Young children are significantly more likely than adults to have their opinions influenced by robots, according to a new research. The study, conducted at the University of Plymouth, compared how adults and children respond to an identical task when in the presence of both their peers (同龄人) and robots.
It showed that while adults regularly have their opinions influenced by peers, something also demonstrated in previous studies, they are largely able to resist being persuaded by robots. However, children aged between seven and nine were more likely to give the same responses as the robots, even if they were obviously incorrect.
The study asks people to look at a screen showing four lines and say which two match in length. When alone, people almost never make a mistake but when doing the experiment with others, they tend to follow what others are saying.
When children were alone in the room in this research, they scored 87% on the test, but when the robots join in their score drops to 75%. And of the wrong answers, 74% matched those of the robot.
Professor Belpaeme said, “People often follow the opinions of others and we’ve known for a long time that it is hard to resist taking over views and opinions of people around us. But as robots will soon be found in the home and the workplace, we were wondering if people would follow robots.
“What our results show is that adults do not follow what the robots are saying. But when we did the experiment with children, they did. It shows children can perhaps have more of an affinity (亲和力) with robots than adults, which does pose the question: What if robots were to suggest, for example, what products to buy or what to think?”
1. What did the adults do when staying with robots?A.They generally refused the robots’ effects. |
B.They totally accepted the robots’ suggestions. |
C.They tried to persuade robots to resist them. |
D.They usually compared robots with their children. |
A.Because children were not as clever as the adults. |
B.Because robots reflected better than human beings. |
C.Because robots in the presence made mistakes. |
D.Because children wanted to affect the robots on purpose. |
A.He is optimistic about the result. |
B.He is worried about the future. |
C.He doesn’t care about the result. |
D.He doubts the result of the research. |
A.What is the meaning of the research? |
B.What should adults do to avoid the problem? |
C.Why are children more likely to be influenced? |
D.What will be done to solve the problem? |
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【推荐1】Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men’s minds decline more than women’s, according to the results of a worldwide survey.
Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain’s files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects).
Many studies have looked for a connection between sex and the amount of mental decline (衰退) people experience as they age, but the results have been mixed.
Some studies found more age-related decline in men than in women, while others saw the opposite or even no relationship at all between sex and mental decline. Those results could be improper because the studies involved older people, and women live longer than men: The men tested are the survivors, “so they’re the ones that may not have shown such cognitive decline,” said study team leader Elizabeth of the University of Warwick in England.
People surveyed completed four tasks that tested sex-related cognitive skills: matching an object to its rotated form, matching lines shown from the same angle, typing as many words in a particular category (范畴) as possible in the given time, e.g. “object usually colored gray”, and recalling the location of objects in a line drawing. The first two were tasks at which men usually excel; the latter are typically dominated by women.
Within each age group studied, men and women performed better in their separate categories on average. And though performance declined with age for both genders, women showed obviously less decline than men overall.
1. The underlined word in the second paragraph means_________.A.natural | B.great | C.obvious | D.absolute |
A.Cloud. | B.Sheep. | C.Trees. | D.Goose. |
A.Men do better than women when it comes to learning English. |
B.Women stand out at remembering people’s names. |
C.Men excel at typing as many words in a particular category as possible in the given time. |
D.Women excel at dealing mathematic problems. |
A.the old men tested may not have shown such cognitive decline |
B.people surveyed are all old |
C.people taking part in this test came from all over the world |
D.women live longer than men |
【推荐2】The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide (CO2)—a gas that is great at trapping heat, contributing to climate change—is almost double what it was prior to the Industrial Revolution. This presents a challenge to researchers attempting to design artificial trees or other methods of capturing (捕获) carbon dioxide directly from the air. That challenge is one a Sandia National Laboratories-led team is trying to solve.
Led by Sandia chemical engineer Tuan Ho, the team has been working on a project using powerful computer models combined with laboratory experiments to study how a kind of clay can take in carbon dioxide and store it. “These fundamental findings have potential for direct-air capture; that is what we’re working toward,” said Ho. “Clay is really inexpensive and rich in nature, which should allow us to reduce the cost of direct-air carbon capture significantly, if this high-risk, high-reward project ultimately leads to a technology. What’s more, it can be used like sponges (海绵) to absorb carbon dioxide, and then the gas will be ‘squeezed’ out of and pumped deep underground.”
Carbon capture and storage is the process of capturing extra carbon dioxide from the Earth’s atmosphere and storing it deep underground with the aim of reducing the impacts of climate change such as more frequent severe storms, rising sea levels and increased droughts and wildfires. This carbon dioxide could be captured from fossil-fuel-burning power plants, or other industrial facilities or directly from the air, which is more technologically challenging. Carbon capture and storage is widely considered one of the least controversial technologies, to deal with climate change.
“We would like low-cost energy, without ruining the environment,” said Susan Rempe, a Sandia bioengineer on the project. “Direct-air carbon capture is important for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. We can live in a way that doesn’t produce as much carbon dioxide, but unfortunately, we can’t control what our neighbors do.”
1. What problem is presented in paragraph 1?A.The constant change of atmosphere. |
B.The design of artificial trees. |
C.The rising amount of carbon dioxide. |
D.The storage of carbon dioxide. |
A.A computer-aided model. | B.High-reward investment. |
C.Some low-risk technology. | D.Clay-based carbon capture. |
A.We need joint efforts to reduce carbon release. |
B.Carbon dioxide holds the key to air pollution. |
C.Human activities have ruined our environment. |
D.Our neighboring countries should take the blame. |
A.To Capture Carbon Dioxide or Not? |
B.Can Clay Capture Carbon Dioxide? |
C.What Carbon Dioxide Can Create |
D.How Carbon Dioxide Traps Heat |
【推荐3】Social distancing is not a new concept in the natural world, where infectious (传染) diseases are commonplace. Through specialized senses animals can discover certain diseases and change their behavior to avoid getting ill.
In 1966, while studying chimps (猩猩) in a Tanzanian national park, zoologist Jane Goodall observed a chimp named McGregor who had caught a highly infectious virus. His fellow chimps attacked him and threw him out of the group. In one instance, McGregor got close to chimps in a tree. He reached out a hand in greeting, but the others moved away without a backward glance.
“For a full two minutes, old McGregor sat still, staring after them,” Goodall notes in her 1971 book In the Shadow of Man. “It’s really not that different to how some societies react today to such a misfortune.”
Not all animals are so aggressive toward their sick neighbors. Sometimes it’s as simple as avoiding those who may infect you.
When Kiesecker, a lead scientist in America, studied American bullfrog in the late 1990s, he found that bullfrogs could not only discover a deadly smell of infection in other bullfrogs, but healthy members actively avoided those that were sick. Bullfrogs depend on chemicals signals to determine who is sick or not.
Caribbean lobsters also shun diseased members of their community, well before they become infectious. It takes about eight weeks for lobsters infected with the deadly virus Panulirus argus mininuceovirus to become dangerous to others. Normally social animals, lobsters begin keeping away from the diseased as early as four weeks after infection - once the lobsters can smell certain chemicals released by sick individuals.
Overall, it’s important to note that, unlike us, animals don’t realize if they stay home, they might actually reduce the infection rate,” Kiesecker explains. “As humans, we have that ability. It’s a big difference.”
1. What can we learn about the chimps from Goodall’s observation?A.They kept a distance from one another. |
B.They became aggressive when infected. |
C.The infected avoided contact with others. |
D.The infected were forced to leave the group. |
A.Avoid. | B.Cure. |
C.Break away from. | D.Get along with. |
A.Humans are more sensitive to virus. |
B.Humans are less likely to get infected. |
C.Humans treat infectious diseases in a wiser way. |
D.Humans can discover chemical signals more quickly. |
A.Help Me Out. | B.Leave Me Alone. |
C.Stay Away From Us. | D.Stay Home Stay Healthy. |
【推荐1】Worried about the climate?
•Count the birds and the bees
Get closer to nature by becoming a citizen scientist. You could be counting birds in your garden, butterflies, insects and flowers, or even reptiles and hedgehogs.
•
Media headlines can be alarming when it comes to the climate and nature crisis or ignoring the issues completely. Hosting a local discussion can allow space for reflection, debate, ideas and collaboration (合作) to take action on global issues at a local level.
•Set up a library of things
Internet shopping has made it too easy to buy new stuff at the click of a button.
•Start a climate emergency centre
A.Cooperate with your locals |
B.But where is it all going to end up |
C.Host a climate and nature discussion |
D.But how have we consumed the things |
E.The climate and nature crisis isn’t going away |
F.There are lots of citizen science projects to take part in |
G.Small local actions with neighbors, local businesses and politicians can make a difference |
【推荐2】Many cases of online bullying have been making the social media rounds in recent years. Negative moral judgment, cyber threats, and verbal violence(语言暴力) pollute the digital world. Meanwhile, some platforms, attracting network traffic, tend to turn a blind eye to the roaring of verbal violence and so the list continues to cause a great stir on social media from time to time.
There are 43.88 billion people surfing the Internet and spending a weekly average of 28.5 hours online. The question becomes: What measures can help build a good cyber environment and, more importantly, limit online violence?
While providing the public with more room to express and share their ideas, the Internet for some serves as a platform to hurt others. Online anonymity(匿名) makes it possible for some netizens to stop obeying all morals, as well as the related laws and rules. With their identities covered, netizens can be less worried to do what they want to do, thinking that they don’t have to bear legal responsibility. Cyber space is not lawless area. To create a healthy cyber space and limit online violence, real-name registration can prove effective. Law breaker and platforms that refuse to take responsibility should also be punished.
Good laws are what it takes to manage the present situation. To limit cyber bullying and clean the digital space, one key step is to strengthen lawmaking and law enforcement(执行). Prevention is better than cure. Strict law enforcement appears to be more important.
However, some countries still lack special laws targeting cyber violence, and only have a few terms and unsystematic rules in place-too weak to deal with the complicated violence online. At this point, though sometimes illegal acts like verbal violence will lead to a maximum of three years in prison, it can be costly and difficult for sufferers to collect evidence and safeguard their rights. The number of cyber bullying cases published is very low. There are a few technical difficulties here. It is hard to identify who should bear the blame and sufferers have no idea who they should file a complaint against.
1. What does the underlined “the list” in paragraph I refer to?A.Social media. | B.The roaring of verbal violence. |
C.Cases of online bullying. | D.Moral judgment, cyber threats, and verbal violence |
A.They can hide their real identities. |
B.They think they can escape punishment even if they do something wrong. |
C.They want to express and share their ideas secretly. |
D.They want to create a healthy cyber space and limit online violence. |
A.Netizens who cover their identities don’t have to bear legal responsibility. |
B.Verbal violence may result in one or two years in prison. |
C.Sufferers are not good at Internet technology. |
D.Sufferers usually have no idea how to file a complaint. |
A.Some advice for sufferers to collect evidence and safeguard rights. |
B.Current laws against cyber violence. |
C.How to identify different types of cyber bullying cases. |
D.Difficulties in collecting evidence and safeguarding rights. |
【推荐3】The Commonwealth games have meant that the eyes of the world have been focused on our fair city-Melbourne. And it would look pretty good, wouldn't it? And what better way to regain our title as world's most livable city? I'm told that we recently lost the right to say this to foreign friends proudly when the international list was re-examined and we slipped to the fourth place.
It's hard to see how Melbourne could have lost its crown (桂冠) when you look at what it has to offer. 24 hours Coles, free transport for drunks on New Year's Eve, a new freeway, it's all here.
The first focus for the international press will obviously be the endless stadiums dotted around the city. But as well as being full every other weekend, these great places often play host to slightly older kids. At Rod Laver, even the olds get a look-in as the Christian evangelical (教会的) road show rolls into town once a year for a night of stadium worship (崇拜).
Another pleasure Melbourne enjoys is that it's very easy to get around. There's a bit of a squeeze during rush hour for sure, but nothing like Bangkok, where the journey home can take longer than growing a beard and parking is barely distinguishable from the drive itself. Driving here is a piece of cake. It must be because the wise people who hand out the taxis seem to actively encourage a career behind the wheel within 24 hours of landing in the country as an educational tool for getting to know the city. No slowing down for learning bends, just go, go, go!
As for the social life, with over 40 million bars in Melbourne's CBD alone, we have plenty of places for spectators to celebrate national victory, making this town as good as any and it happens 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Unfortunately, the athletes themselves don't get to smell the roses to the same degree. But the rest of the world will know that this is the place to be. The most livable city in the world. By far the easiest place on earth to cheat death, which is essentially what we're talking about.
1. In Paragraph 1 and 2 the author is wondering ________________.A.how Melbourne has fallen behind |
B.when the international list was re-examined |
C.what they should do to regain the world's focus |
D.whether Melbourne can offer greater convenience |
A.The casual life styles of Melbourne. |
B.The competitive advantages of Melbourne. |
C.The various social activities in Melbourne. |
D.The convenient transportation in Melbourne. |
A.have minimum social activities |
B.take no interest in the beauty of the city |
C.are forbidden to live in the busy city center |
D.are unwilling to celebrate the victory publicly |
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion
A. | B. |
C. | D. |
【推荐1】Developed by US company OpenAI, ChatGPT has got viral, winning 100 million internet users since it came out in November 2022. People can ask the robot to write stories and emails, create instructions for cooking a certain food, translate languages, and answer all kinds of questions. In its own words, it is “a language model trained in a large amount of internet text to help users get human-like text.”
There are many benefits of drinking plenty of fluids, but the key benefits when it comes to your fitness are: keeping your body at peak performance, delivering nutrients to your body and regulating your
Compared with Siri or other chatbots, ChatGPT uses a much bigger information center for training. It also uses stronger software and hardware to learn things by itself. For example, if it provides a wrong answer to your question, you can tell it the right one and it will correct itself. “It’s a totally different chatbot,” computer scientist Liu Xiaoguang from Nankai University said. “The knowledge level ChatGPT shows is the same as a university student. That’s why it shocked the world.”
But one big problem with ChatGPT is that it makes mistakes or even gives false information. When Rezza, a 28-year-old from Indonesia, used the robot to write an passage, it “gave out many examples which other writers actually hadn’t mentioned at all”, he told a local newspaper. Since the robot is trained using words from the internet, it can also pick up biases (偏见) about certain groups. These are all things that need to be dealt with.
1. What does the underlined part mean in Paragraph 1?A.Done harm to the internet. | B.Brought strong wind and heavy rain. |
C.Become popular overnight. | D.Caused serious changes of the weather. |
A.It can find mistakes by itself. |
B.It works differently from other chatbots. |
C.Its information center is easier to control than Siri’s. |
D.Its knowledge level is as high as a university student. |
A.ChatGPT needs improvement. | B.Anybody may give false information. |
C.Anybody can make mistakes. | D.ChatGPT can’t get on well with humans. |
A.ChatGPT is Coming! | B.ChatGPT is Catching the World’s Eyes! |
C.Can ChatGPT Take the Place of Humans? | D.Can ChatGPT Avoid Biases Properly? |
It might be less frightening if computers were truly intelligent, but even the most powerful networks are less human than monstrous Martians (火星人). Their power will be used to make money for the firms that finance their development, and then for others quick and clever enough to take advantage of the new world. It is far more likely that they will increase inequality and still further remove the middle classes as we move towards an hourglass (以金钱来衡量的) society in which everyone is either very rich or very poor and likely indebted.
One of the ill effects of the spread of more intelligent computer networks is, at the same time, the spread of what might be called artificial stupidity. If AI is employed largely to replace unskilled labour, it is most productive when labour is kept unskilled or redefined that way. So much of the work in service industries is now simplified until it might be automated (自动化). And robots will never need pensions(养老金). AI is slowly reducing skilled work, like some forms of medical diagnosis (诊断), at the same time, as older doctors complain that the traditional human skills of diagnosis are falling out of medical training. The belief that everything worthwhile can be measured and then managed is far more damaging to humanity than the threat of artificial intelligence on its own.
But no victory in complicated Go games can bring us closer to truly human-like computers.
1. By mentioning the defeat of Lee Sedol, the author intends to tell us that ______.
A.computers can completely replace humans in everything |
B.humans are of no practical economic values to the society |
C.the power of computers is growing at a frightening rate |
D.AI programs can not compare with humans economically |
A.improve the quality of human life |
B.widen the gap between the rich and the poor |
C.make contributions to human development |
D.promote equality at work places |
A.Optimistic. | B.Supportive. |
C.Cautious. | D.doubtful. |
【推荐3】First the robots came for our jobs. Now they’re coming for our hobbies. Google’s DeepMind AI lab has been busy the past few years, creating programs to take on human players across a variety of games. In 2016 its AlphaGo beat the best Go player in the world. Earlier this year, its Alpha Star defeated two middle-tier players at the popular online game StarCraft II. Now it’s learning to win at multiplayer games.
“Artificially intelligent agents are getting better and better at two-player games, but most real-world endeavors require teamwork,” DeepMind’s researchers wrote in a paper published in Science in June.
To be sure, computers have been proving their dominance (优越) over humans in one-on-one turn-based games such as chess ever since IBM’s Deep Blue beat Russian chess master Garry Kasparov in 1997.
However, successfully using teamwork to win in multiplayer games with complex environments was difficult to achieve.
For this purpose, DeepMind’s researchers designed AI agents that taught themselves how to play first-person game Quake III Arena. The team, led by Max Jaderberg, worked on a modified (修改的) version of Quake III Arena.
The game mode they chose was “Capture (抢) the Flag”. All the players must work together to steal the other team’s flag while safeguarding their own.
The AI agents “trained” with 12 hours of game data, then matched up against professional game testers. The AI won 75 percent of the time, even when its reaction time artificially slowed down to human levels and when their aiming ability was similarly reduced.
And in order to make improvements, the programmers used various kinds of “rewards” to help the AI players weigh their goals and actions to help them cooperate in the teamwork. They also used randomized maps for each new match.
“That meant the solutions that the agents find have to be general –– they cannot just memorize a sequence (系列) of actions,” said co-author Wojciech Czarnecki.
The only time humans were able to beat the AI agents was when they teamed up together. A team consisting of one human and one AI agent had a five percent greater win probability than a team of just AI agents.
Ethan Gach said at the video game news website Kotaku, “It suggests that the AI program is able to adapt to playing with non-AI teammates.” In the near future, AI may cooperate with human beings in some other fields, such as medicine and other branches of science.
1. What might be the most difficult task for AI agents in multiplayer games?A.Understanding the rules. |
B.Cooperating with other players. |
C.Memorizing complex actions. |
D.Increasing reaction speed. |
A.They gave various “punishments” when AI agents lost the games. |
B.They made AI agents team up with non-professional human players. |
C.They limited the time for AI agents to complete difficult tasks. |
D.They put them through thousands of games with different situations. |
A.AI players perform better than humans in a team game. |
B.AI programs should be offered more game data. |
C.AI players are able to do well with human players. |
D.AI programs have been successfully applied in the field of medicine. |
A.generalized | B.specialized | C.updated | D.memorized |
A.Researches on DeepMind AI | B.Training AI Agents |
C.Teaming up with AI | D.AI Competing with Human Beings |