into adulthood go through many changes. For example, adult green sea turtles weigh about 500 pounds. They stop eating jellyfish and other meat and eat only plants. And they may plan a trip to go back home again. A mother sea turtle goes back to the beach where she was born. This is the only place where she will lay eggs. Even if it has been forty years since she was a baby, she always knows her way back home.
1. Why do baby turtles move to the sea at night?| A．They dislike sunshine. | B．They need to avoid enemies. |
| C．They can find food easily then. | D．They prefer lower temperatures. |
| A．Interesting. | B．Careless. | C．Poor. | D．Puzzled. |
| A．They mainly feed on fish and meat. |
| B．They can live for around forty years. |
| C．They visit their beach homes several times a year. |
| D．Mother turtles always produce eggs at their birth places. |
| A．The homes of green sea turtles. |
| B．How sea turtles find their food. |
| C．The danger faced by sea turtles. |
| D．How young turtles became adults. |
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【推荐1】Are we human beings the only creatures in the world with a moral sense? Most experts in behaviour believe that morality is a uniquely human quality — yet I’m convinced that many animals can distinguish right from wrong. Decades spent watching animals have persuaded me that species living in groups often have a sense of fair play built on moral rules of conduct that strengthen their social relationships.
My studies of baby dogs and wolves reveal that they use a special signal to prevent misinterpretation of playful actions. They perform a “bow” — lowering the forelimbs (前肢) closer to the ground while keeping the back upright — when starting play, or in association with unfriendly actions such as biting, to convey their original intention. And role exchange is common, so that during play a dominant animal will often allow a physically weaker animal to have the upper hand. Such behaviors reduce inequalities in size, strength and dominance between playmates, promoting the cooperation that is essential for social play to occur. Indeed, on some occasions when an animal says “Let’s play” and then beats up an unsuspecting (无戒备的) animal, the “criminal” usually finds itself ostracized (排斥) by its former playmates.
What does this tell us about human morality? We should stop seeing ourselves as morally superior to other animals. True, our big brains give us a highly complicated sense of what’s right and wrong, but they also give us a much greater ability to benefit from immoral behaviour. In that sense, animal morality might be “purer” than our own. We should accept our moral responsibility towards other animals, and that means developing and enforcing more restrictive rules governing animal use. While animal minds may vary from one species to another, they are not so different from our own, and only when we accept this can we truly be moral in our relations with nature as a whole.
1. Which of the following about animals is TRUE according to the first two paragraphs?| A．Most animals have trouble telling right from wrong. |
| B．A “bow” can be a special signal to avoid misinterpretation of playful actions. |
| C．Species living alone don’t have a sense of fair play built on moral rules of conduct. |
| D．Lowering the forelimbs closer to the ground while keeping the back upright will lead to unfriendly actions. |
| A．It puts unsuspecting animals at a disadvantage. |
| B．It allows dominant animals to control the group. |
| C．It helps physically weaker animals develop survival skills. |
| D．It requires animals to follow the rules to avoid being crowded out. |
| A．Humans are indeed morally superior to animals. |
| B．Humans and animals share the same immoral behaviour. |
| C．Humans should treat animals on equal terms with themselves. |
| D．Humans should distinguish between moral animals and immoral ones. |
| A．Are animals moral beings? |
| B．Morality: Why it matters |
| C．Is human morality a product of natural selection? |
| D．Morality: How it differs between humans and animals |
【推荐2】A California wind farm will become the first in the U. S. to avoid charges if a limited number of eagles are injured or die when they run into the huge turning blades(桨叶), the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service said Thursday.
The Shiloh IV Wind Project LLC, 60 miles east of San Francisco, will receive a special permit allowing up to five golden eagles to be accidentally killed over five years. Previously, such eagle deaths could potentially draw criminal charges and discourage private investment in wind farms.
Agency Director Daniel Ashe said the permit encourages development of renewable energy while requiring the wind company to take steps to protect eagles from turbines(涡轮机)and power lines. The move will help California reach its goal of producing one-third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, he said.
Michael Hutchins of the American Bird Conservancy said he believes the five-year permit for the California wind farm is reasonable, but he said the rapid expansion of wind energy has gotten ahead of the science and regulation to protect all types of birds. Too often, he said, wind farms are built in migratory patterns or near wetlands.
Birds on the hunt can become dizzy by what’s on the ground and fly into the blades, Hutchins said.
“Is it really green energy if it’s going to kill hundreds of thousands of birds or bats each year?” he said. “The whole system needs a much harder look.”
Shiloh IV Wind Project is a 102-megawatt wind farm operating since 2012 and made up of 50 turbines in Solano County.
Shiloh is the first to obtain a permit. Marie Strassburger, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s regional migratory bird chief, said that obtaining one requires a lengthy process, and because this is the first of its kind, officials have carefully made conversation plans with the wind company.
“It’s not a quick, efficient process by any means,” Strassburger said.
Federal wildlife officials in California, Nevada and Southern Oregon are working on two more applications for five-year eagle permits and one for 30 years, said Scott Flaherty of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Sacramento. Eagles are not listed as endangered, but they are protected under a federal act.
1. Shiloh IV will be breaking the law if ___________.| A．its turbines injure any birds in California |
| B．it withdraws its private investment in wind farms |
| C．its equipment kills over five golden eagles in five years |
| D．it builds wind farm in migratory patterns or near wetlands |
| A．To encourage green energy |
| B．To protect big turning blades |
| C．To prevent criminal activities |
| D．To support research on eagles |
| A．Tolerant | B．Uncaring |
| C．Surprised | D．Critical |
| A．Showed great caution |
| B．Reached an agreement quickly |
| C．Wanted to list eagles as endangered |
| D．Had already singed tow similar permits |
| A．Daniel Ashe | B．Scott Flaherty |
| C．Michael Hutchins | D．Marie |
【推荐3】There's plenty of video evidence on social media about some urban wildlife during pandemic lockdown（疫情封锁）.And while it's been for tragic, costly reasons, we have to stop the human activity all over the world for a while.
On an increasingly crowded planet, wildlife scientists think that this will have some important effects.The only way to measure that, though, is with lots of bio-loggers.
Professor Christian Rutz, University of St Andrews said that a bio-logger is a small electronic device that can record, store and in some cases automatically send information, so that information could be positional information, from which we can find out through satellite（卫星） tracking where an animal goes and what it's up to.
Through using the labor-saving equipment, researchers can get much information.For example, the information about more than 1500 birds' movements and migrations （迁徙）was recorded by those bio-loggers over a decade effortlessly.
However, studying human absence is more tricky."One famous study in the Chernobyl exclusion zone that I visited with scientists last year, has shown how nature took over a landscape that was abandoned after the nuclear disaster." Professor Christian Rutz said.
Now, in dozens of ongoing studies, wildlife researchers have their bio-loggers on animals from African elephants to migrating birds, and some of that data has been automatically uploaded throughout lockdown.Scientists do the research by focusing on the behaviour of animals without the presence of human.
Professor Christian Rutz told BBC： "And so this is really a golden opportunity to research this relationship between humans and wildlife and we hope that this project will inspire us to make plans for the future and there are some very useful suggestions that could come out of this.”
This lockdown has been at huge human and economic cost, which is why scientists say it's important to maximize what we can learn from lockdown, about how to share the space we have with many other animals.
1. Which is not the function of bio-loggers?| A．storing information of animals |
| B．recording information of animals |
| C．tracking the position of animals |
| D．sharing information of animals on the public media |
| A．unique. | B．difficult. | C．shallow. | D．common. |
| A．To research how bio-logger is used on animals. |
| B．To prove that animals can not live without humans. |
| C．To research how the absence of human affects animals. |
| D．To prove that bio-logger is effective to send the information. |
| A．Protecting wildlife is a wise choice. |
| B．Wildlife might benefit from lockdown. |
| C．Bio-loggers are widely used during the lockdown. |
| D．It doesn't matter whether we stop human activity or not. |
【推荐1】According to a new USDA(the U.S.Department of Agriculture)report,U.S.forests could worsen global warming because they are being destroyed by natural disasters and are losing their ability to absorb planet-warming gases as they get older.The report predicts that the ability of forests to absorb carbon will start declining after 2025 and that forests could release up to 100 million metric tons of carbon a year as their emissions from decaying(腐烂)trees go above their carbon absorption.Forests could become a“substantial carbon source”by 2070,the USDA report says.
The loss of carbon absorption is driven in part by natural disasters such as wildfires, tornadoes and hurricanes,which are increasing in frequency and strength as global temperatures rise.The disasters destroy forestland,destroying its ecosystem and decreasing its ability to absorb carbon,according to Lynn Riley,a senior manager of climate science at the American Forest Foundation.Aging forests also contribute.The report found that older,mature trees absorb less carbon than younger trees of the same species,and U.S.forests are rapidly aging.
This trend is likely to continue,as forests come under increasing threat from climate change and exploitation(开采).The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s,according to Simon Lewis,professor in the school of geography at Leeds University. “Humans have been lucky so far,as tropical forests are cleaning up lots of our pollution,but they can’t keep doing that indefinitely,”he said.“We need to cut down fossil fuel emissions before the global carbon cycle starts working against us.”
U.S.forests currently absorb 11 percent of U.S.carbon emissions,or 150 million metric tons of carbon a year,equal to the combined emissions from 40 coal power plants,according to there port.The loss of forests as natural carbon absorbers will require the U.S.to cut emissions more rapidly to reach net zero.“As we work to decarbonize(碳减排),forests are one of the greatest tools.If we were to lose that tool,it means we will contribute that much more in emissions,”Riley said.
1. What is the main finding of the report?| A．Forests are suffering from decaying trees. |
| B．Forests could contribute to global warming. |
| C．Forests are being destroyed by natural disasters. |
| D．Forests have become substantial carbon absorbers. |
| A．The key role of forests in the ecosystem. |
| B．The consequences of frequent natural disasters. |
| C．The impact of rising global temperatures on forests. |
| D．The reasons for forests’ declining ability to absorb carbon. |
| A．Reducing fossil fuel emissions. |
| B．Cleaning up decaying trees in time. |
| C．Planting trees on a large scale. |
| D．Limiting the exploitation of forests. |
| A．To offer suggestions on forest management. |
| B．To stress the significance of forest protection. |
| C．To present the efforts made to reach net zero. |
| D．To show the carbon emissions from coal power plants. |
【推荐2】The stomach is an extremely strong organ, full of acid to break down each meal. In order to prevent this acid from burning a hole in our stomachs and damaging other organs, our stomach lining is specially adapted to contain the acid safely.
H. pylori are able to live in the stomach by living in the lining, safe from harsh stomach acid. These bacteria are actually pretty common in people, approximately a third of Australians have H. pylori in their bodies, but not all have symptoms.
The bacteria can eventually create infection in stomach lining, a condition known as gastritis, by wearing away the lining and allowing stomach acid to burn away stomach tissue, causing painful ulcers.
Up until the 1980s, it was thought that bacteria could not survive in stomach acid. The cause of stomach ulcers was due to lifestyle choices: stress, smoking, spicy foods; the stomach acid was breaking through the lining on its own.
This belief was first questioned in 1979 by Robin Warren, an Australian pathologist, who found bacteria on a microscope slide containing the stomach lining of a patient with gastritis. In the years that followed Warren continued his research.
Warren then teamed up with Barry Marshall in 1981 and the two continued with the research, trying to separate the mystery bacteria and find a cure. Over the next three years, they tested their theories with some positive results; however, the idea that bacteria could be the cause of gastritis was not widely accepted or even acknowledged.
Finally, fed up with being ignored and confident in his findings, Bary Marshall decided to test on himself. He infected himself with H. pylori and soon developed gastritis and terrible stomach ulcers. Marshall then began to cure himself by taking a dose of antibiotics. This once and for all proved not only that bacteria could grow in stomach acid, but it could also cause gastritis and stomach ulcers.
Eventually, the world fully acknowledged Warren and Marshall’s huge contribution to science and medicine and the two were awarded the Nobel prize in Medicine in 2005, twenty-six years after Robin Warren first began his research.
1. We can learn from the text that H. pylori are a kind of________.| A．organs | B．infections | C．bacteria | D．symptoms |
| A．Lifestyle choices caused stomach ulcers. |
| B．Stomach acid could break through the lining on its own. |
| C．Bacteria couldn’t survive in the stomach. |
| D．Some bacteria can create infection by burning away stomach tissue. |
| A．Choosing unhealthy lifestyles. | B．Introducing H. pylori to his own stomach. |
| C．Finding the bacteria on stomach lining. | D．Growing H. pylori in the lab. |
| A．chemists | B．patients | C．researchers | D．the general public |
【推荐3】A self-driving ship named after the Mayflower has been brought back while trying to re-create the cross-Atlantic trip made by the original Mayflower in 1620.
Last Tuesday, a robotic ship called the Mayflower Autonomous Ship (MAS) took off from Plymouth, England. Its mission was to re-create the 1620 crossing of the Atlantic by the Mayflower, which brought the first European settlers to what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
But unlike the original Mayflower, there are no people on the MAS. Everything about the ship is designed to run automatically. The ship is guided by an artificial intelligence (AI) system called “Al Captain”.
The MAS is a project run by a group called ProMare along with the computer company, IBM. The ship's electric motor is powered by solar energy. The goal of the project is to test different kinds of technologies for collecting information about the sea. If these can be handled by machines, it could be a big advance in ocean research. Sending humans to collect information at sea can be difficult, lonely, and dangerous.
In addition to cameras and radar to help the ship guide itself, the ship is carrying many different kinds of tools and sensors. It has special listening devices which can detect whales and dolphins. It even has a special “tongue” which can report back on the chemicals in the water.
Last Friday morning, scientists tracking the ship noticed that it was going about half as fast as it should have been going. The AI Captain was working well, but there seemed to be something slowing the motor down. Since the ship had only covered 10% of the way across the Atlantic, the team decided to bring it back to Plymouth so they could fix the problem and send it out again. They sent the MAS instructions to turn back.
When the MAS finally does put out to sea again, it is expected to take about three weeks to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The fastest speed for the MAS is about 10 mph (10 miles per hour). That may seem slow, but it's about 5 times faster than the original Mayflower, which took 66 days to make the journey.
1. The aim of the MAS project is to ________.| A．take more Europeans across the Atlantic |
| B．experiment with technologies for sea exploration |
| C．develop new artificial intelligence system |
| D．test the AI Captain on the sea |
| A．The robotic ship's electric motor didn't work well. |
| B．The scientists failed to guide the ship completely. |
| C．The AI Captain reduced the speed of the MAS. |
| D．There was something wrong with the AI Captain. |
| A．The entire cross-Atlantic journey will be about 2,100 miles. |
| B．The journey are likely to be difficult and dangerous. |
| C．The Mayflower Autonomous Ship has set sail again. |
| D．The original Mayflower travelled at about 2 mph at most. |
| A．A Robotic Ship Guided by the AI Captain System |
| B．Self-driving Mayflower Ship Forced to Turn Back |
| C．The Fastest Robotic Ship Sailing Across the Atlantic |
| D．Another Mayflower Managing to Re-create the Cross-Atlantic Trip |
【推荐1】One sheep, two sheep. Wait, why are we counting sheep again? Counting sheep to fall asleep is a method that seems to be as old as time. But have you ever stopped to think about why they’re sheep? Why not cats? Or dogs?
While the origin of why people count sheep to fall asleep has no exact root, there’re a few guesses. The most popular belief, according to Mental Floss, has to do with shepherds in Britain in Middle Ages. Apparently, if shepherds used communal grazing land (公共牧场), they were responsible to keep a headcount of their sheep each night So before going to sleep, they counted their sheep to ensure they were all accounted for.
But at least one book claims the link between sheep and sleep goes back even further, reports Mental Floss. “A chapter in Disciplina Clericalis suggests that counting sheep has already been part of certain cultures for centuries.”
So does counting sheep to fall asleep actually work? Apparently, you might want to seek other options first. “Involving the brain in a relaxing, repetitive task slows the mind, and stops our racing stressful thoughts from taking over,” says Hilary Thompson, a health consultant. “Unfortunately, counting sheep isn’t one of these helpful tasks. Researchers at Oxford University put it to the test and discovered that subjects who pictured running waterfalls and rivers could fall asleep more quickly.”
In addition to picturing something relaxing, breathing techniques also tend to be very effective sleeping aids. “I prefer to teach patients the breath work,” says Dr Elizabeth Trattner. “Breath in through the nose for a count of 4, hold for 7 and make a whooshing noise out for the count of 8. This breathing technique resets the body, and lowers both stress and anxiety.”
1. Before going to bed, why did shepherds count sheep?| A．To learn to count numbers. |
| B．To help fall asleep quickly. |
| C．To make all sheep were there. |
| D．To play games with other shepherds. |
| A．Counting sheep has a long history. |
| B．The book was written for a long time. |
| C．Counting sheep was quite interesting. |
| D．The book describes life of shepherds. |
| A．It is helpful to sleep. | B．It doesn’t work very well. |
| C．It increases sleep time. | D．It makes mind relaxing. |
| A．Listening to soft music. | B．Picturing water running. |
| C．Imagining relaxing things. | D．Applying breathing techniques. |
【推荐2】It’s a common belief that the roles actors play might somehow reflect their true personalities. It’s usually not true, but British actress Phoebe Waller-Bridge, 34, is an exception.
In September, 2019 Waller-Bridge took home three Emmy awards for her work on Fleabag–--- best writing in a comedy series, best lead actress, and best comedy series.
Her success is partly because of her family. Descended (遗传) from British nobility, Waller-Bridge was brought up in a free environment. Her mother always told her, “You can be whatever you want if you imagine it.” So Waller-Bridge broke all the rules about what a “good” girl should do. “Our laws and moral codes don’t apply – she lives ... without fear of consequence,” The Sun noted.
That fearlessness extends to being real in her writing and acting. Unlike the can-do heroines and strong, successful women in many TV dramas, Waller-Bridge shows an imperfect but real character. Just like the character Fleabag, who always found a way to say or do the wrong thing, Waller-Bridge feels her life is a mess. “It resonated (共鸣) with the lives of stressed-out women everywhere in reality – doing their best to find balance in their lives,” a viewer wrote on US movie website IMDb. Variety magazine even calls her an “all-around icon”.
Villanelle in Killing Eve, another hit TV series developed by Waller-Bridge, was a little bit violent but showed no interest for the rules others created, which made many people see themselves in her.
“People have been scared to write characters like these. But I think, now, women are so relieved to have this new model. And, aren’t we all a bit of everything?” Waller-Bridge said in an interview with Indian Express.
With such courage and sincerity, Waller-Bridge is, without a doubt, a “golden girl” in Hollywood, Australian news website The New Daily commented.
1. What is Waller-Bridge good at ?| A．Directing films. | B．Designing. | C．Performing. | D．Writing reports. |
| A．Waller-Bridge grew up in a rich home. |
| B．Waller-Bridge is a bad girl in nature. |
| C．Waller-Bridge family results in her achievements. |
| D．Waller-Bridge’s mother gave her encouragement. |
| A．Variety magazine. | B．The Sun. | C．The New Daily. | D．Indian Express . |
| A．Staying true. | B．Being hardworking. | C．Being talented. | D．Being brave. |
【推荐3】When did you last write a letter? Properly write one — by hand? In a digital world, where sending a text or email is far more convenient than using snail mail, is the writing on the wall for traditional pen and paper? Well, some people claim that writing still has many benefits, so maybe it’s not time to ditch your ballpoint or fountain pen yet.
These days, when people request things in writing, a typed, electronic document will be accepted. Doing this on a computer means it could be saved, edited, copied and sent via email. But crafting a handwritten document is unique: it requires planning and thought, and, as well as practising your handwriting, it helps you to remember spelling and punctuation.
Some experts believe your brain benefits from using old-fashioned pen and paper. This is particularly relevant for students, where typing notes into a laptop is thought to lack the “tactile feedback (触觉反馈)” to the brain that contact between pen and paper does. BBC Worklife website quotes Hetty Roessingh from the University of Calgary, who says that taking notes by hand involves cognitive (认知的) engagement in summarising, paraphrasing, organising, concept and vocabulary mapping. Others agree that handwriting may boost fine motor skills in your hands and fingers.
There are everyday benefits of using pen and paper too. Scribbling (匆忙书写) notes, shopping lists or messages on the back of an envelope can still be useful, quick and portable. But putting pen to paper in a letter to a friend or loved one can probably have the most impact. Pen pal writer Katherine Moller told the BBC, “In a world where it is so easy to hop online to email or to send a fast text, it is so personal and so precious to know someone chose to turn off the virtual world to spend some time with you.”
So, while digital skills remain important, don’t write off your pens and pencil s yet— especially if your smartphone, tablet or laptop runs out of power.
1. Which word can replace the underlined word “ditch” in the first paragraph?| A．Abandon. | B．Preserve. | C．Conduct. | D．Grasp. |
| A．It can be edited and delivered online. | B．It develops people’s cognitive abilities. |
| C．It lacks the “tactile feedback” to the brain. | D．It develops motor skills throughout your body. |
| A．People are supposed to turn off the virtual world. |
| B．Scribbling notes, shopping lists, or messages saves time. |
| C．It is quite convenient to communicate with others online. |
| D．Writing by hand is an important way to care about others. |
| A．There are Disadvantages of Typing |
| B．You can Reduce Your Time Spent on Computer |
| C．There are Many Ways to Improve Your Handwriting |
| D．Don’t Give up Your Handwriting even in Digital World |
