The stomach is an extremely strong organ, full of acid to break down each meal. In order to prevent this acid from burning a hole in our stomachs and damaging other organs, our stomach lining is specially adapted to contain the acid safely.
H. pylori are able to live in the stomach by living in the lining, safe from harsh stomach acid. These bacteria are actually pretty common in people, approximately a third of Australians have H. pylori in their bodies, but not all have symptoms.
The bacteria can eventually create infection in stomach lining, a condition known as gastritis, by wearing away the lining and allowing stomach acid to burn away stomach tissue, causing painful ulcers.
Up until the 1980s, it was thought that bacteria could not survive in stomach acid. The cause of stomach ulcers was due to lifestyle choices: stress, smoking, spicy foods; the stomach acid was breaking through the lining on its own.
This belief was first questioned in 1979 by Robin Warren, an Australian pathologist, who found bacteria on a microscope slide containing the stomach lining of a patient with gastritis. In the years that followed Warren continued his research.
Warren then teamed up with Barry Marshall in 1981 and the two continued with the research, trying to separate the mystery bacteria and find a cure. Over the next three years, they tested their theories with some positive results; however, the idea that bacteria could be the cause of gastritis was not widely accepted or even acknowledged.
Finally, fed up with being ignored and confident in his findings, Bary Marshall decided to test on himself. He infected himself with H. pylori and soon developed gastritis and terrible stomach ulcers. Marshall then began to cure himself by taking a dose of antibiotics. This once and for all proved not only that bacteria could grow in stomach acid, but it could also cause gastritis and stomach ulcers.
Eventually, the world fully acknowledged Warren and Marshall’s huge contribution to science and medicine and the two were awarded the Nobel prize in Medicine in 2005, twenty-six years after Robin Warren first began his research.
1. We can learn from the text that H. pylori are a kind of________.| A．organs | B．infections | C．bacteria | D．symptoms |
| A．Lifestyle choices caused stomach ulcers. |
| B．Stomach acid could break through the lining on its own. |
| C．Bacteria couldn’t survive in the stomach. |
| D．Some bacteria can create infection by burning away stomach tissue. |
| A．Choosing unhealthy lifestyles. | B．Introducing H. pylori to his own stomach. |
| C．Finding the bacteria on stomach lining. | D．Growing H. pylori in the lab. |
| A．chemists | B．patients | C．researchers | D．the general public |
相似题推荐
At the start of nearly every doctor's visit, chances are that you will be asked to get your weight measured for that day's exam record - and you would be hard-pressed to find a person whose physician has not brought up his or her weight at some point, and doctors' recommendations to drop pounds are still extremely common. But many conversations around weight have become a barrier, not a help, in the campaign to make people healthier.
Higher body masses are associated with increased risk for hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease. Many studies have shown that heavier people are at higher risk for these illnesses. But the big picture is not the whole picture. Researchers have identified a smaller group of overweight people considered to be ''metabolically (新陈代谢地) healthy'' - meaning they do not exhibit high blood pressure or other diseases.
Research over the past two decades has shown that health professionals have negative attitudes toward fat people. Some refuse to see these patients at all, as the South Florida Sun Sentinel reported in 2011. Such practices keep people from regular annual exams and prevent the finding of serious underlying conditions. Not only that but doctors' appointments with fat patients are shorter on average, and they routinely use negative words in their medical histories of such people. And research suggests that the stress of being a heavy person may cause metabolic changes that may lead to more poor health outcomes.
To achieve better health outcomes, doctors should focus on behaviors that have proven positive outcomes for health instead of the weight-centric health care practice. And people of all sizes are entitled to evidence-based factors that empower them and keep them healthy. Lifestyle changes, such as eating fruits, vegetables and whole grains, along with increased physical activity, can improve blood pressure, levels and sensitivity - often independently of changes in body weight.
1. What will you be asked to do when visiting a doctor for the first time? (不多于4个单词)2. Why does the stress of being a heavy person may lead to more poor health outcomes? (不多于6个单词)
3. What are doctors expected to do to achieve better health outcomes? (不多于10个单词)
4. What is the passage mainly about? (不多于4个单词)
【推荐2】Staying in hospital can be difficult for patients, often causing fear and anxiety, especially in younger individuals. These emotions can easily take over, but hospitals in Richmond, Virginia, have programs to relieve some of the stress and create moments of joy.
Due to a program called Dogs On Call provided by the non-profit organization Center for Human-Animal Interaction, at the Children’s Hospital of Richmond, the sound of dogs coming down the hallway creates an atmosphere of excitement among child patients. For 21 years, the volunteer-run program has been connecting dogs with those in need of an inspiring moment.
With the necessary registration steps, dogs and handlers can participate in weekly visits to the hospital. Besides the scheduled visits, parents or children can request a specific team to visit their rooms.
“When a patient interacts with a dog, it can decrease blood pressure and reduce pain,” says Nancy R. Gee, executive director of the center. Their faces change just for a moment. They’re not thinking about their health situation or their pain. Just for that moment, they’re just kids with a dog.
Instead of Dogs On Call, Bon Secours St. Mary’s Hospital of Richmond provides Happy Wheels, a program in which a cart full of treats and other items rolling through the halls of the hospital. The volunteer-run program visits four times a week. They go from room to room to hand out toys, coffee, snacks, and other comfort items. All of the items found in the cart are donated to the program and handed out to families in all children’s care units.
“It’s an opportunity for the children to be children and to get excited about a new toy coming in their rooms, ”says Laura Gepford, child life specialist at St. Mary’s Hospital. “Besides the fevers, the medicine and all the difficult things that occur in the hospital, they have the shining of happy moments. That’s what people hold onto. ”
1. What do we know about the program Dogs On Call?| A．Dogs might frighten the child patients. |
| B．Dog visits must follow a fixed schedule. |
| C．It gives mental treatment to the child patients. |
| D．It is financially supported by the government. |
| A．Children care for dogs by nature. |
| B．Children’s moods are changeable. |
| C．Children are too young to take their illness seriously. |
| D．Children’s spirits are lifted by the dogs’ companion. |
| A．Concerned. | B．Appreciative. | C．Dissatisfied. | D．Doubtful. |
| A．By bringing patients comfort and cheer. |
| B．By changing people’s attitude to illness. |
| C．By telling people the importance of play. |
| D．By guiding parents to better comfort kids. |
【推荐3】Supercomputers which can analyse blood samples and predict which patients are likely to become seriously ill could save tens of thousands of lives a year, it was revealed last night, according to The Daily Express.
The artificial intelligence (AI) system, developed at University College London and set to be piloted in NHS hospitals later this year, will screen “at risk” patients so doctors can take early action to prevent death or serious illness. Prof Young, a consultant surgeon at Southend University Hospital, said: “I am so excited about this form of technology.”Instead of people getting sick or dying because they are not picked up in time, this will allow us to step in earlier which will save lives and an enormous amount of money. “I think the potential of AI in healthcare like this is as big as the Industrial Revolution was — and signals a completely new example in the way we manage healthcare.”
The technology is the brainchild of Dr Vishal Nangalia, a consultant at the Royal Free Hospital in London. He used AI to analyse a billion stored blood samples from 20 different UK hospital trusts dating back up to 12 years. Computers assess blood test results by picking up subtle changes in red and white blood cells, suggesting a patient is going downhill.
He found the technique forecast outcomes of patients with kidney problems with up to 95 per cent accuracy. Traditional methods highlighting serious patient concerns picked up as few as 16 percent of patients who went on to die. “This gives us the opportunity not only to save lives but to prevent serious illness, making the health service not only safer but more efficient.” Prof Young said, “Instead of waiting for people to get worse, we will be able to treat them earlier.”
1. What does the underlined phrase “screen” in Paragraph2 mean?| A．comfort. | B．treat. |
| C．spot. | D．nurse. |
| A．By storing blood samples. |
| B．By analyzing patients’ cases. |
| C．By observing changes in blood cells. |
| D．By assisting doctors with their operations. |
| A．To show the influence of AI. |
| B．To stress the importance of health care. |
| C．To introduce the topic of supercomputers. |
| D．To present the achievement he has accomplished. |
| A．It helps patients recover earlier. |
| B．It has helped save thousands of lives. |
| C．It will promote the health service greatly. |
| D．It is intended for patients with kidney diseases. |
If you have an allergy to some food, even a very tiny bit of food can make you sick. Lots of kids have food allergies — about 3 million in the United States alone.
The foods that cause the most food allergies include peanuts and other nuts; seafood, such as shrimp; milk, particularly cow's milk; eggs; wheat.
What Is a Food Allergy?
Food allergies occur when your immune system makes a mistake. Usually, your immune system protects you from germs and disease. It does this by making antibodies that help you fight off bacteria, viruses, and other tiny organisms that can make you sick. But if you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly treats something in a certain food as if it's really dangerous to you.
What's a Reaction Like?
In the most serious cases, a food allergy can cause anaphylaxis (过敏症). This is a sudden, severe allergic reaction in which several problems occur all at once and can involve the skin, breathing, digestion, the heart and blood vessels. A person's blood pressure can drop, breathing tubes can narrow and the tongue can swell. People at risk for this kind of reaction have to be very careful and need a plan for handling emergencies, when they might need to get special medicine to stop these symptoms from getting worse.
What Will the Doctor Do?
If you think you may be allergic to a certain food, let your parents know. They will take you to the doctor to get it checked out. If your doctor thinks you might have a food allergy, he or she will probably send you to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. The allergy specialist will ask you about past reactions and how long it takes between eating the food and getting the symptom, such as hives. The allergist also may ask about whether anyone else in your family has allergies or other allergyrelated conditions. The allergist may also want to do a skin test. This is a way of seeing how your body reacts to a very small amount of the food that is giving you trouble.
1. According to the passage, you will have a food allergy when your immune system ________.| A．recognizes tiny organisms in a certain food |
| B．mistakenly makes antibodies to help fight off something in a certain food |
| C．prevents something harmful in the food from entering your digestive system |
| D．releases chemicals to remove harmful things in a certain food |
| A．Blood pressure rising. |
| B．Lips swelling. |
| C．Breathing difficulty. |
| D．Heart beating becoming slow. |
| A．Taking medicine as soon as an allergic reaction appears. |
| B．Avoiding eating any food when going outside. |
| C．Always carrying with special medicine for possible symptoms. |
| D．Preparing a plan for dealing with emergencies ahead of time. |
| A．Ask you about the allergyassociated information. |
| B．Give you some medicine right away. |
| C．Enquire about your present feeling towards the food. |
| D．Give you a shot of liquid extract of food. |
【推荐2】While gazing at an airplane passing thousands of feet overhead, or when you are just about to board a flight at the airport, have you ever noticed that the majority of airplanes are white? Sure, some have decorations and names in different colors, but the base color behind those add-ons is almost always white.
Now, thinking of your summer wardrobe, which has at least a couple of white items, be it a T-shirt, a pair of pants, or a skirt. The main reason people prefer white on a hot day is its particular ability to reflect sunlight. The color white is a terrific reflector of sunlight, and reflects almost all the light that falls on it, unlike other colors, which absorb some of the light. So, just like clothing, aircraft producers use white paint to keep airplanes cool. It minimizes the heating as well as the potential harm from solar radiation. Planes have some parts made from plastic, carbon fiber, and fiberglass. Those things in particular need the most protection from the blazing sun.
The next reason for painting planes white is even more practical. It’s just cheaper to have white-colored plane. You see, all airplanes start out white when they’re made. But what if an airline decides to paint theirs, say, bright yellow? An additional layer of paint will add more than 1,000 pounds of weight to the aircraft. The paint on a Boeing 737 weighs 180kg and on a Boeing 747 is around 500kg. Weight increment means the increase of fuel burnt, and that can get pricey. Most airlines want to avoid the higher cost.
When flying at high altitudes, exposed to various atmospheric conditions, colored airplanes tend to fade, and thus require a lot of paint jobs to maintain their artistic appeal. A white-colored airplane, on the other hand, doesn’t appear significantly different, even after spending a considerable amount of time in the air.
Besides, airplanes are regularly inspected for cracks and any other form of surface damage for obvious safety reasons. Nothing works better than white when it comes to spotting a crack on the surface, as the crack is almost always darker than white. Plus, a white plane is easier to spot visually in the event of a crash or any other mishap, especially at night, or in a massive body of water.
Additionally, a study published in Human-Wildlife Interactions found that the paint job does make a difference to birds: “This finding suggests that a whiter airframe would stand out more against the sky from the perspective of the flying bird’s visual system.” According to ABC, approximately $300 million dollars’ worth of damage to planes is caused by birds each year. There you have it: Planes are white to keep you as safe and comfortable as possible, with the added bonus of hitting by fewer birds.
1. What can we learn from the passage?| A．Colored airplane is easier to spot when in the event of a crash. |
| B．White color can absorb some of the light and make the plane cool. |
| C．White paint can decrease the possible damage of the sun radiation. |
| D．Colored aircrafts do not fade easily and maintain the color for a long time. |
| A．the aircrafts | B．white-colored plane |
| C．most airlines | D．the increase of fuel burnt |
| A．To introduce how the birds’ visual system works. |
| B．To show the cost of an airplane is quite expensive. |
| C．To state white plane is more obvious to flying birds. |
| D．To stress how serious damage birds can do to planes. |
| A．inform and explain | B．discuss and clarify |
| C．analyze and advise | D．compare and evaluate |
【推荐3】When we say older people shrink,we don't mean they become tiny enough to fit in your pocket!We just mean that it's common for older people to become a little shorter over time.This kind of shrinking can't be stopped, although people can slow this process.But why does shrinking happen at all?
Because of gravity,cushions between the bones in the spine（脊骨）get compressed（压缩）,which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.
Another reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis（骨质疏松）.Osteoporosis occurs when bone is broken down and not enough new bone material is made.Over time,bone is said to be lost.Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured.
Older people—especially women,who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis.As years go by,a person with osteoporosis can get small breaks in bones that are called compression fractures.These breaks cause collapse of the spine and over time the person with osteoporosis can become hunched over（驼背）.
Did you know that every day you shrink a little,too?You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning.That's because as the day goes on,water in the disks of the spine gets compressed due to gravity,making you just a tiny bit shorter.Don't worry,though.Once you get a good night's rest,your body recovers,and the next morning,you're standing tall again!
Smoking and drinking alcohol can make this problem worse.Want to do something right now to build strong bones?I believe what I say will help you.
1. What can we infer from the text?| A．For shrinking,people can do nothing about it. |
| B．If someone is injured,he will become shorter. |
| C．Women have smaller and lighter bones than men. |
| D．We aren't as tall at the end of the day as we are at the beginning. |
| A．Reduce gravity. |
| B．Sleep as long as possible. |
| C．Be careful not to be hurt by others. |
| D．Keep away from smoking and drinking alcohol. |
| A．it makes people shorter |
| B．shorter people usually suffer it |
| C．women are more likely to develop it |
| D．once our bone is broken down,it will occur |
| A．Why do we shrink? |
| B．How to live a healthy life |
| C．How can we stop shrinking? |
| D．Some tips on how to keep healthy |
【推荐1】Plenty, an agricultural technology company in San Francisco, is reinventing farms and farming. Nater Storye, the company’s chief science officer says the future of the farms will be vertical (垂直的) and indoors, so food can be grown anywhere in the world all year round, and farms will employ robots and artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the quality of growth for fruits and vegetables. Plenty does all those things but uses 95% less water and 99% less land.
As AI is on the rise, farmers on flat farms have been using new tools to make farming better or easier. In recent years, they have been using drones (无人机) and robots to improve efficiency. However, flat farms still use a lot of water and land, while a Plenty’s vertical farm can produce the same quantity of fruits and vegetables as a 720-acre flat farm, but on only 2 acres.
Plenty’s climate-controlled indoor farm has rows of plants growing vertically. There are LED lights shining on them, robots moving them around, and AI managing all the variables of water, temperature, and light. The conditions are so good that the production per acre is 400 times higher than that of an outdoor farm.
Another advantage of vertical farming is that the fruits and vegetables are grown at a warehouse nearby instead of 1,000 miles away or more from a city. That means many transportation miles are saved, which can reduce millions of tons of greenhouse gases every year and the price of fruits and vegetables will also go down. Imported (进口的) fruits and vegetables are more expensive, so poor people in society are at an extreme nutritional disadvantage. Vertical farms could cope with this problem.
Also, Plenty’s farms grow organic food without using herbicides (除草剂) or pesticides. They recycle all the water used, even catching the water in the air. The best farm in San Francisco is using 100% renewable energy.
Moreover, all the packaging is 100% recyclable, made of recycled plastic and specially designed to keep the food fresh longer to reduce food waste. Ideally, the company will branch out, opening farms across the country and beyond.
1. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?| A．Robots and AI used on vertical farms can quicken the growth of plants. |
| B．Fruits and vegetables grown on vertical farms are more tasty. |
| C．Both land and water can be saved on vertical farms. |
| D．Plenty is the first company to grow crops on vertical farms. |
| A．Register. | B．Improve. | C．Present. | D．Solve. |
| A．They will have more farms. | B．They will only be run by robots and AI. |
| C．They will bring about terrible problems. | D．They will completely take the place of flat farms. |
| A．To question the possibility of vertical farming |
| B．To show the technologies of vertical farming. |
| C．To discuss the potential problems of vertical farming |
| D．To introduce and explain the benefits of vertical farming. |
【推荐2】Bill Gates and the president of General Motors have met for lunch, and Bill is going on and on about computer technology. “If automotive technology had kept pace with computer technology over the past few decades, you would now be driving a V-32 instead of a V-8, and it would have a top speed of 10,000 miles per hour,” says Gates. “Or you could have an economy car that weighs 30 pounds and gets a thousand miles to a gallon of gas. In either case, the sticker price(标价)of a new car would be less than $ 50. Why haven’t you guys kept up?”
The president of GM smiles and says, “Because the federal government won’t let us build cars that crash four times a day.”
Why is that funny(or not funny, as the ease may be)? Human beings love to laugh, and the average adult laughs 17 times a day. Humans love to laugh so much that there are actually industries built around laughter. Jokes, siteoms and comedies are all designed to get us laughing, because laughing feels good. For us it seems so natural, but the funny thing is that humans are the only species that laughs. Laughter is actually a complex response that involves many of the same skills used in solving problems.
Laughter is a great thing—that’s why we’ve all heard the saying, “Laughter is the best medicine.” There is strong evidence that laughter can actually improve health and help fight disease. When we look at laughter—what it is, what happens in our brains when we laugh, what makes us laugh and how it can make us healthier and happier, there’s a huge amount about it that no one understands yet.
1. The best title of the passage is ___________.| A．Joke | B．Laughter | C．Fun | D．Humor |
| A．“You would now be driving a V-32 instead of V-8.” |
| B．“ It would have a top speed of 10,000 miles per hour.” |
| C．“The sticker price of a new car would be less than $ 50.” |
| D．“The federal government won’t let us build cars that crash four times a day.” |
| A．Humans laugh because of jokes, sitcoms and comedies. |
| B．Humans laugh because it can fight disease. |
| C．Humans have gained skills to laugh since they are born. |
| D．Laughter is a complex response of humans. |
| A．What is laughter? | B．How do people laugh? |
| C．When is laughter the best medicine? | D．Where does laughter take place? |
【推荐3】Music is said to be a universal language. But for Chase Burton, a deaf filmmaker, music has always been a different experience.
“When I was a kid, I used to lie on the floor above our garage so that I could feel the vibrations (震动) from my brother’s band rocking out below my body. That was one of the first times I began building a relationship with music,” said Burton.
In 2016, his ability to experience music changed completely, thanks to the California-based technology company Not Impossible Labs. It designed a vibrating suit. The suit enables deaf people to “feel” music through their skin. It can translate audio into a range of vibrating pulses that are felt at 24 points of contact. Burton has been wearing the suit for four years. “The sound drubs different parts of my body,” said Burton. “It strikes me on my ankles first. And then I start to feel the vibrations on my back and wrists.”
The creators want to extend the musical experience beyond the deaf community. In 2018, they gave out 150 vibrating suits at a rock concert where half the audience members were deaf and half could hear. From then on, the creators worked to improve the technology and wanted the suit to become a consumer product accessible to all, which would be used in live sports broadcasts or video games.
As a writer and director, Burton has been working to make the movie world more inclusive. For his latest movie he hired all-deaf staff and actors. Burton hopes that the vibrating suits will be available to his film audiences in the future. He believes that the suits can improve emotions while people are watching a movie for normal people as well as the deaf. “I see the tech as a real opportunity to help people understand that music or movies don’t always need to be enjoyed through the ears,” said Burton.
1. What does the underlined word “drubs” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?| A．Hits. | B．Affects. |
| C．Changes. | D．Reflects. |
| A．To promote sales. |
| B．To enrich their experience. |
| C．To carry out an experiment. |
| D．To make people enjoy music. |
| A．It will be used by his film audiences. |
| B．It will help improve actors’ emotions. |
| C．It will become the main theme in his movies. |
| D．It will change normal people’s attitude to the deaf. |
| A．A Deaf Filmmaker’s Musical Experiences |
| B．The Application of Vibrating Suits to Films |
| C．Wearable Devices for Deaf People Are Coming |
| D．Vibrating Suits Allow Deaf People to Feel Music |
