Inventor James West was born in 1931 in Virginia. As a child, he spent lots of time studying how things worked and enjoyed taking apart small machines. “If I had some tools, any small machines that could be opened were in danger,” West said. “I had a strong desire to know what was inside.”
After an accident with a radio, West paid special attention to electricity. But his parents were concerned about the future job for an African-American scientist. They preferred him to become a doctor. However, West headed to Temple University in 1953 to study physics. Because of his school performance in physics, he managed to get training during the summer at Nokia Bell Labs, a world-known American industrial research and scientific development company. He received a college degree in physics in 1957, and upon graduation, he became a worker at Nokia Bell Labs.
In 1960, while at Bell, West teamed up with scientist Sessler to develop a less expensive, more powerful and smaller microphone (麦克风), In 1962, they finished the development on the product. Their invention became the industry standard. And even today, 90 percent of microphones -- for example, found in telephones, tape recorders, baby monitors and hearing aids -- are based on their technology.
West was chosen as Inventor of the Year by the state of New Jersey and president of the Acoustical Society of America. And both West and Sessler were chosen into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
West left Bell in 2001. After some interviews with several universities, he chose the Johns Hopkins University and became a research professor at its Whiting School of Engineering. “I discovered that Johns Hopkins was a lot like Bell Labs, where the doors were always open and we were free to work with researchers in other areas,” he said. “I like the fact that I won’t be locked into one small closed room here.”
1. Being a child, James West often liked ___________.A.collecting various tools |
B.working hard at schoolwork |
C.helping repair household machines |
D.studying the operation and structures of machines |
A.His university was famous for its physics teaching. |
B.His good performance made him get a promising job. |
C.He gave up the chance to turn his interest into his major. |
D.He hardly got his parents’ support for his further education. |
A.went through plenty of difficulties |
B.was unpopular in the market at first |
C.was inspired by some electronic products |
D.prepared useful technology for many modern machines |
A.It held lots of outdoor activities. |
B.It had a close connection with Bell Labs. |
C.It had good working atmosphere for teamwork. |
D.It was rich in teaching resources and advanced technology. |
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【推荐1】Researchers from the RIKEN Guardian Robot Project in Japan have created an android (机器人) child that can convey six basic emotions. The name of the android is Nikola, and the research behind its development tested how well people could identify the six facial expressions of sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.
The emotions were generated by “muscles” that could move in Nikola’s face, and it was the first time that the quality of android-expressed emotion had been tested and verified for the specific emotions. Nikola’s face contains 29 pneumatic actuators(气动阀) that control the movements of artificial muscles. Six additional actuators control head and eyeball movements. Because pneumatic actuators are controlled by air pressure, the movements are smooth and silent. The actuators were based on the Facial Action Coding System(FACS), which is often used to study facial expressions.
Traditional studies of emotions, as well as how people react to them, often face several limitations. Typically, studies of emotions, particularly how people react to emotions, have a problem. It is difficult to do a properly controlled experiment with live people interacting, but at the same time, looking at photos or videos of people is less natural, and reactions aren’t the same. “The hope is that with androids like Nlikola, we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Sato. “We can control every aspect of Niikola’s behavior, and at the same time study live interactions.”
To achieve this, the team had to first see if Nikola’s facial expressions were understandable. The result showed that a person certified in FACS scoring was able to identify each facial action unit, which meant that Nikola’s facial movements accurately resembled a real human’s. It also demonstrated that everyday people could recognize the six emotions in Nikola’s face. With that said, some emotions like disgust proved more difficult to identify due to Nikola’s silicone skin being less elastic(弹性的)than real human skin. This meant that the android couldn’t form wrinkles very well.
“Androids that can emotionally communicate with us will be useful in a wide range of real-life situations, such as caring for older people, and can promote human well being,” says Sato.
1. What do we know about Nikola’s emotional changes?A.They take place with strange noises. |
B.They are conducted through air pressure. |
C.They are controlled by 29 pneumatic actuators. |
D.They are limited to head and eyeball movements. |
A.We can celebrate our success by eating cakes. |
B.We can have interactions with Nikola naturally. |
C.We can study Nikola’s photos or videos very easily. |
D.We can do a controlled experiment with live interactions. |
A.Its muscles. | B.Its actuators. |
C.Its skin material. | D.Its scoring system. |
A.Will robots ever have emotions? |
B.Nikola: a new near-human machine |
C.How can we read robots’ facial expressions? |
D.Android kid successfully conveys basic emotions |
【推荐2】Over the past 10 years, developments in technology have moved the dream of personal fling vehicles closer to reality. The British company Malloy Aeronautics has developed a model of its flying bicycle. The company says its Hoverbike will be a truly personal flying vehicle.
The company’s marketing sales director Grant Stapleton says the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly and can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed.
Safety was the company’s main concern when developing the Hoverbike. The designers solved this problem by using overlapping rotors(重叠旋翼) to power the vehicle. With adducted rotors(内转旋翼) the rider immediately not only protects people and belongings if he were to hit them, but if the rider ever were to crash into somebody or something, it’s going to bring the flying vehicle out of the air. The company is testing two models of the Hoverbike.
In New Zealand, the Martin Aircraft Company is also testing a full-size model of its personal flying device, called Jetpack. It can fly for more than 30 minutes, up to 1,000 meters high and reach a speed of 74 kilometers per hour.
Peter Coker, one officer from the company said Jetpack “is built around safety from the start.” In his words, “Reliability(可靠性) is the most important part of it. We have safety built into the actual structure itself, very similar to a Formula One racing car.”
Jetpack uses a petrol-powered engine. It also has a parachute(降落伞) that can be used if there should be an emergency(突发事件). It opens at very low altitude(纬度) and actually saves both the flying vehicle and the pilot in an emergency.
Mr. Coker says Jetpack will be ready for sale to the public by the end of 2019. He adds it’ll have a price of about $200,000.
1. According to the text, the Hoverbike .A.is ready for sale | B.is difficult to control |
C.is easy to carry | D.is popular in England |
A.How the Hoverbike flies. | B.How models of the Hoverbike were tested. |
C.How the Hoverbike was powered. | D.How the designers solved the Hoverbike’s problem of safety. |
A.the petrol-powered engine | B.the parachute |
C.the vehicle | D.the overlapping rotor |
A.safety | B.speed |
C.market | D.power |
【推荐3】Can you imagine having flexible computer screens and mobile phones which change shape to tell you when you have a new message? It sounds like a crazy idea, but in fact it’s already been invented!
A model called MorePhone has been created by scientists at the Human Media Lab in Canada. It’s based on flexible plastic technology developed in Cambridge in the UK by an organization called Plastic Logic.
The flexible screens can be any size, and are easy to read in direct sunlight. They can be black and white or colorful and are very thin and light. Rachel Lichten, who works at Plastic Logic, says you can even jump on them. Besides, it wastes very little electric energy, so there is no need for large batteries, and this makes them easier to carry around. Lichten says this technology could be used for heart monitoring, smart-watches, second screens for mobile phones, but there are many tests to be done before it is used for medical devices planted in human body.
Plastic Logic has spent 13 years developing this new technology. Their challenge now is to think of new ways to use it. Lichten, says it is always the same with new technologies. She says “bringing new technology to the market is a challenge, especially because it is revolutionary. However, for the next generation of products, you have to know what the next generation of products will be. Working with mobile phones or laptops that can roll up like a piece of paper could turn hardware into flexible one.”
1. How will the phone inform you of a new message in the future?A.By ringing you. | B.By playing music. |
C.By changing shape. | D.By displaying picture. |
A.It’s portable. | B.It’s fragile. |
C.It has a single color. | D.It has no battery. |
A.Electric toys. | B.Smart-watches. |
C.Plastic buttons. | D.Mobile phones’ first screens. |
A.The revolutionary concept. |
B.Spending many years on the technology. |
C.Uncertainty of what the products will be like. |
D.Promoting the new technology in the market. |
【推荐1】Potted house plants are commonly thought to clean indoor air, often finding themselves in homes and offices for this reason. But scientists now believe their power might be wildly overestimated.
Plants are thought to absorb volatile (易挥发的) organic compounds (VOCs), a type of indoor pollution. But simply opening a few windows or fitting an air handling system in an office can clean the air faster than plants, according to researchers at Drexel University, Pennsylvania.
Depending on the size of the space, the researchers calculated it would take between 10 and 1, 000 plants per square meter of floor space to clean the air at the same level as an open window or specialized equipment.
As people in developed countries spend up to 85 percent of their time indoors, it is important to understand the sorts of pollutants we encounter in these enclosed spaces and find effective ways to control them, the authors of a study on the subject argued.
Co-author Michael Waring, professor in Drexel’s College of Engineering, told Newsweek, “We noticed that there was a common understanding on the Internet that potted plants improve air quality.”
“Though many of us in the indoor air quality field had come to the conclusion that this assumption was not true, there was no definite study to prove that plants were ineffective on VOC removal. ”
Waring told Newsweek he partly traced the exaggerated (夸张的) idea back to a frequently quoted 1989 NASA study, which looked at how to purify the air of space stations. The research is thought to be significant enough to have its own Wikipedia page.
For their study, published in the Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Waring and his student Bryan Cummings looked over 12 existing studies relating to indoor plants and air quality conducted over the past three decades.
1. Why are potted house plants often used in homes and offices according to the text?A.They can improve people’s mood. |
B.They can beautify homes and offices. |
C.They are commonly thought to make people more relaxed. |
D.They are usually thought to be able to clean the air. |
A.Potted plants improve indoor air quality. |
B.Potted plants are ineffective on absorbing indoor pollutants. |
C.Opening a few windows in an office can drive pollutants off. |
D.Specialized equipment in an office can handle indoor pollution. |
A.The causes of indoor bad air quality. |
B.The influences of bad air quality on people's health. |
C.The effective methods of controlling indoor pollution. |
D.The significance of controlling indoor pollution. |
A.Potted plants are quite effective on removing VOCs. |
B.The idea that potted plants can purify air is overestimated. |
C.Potted plants can improve air quality to a great degree. |
D.There is no evidence to prove that potted plants can purify air. |
【推荐2】In the near future, daily newspapers and monthly magazines will probably disappear. Electronic media can provide the same information faster and cheaper. The Internet, together with laptops and mobile phones, makes it possible that almost everyone can at any time and in almost any place get some news for free or for few fees.
You’ll browse the computer newspapers or magazines just like turning on TV. An electronic voice will tell you stories about the latest events. You’ll even get to choose the kind of voice you want to hear. Want more information on the brief story? A simple touch makes the whole text appear.
There are the predictions from the experts working on the newspapers of the future. Imagined as part of home media and entertainment systems, computer newspapers and magazines would unite printed and broadcast news, offering information and analyzing video images of news events.
The continuing loss of readers will lead to a small number of advertisements in newspapers. It makes no sense to spend millions of dollars to print ads.
With the development of technology, more and more electronic media have been created until now, but replacing the traditional newspapers and magazines has a long way to go, because the resistance to computer newspapers and magazines from journalism may be much stronger. Since it is such a cultural change, it may be not until the present journalists, who aren’t used to it, die off that the newspaper industry is not considered as an industry any longer. Anyway, technology is making the traditional newspapers and magazines disappear gradually.
1. Computer newspapers and magazines have all the advantages EXCEPT that ________ .A.you can choose the kind of voice you like to hear |
B.they are more expensive than traditional newspapers |
C.you can get more information from them easily |
D.you can easily store information for the future use |
A.all technological developments are very important |
B.traditional newspapers and magazines will disappear soon |
C.new things will replace the old ones in the future |
D.traditional newspapers and magazines will be more popular |
A.tell readers what newspapers and magazines are like in the future |
B.let people know the great development of the journalism |
C.prove newspapers and magazines are not welcomed any more |
D.say traditional newspapers and magazines are better than before |
【推荐3】Plastic waste is choking our planet. People are trying to help fix it by recycling, but their efforts aren’t going far enough. Even when plastic producers are held responsible and attempt to solve the problem, it doesn’t always go smoothly. Such has been the case for the company Torus Pak, which produces novel packaging for frozen meals on a large scale.
Like many other black plastic products, the Torus Pak packages used a carbon-based pigment (颜料). This pigment troubles the sorting technology which is used by many recycling facilities, so black plastic usually ends up being thrown away because the machines can’t identify it. Now the company is midway through the complex process of phasing out that pigment and switching that pigment to one that doesn’t use carbon.
But that doesn’t mean the problem is solved, for the recycling rate at the waste facility itself is not encouraging. Your discarded plastic may end up in a landfill even if you send it to be recycled. Worldwide, only about nine percent of all the plastic waste has been recycled, which amounts to less than 600 million tons out of over 6 billion. While one might assume the proportion of plastic being recycled is on the increase due to improved tech and increased public awareness of environmental protection, it’s actually become even lower in many places in recent years.
“The world wasn’t always flooded with single-use plastic products,” said Lisa Ramsden, senior plastic campaigner for Greenpeace USA. “We know how to live without them. We’ve just got used to a convenience culture that relies so heavily on them.”
The solution is obvious. To get out of this habit, we should stop using so much plastic, starting with many of the items we use just once for a few minutes. Companies need to shift toward using more refillable and reusable containers, and packaging made from materials that are less harmful to the environment. Governments must mandate (强制执行) such changes — a goal we’re now finally inching closer to every day.
1. What is the problem with the Torus Pak packages?A.They are expensive for customers. |
B.Their pigment is hardly appealing. |
C.They are hard to define as “recyclable”. |
D.Their production process is very complex. |
A.The reason for recycling plastic waste. |
B.The outcome of recycling plastic waste. |
C.The potential of recycling plastic waste. |
D.The objective of recycling plastic waste. |
A.Making some stricter laws. |
B.Reducing the use of plastic products. |
C.Advancing the technology of recycling. |
D.Setting some higher environmental goals. |
A.Recycling fails to solve plastic pollution |
B.A company contributes a lot to recycling |
C.Great changes happen in recycling plastic |
D.Plastic pollution is increasingly worsening |
【推荐1】In the calm and traditional world of classical music, composer Tan Dun is something of a rock star. Born in 1957 in a village near Changsha, Tan Dun worked as a rice planter in his early years. While music was strongly discouraged within the rice-planting communities, Tan learnt to play traditional Chinese stringed instruments with his friends and eventually joined a local band.
But the transition from hobby to career came about through a tragic (不幸的) tum of events. After several members of a Peking Opera troupe (剧团) drowned in a boat accident, Tan was hired to work as an arranger and violinist. The time at the troupe proved successful and Tan got the attention of Central Conservatory of Music (CCOM) where he was accepted as a student in 1977. Years later, he further studied at New York’s Columbia University.
Under the teaching of famous composers around the word, Tan launched his international career through a series of modern operas. With the knowledge of eastern and western classical music, he composed Marco Polo, an abstract retelling of the 13th-century Venetian explorer’s life through eastern and western instruments.
Tan has composed symphonies and operas that have been performed in some of the world’s most famous theaters. He has also contributed the scores (配乐) to six films, including 2000’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, as well as several experimental multimedia projects. Such achievements have brought him great rewards, including Oscar, Grammy and Bafta awards, as well as the honor of Composer of Year, presented by classical music magazine Musical America.
1. What was Tan Dun’s job in his early years?A.Farmer. | B.Arranger. | C.Violinist. | D.Composer. |
A.His study in New York. | B.His success in the troupe. |
C.His achievement in scores. | D.His experience in Changsha. |
A.By making comparison. | B.By making classification. |
C.By following the order of space. | D.By following the order of time. |
A.He contributed scores to four films. |
B.He directed Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. |
C.He combined Eastern and Western musical styles. |
D.He launched his international career through symphonies. |
【推荐2】Dwayne Johnson was born Dwayne Douglas Johnson on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California, United States. His father, Rocky Johnson, was a professional wrestler while his mother, Ata Maivia, was the daughter of a wrestler. His father is of Black Nova Scotian origin, while his mother is of Samoan heritage, which explains his exotic (异国的) looks. Dwayne Johnson, previously employed as a professional wrestler, is an actor known for his appearance in the fantasy adventure film, ‘The Mummy Returns’. A highly successful professional wrestler before making his first attempt into films, Johnson is also famous for his ring name, ‘The Rock’.
Born into a family of wrestlers, it comes as no surprise that he too made a name for himself in the sport. Athletic and fond of sports from a young age, he used to join in many sporting activities as a school student. He played football for his high school and was also a member of the school’s track and field and wrestling teams. He was a promising footballer and received a full scholarship from the University of Miami to play defensive tackle (后卫). He was hopeful of making it big as a professional footballer when an injury put a full-stop to his football ambitions. Though disappointed, he did not let this incident demotivate him and instead decided to become a wrestler. His father, a professional wrestler himself, began training the young man. Eventually Johnson made his WWF debut (首秀) and established himself as a successful wrestler.
Due to his popularity coupled with his attractively strong looks he started receiving offers from Hollywood studios and he began his acting career with the movie, ‘The Mummy Returns’.
1. What made Dwayne Johnson famous?A.His appearance and ring name. | B.His family background. |
C.His professional performance. | D.His blood relationship. |
A.He is a famous film actor. |
B.He often joined in many sporting activities. |
C.He was a football member on the school team. |
D.He actually coached Dwayne Johnson. |
A.Inspire. | B.Satisfy. |
C.Discourage. | D.Anger. |
A.Johnson’s Film | B.A Wrestler-Turned Actor |
C.A Born Actor | D.Johnson’s Acting Career |
【推荐3】Margaret Ann Bulkley was born around 1789, in Ireland. She had big dreams. “I want to be a doctor!” But two hundred years ago a girl couldn’t become a doctor. Her uncle, James Barry, was a great painter. And his friend General Miranda had a library with more than 6,000 books. Margaret loved reading there. Her intelligence impressed him. Years later, her uncle James Barry died, leaving her some money. It was enough to study to be a doctor. “But a girl can’t become a doctor,” said Margaret sadly.
“Yes, you can!” said General Miranda. “All you have to do is to disguise as a boy.” Margaret really wanted to be a doctor. So she cut off her long hair, practiced speaking in a deep voice, and put on boy’s clothes. She also named herself James Barry. From then on, Margaret Ann Bulkley disappeared. She became James Barry and entered Edinburgh University. He took 13 subjects and worked all through the summer when the other students went on holiday.
Barry graduated in 1812 and decided to join the British Army. In his life, Dr. James Barry travelled all over the world, helping to save many lives. Before retirement, Barry had risen to the second highest medical officer in the British Army. Barry improved the conditions for not only wounded soldiers but also the local people, and performed the first recorded successful caesarean section (剖宫产) in Africa. The secret Dr. James Barry kept for over fifty years was only known after his death in 1865.
1. What left a deep impression on General Miranda?A.Margaret’s intelligence. | B.Margaret’s love for painting. |
C.Margaret’s dream. | D.Margaret’s love for reading. |
A.Change one’s clothes. | B.Dress like a doctor. |
C.Dress like a gentleman. | D.Change one’s appearance. |
A.Becoming the highest officer in the British Army. |
B.Improving medical conditions for the wounded soldiers. |
C.Graduating from the most famous medical university. |
D.Doing the world’s first recorded caesarean section successfully. |
A.James Barry left much money. |
B.Margaret died in her twenties. |
C.Dr. James Barry was a woman. |
D.General Miranda helped Margaret a lot. |