Where in the classroom do you prefer to sit, and why? Scientists have discovered that seating preference not only shows students’ personalities, but has a great influence on their school performance. Generally speaking, students show different attitudes depending on where they sit. Based on the research, scientists have developed a funnel-like (像漏斗的) model of “learning zones (区域)” to see the relationship between seating and active learning.
In this model, the mouth of the funnel (A) is the best position for learning. Students in this front area prove to be the most active learners. They show a greater desire (渴求) for learning, which leads them to focus better and take a more active part than the rest of the class. Those in the neck of the funnel (B) don’t pay the same close attention, but they ask a lot of questions, partly because of the added confidence they feel from being in a safe zone, with others around them. Less desirable is the area “outside the funnel (C, D)”, which refers to the side and the back rows, where students take a less active part in classroom activities-and find it hard to focus their attention, falling asleep at times.
Studies about learning zones suggest that a change in traditional seating plans can benefit students. In fact, a growing number of teachers have begun less traditional seating plans, such as “U-Type”. There are no side and back areas, so teachers can expect their students to take part in activities more actively and increase student-teacher interaction (互动).
1. According to scientists, what influences students’ learning greatly?| A．The time of class. | B．Seating positions. |
| C．The number of students. | D．The size of the classroom. |
| A．Area A. | B．Area B. | C．Area C. | D．Area D. |
| A．Sometimes fall asleep. | B．Feel safe and confident. |
| C．Seldom ask their teachers questions. | D．Try to avoid looking directly at the teacher. |
| A．A life newspaper. | B．An advertisement. |
| C．An education magazine. | D．A science textbook. |
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【推荐1】The Harvard Law School Library (HLSL) is a private research center that exists mainly to support the educational and research needs of the Harvard Law School staff and students and the needs of the whole Harvard University. It also attempts to serve the needs of scholars and researchers requiring access to its unique collections.
Please note:
●Borrowing is limited to present Harvard ID holders
● During exam periods, access is restricted to present Harvard Law School collection users. Harvard University ID holders can always enter to find any book to check out.
● Visual materials, along with rare books, are housed in the Library’s Special Collections. For information concerning access to these materials, please visit the Historical & Special Collections page.
● The library staff is not available for legal advice.
● If you have any questions not answered on this site, or on the access application, call the Langdell Circulation Desk staff, 617-495-3455, or email Access Privileges.
Access to Electronic Resources
The Library has more electronic resources than most other non-governmental universities in the United States. Use of these resources is limited to members of the Harvard Law School. Access is controlled by either IP address or password. See the Electronic Resources page for more information.
Access to Harvard Libraries
Policies on admittance and services vary. For more information on all libraries at Harvard, visit lib.harvard.edu/libraries. The hours of operation are Monday~Friday, 9:00 am~4:45 pm. Enquiries can be made in person at the Library Office, Widener Library, Room 130, by telephone at 617-495-4166, or by email.
1. To borrow books from the HLSL, you must ______.| A．avoid exam periods |
| B．hold a Harvard ID |
| C．seek the library staff’s advice |
| D．refer to the Historical & Special Collections |
| A．Scholars of Harvard Law School. |
| B．Any student of Harvard University. |
| C．Researchers needing unique collections. |
| D．Students in non-governmental universities. |
| A．Email Access Privileges. |
| B．Call 617-495-3455 on weekends. |
| C．Go to Room 130 at 10 am on Wednesday. |
| D．Make enquires at the library office at 5 pm. |
【推荐2】Thomas Mayfield had a major problem to solve in his fifth-grade classroom.
“I’m not good at adding. I don’t know how to regroup or borrow. I’m not good at subtracting (减法). Or I don’ t know my facts yet, and I’ m a fifth-grader, ” Mayfield’ s students used to tell him. The 42-year-old maths teacher from Fort Worth, Texas, knew it was important to try something new, especially because most of his students were also struggling outside of the classroom. “Single parent homes, parents put in prison, low financial stability-a lot of misfortunes that were going on, ” he said.
To reach students in a way that was familiar and inviting, he brought rap music to the classroom. Mayfield played an instrumental beat to a rap song. He got his students excited. Then they started to rap about decimal(十进位)point places. “Let’ s start with the tenths. Like a dime to a dollar, there’s 1 out of 10. Then we move to the hundredths, one part out of many. One out of 100, we call that a penny. . . “ rapped Mayfield and students.
Pareece Morehouse, one of Mayfield’s former students, is now in tenth grade and loves old-school rap. Before Mr. Mayfield’s class, Morehouse didn’t like maths and struggled with it. But pairing the difficult subject with music was game-changing for her.
“I can recall myself at home doing homework and just singing the song in my head, helping me understand, ” Morehouse said. “It was really a great way to help me make it through maths. ”
“Students will produce work if you reach them where they are and take notes on what they’re interested in, whether that’s music, art or sports. It’s important to use things that resonate (共鸣)with them, ” said Mayfield.
1. What led Thomas Mayfield to try something new in his teaching?| A．His out-of-date teaching routines. |
| B．Urgent requests of students’ parents. |
| C．Disadvantaged conditions of students. |
| D．Students’ devotion to study after school. |
| A．By explaining the maths principles. |
| B．By asking them to do more exercises. |
| C．By instructing the kids to write music. |
| D．By combining musical notes with maths. |
| A．Educators must inspire the kids’ interest first. |
| B．Rules should be set for learners in advance. |
| C．Each student should be treated equally. |
| D．Importance must be attached to music. |
| A．Never Too Late to Learn |
| B．The Keys to Teaching Maths |
| C．Hard Work Turns into Heart Work |
| D．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented |
【推荐3】To put missing sentences into a text, you have to work like an investigator and look for clues.
Usually these streets were full of busy people (Missing sentence).
It was completely quiet on the streets outside. Guy thought it was strange. Now they were completely empty. The snow that had fallen looked like a carpet. Outside looked like inside.
The missing sentence refers back to a former sentence as there is a reference to streets (these streets).
Read all the sentences taken out of the text. Read the text and match the sentences with the gaps you are sure about.
There may be extra sentences you don’t need.
| A．Here are the tips on how to order paragraphs. |
| B．The missing sentence also refers to the next sentence. |
| C．This example and the tips that follow show you how. |
| D．Read the sentences before and after the gap carefully. |
| E．Discourse markers are really important to help you find the missing sentences. |
| F．If you are not sure which sentence goes in the gap, leave it and move on to the next. |
| G．But remember, there will always be a link between the correct missing sentence and the text. |
【推荐1】A genetic change known as the Himalayan gene has made this breed’s fur extra sensitive to temperature — but also leaves them easy to get certain diseases.
With 73 cat breeds recognized by the International Cat Association, it can be difficult to discern a Ragdoll from a Ragamuffin. Most of us, though, can pick out a Siamese cat. Known for their dark eye masks, nose, and tail — called “points” that stand out against their cream-colored bodies and sparkling blue eyes, the Siamese is one of the world’s easily recognized breeds.
Those trademark points stem from a genetic change known as the Himalayan gene, which was discovered in the breed in 2005. This hidden gene; passed down from both parents, also gives the felines (猫科动物) temperature-sensitive fur that can change color.
In the mother’s body, Siamese kittens develop at temperatures of about 101 Fahrenheit, a cat’s normal temperature. Once born, all-white kittens eventually begin to cool at their extremities (端点), such as their tail, legs, ears , and face. These lower temperatures cause the Himalayan gene to activate the body’s melanin (黑色素), also found in people. That’s why a Siamese cat’s warmer bodies stay light, but their cooler parts become darker as they mature.
“You can see them change,” says Betsy Arnold, a vet who runs a cats-only practice in Rochester, New York, and started breeding Siamese when she was in her teens.
At about two weeks old, Arnold says, dark color begins to spread to their limbs. By about a month old, their final color emerges, which may be one of several varieties, among them blue point, lilac point, chocolate point, and seal point, which has a light, cream-colored coat with dark brown color on its paws, tail, nose, and ears.
1. What may the underlined part in paragraph 2 mean?| A．Take care of those sick cats. | B．Tell the difference between them. |
| C．Take them back to the rescuer center. | D．Evaluate their health conditions. |
| A．It stands out against other cream-colored cats. | B．Its fur is sensitive to the temperature outside. |
| C．It has a genetic change — the Himalayan gene. | D．Its extremities are all dark-colored with blue eyes. |
| A．The color change of a Siamese is a gradual process. | B．An elderly Siamese can change its color. |
| C．A Siamese can only change its color to black. | D．Siamese cats are sensitive to climate change. |
| A．How Siamese Cats Change Their Colors | B．How a Mysterious Gene was Found in Nature |
| C．What Scientists Found in Himalaya | D．Why a Siamese Cat Looks Strange |
【推荐2】Children aren’t the only ones who can benefit from naps. After hours of working, many adults feel sleepy at noon and find themselves in desperate need of a recharge. But instead of grabbing a cup of coffee, it may be more worthwhile to combat sleepiness with sleep.
A power nap can “provide the refreshment you need if you’re struggling to stay alert or haven’t had a good night’s sleep,” explains Rebecca Robbins, a sleep scientist. A power nap “gives people the chance to rest for a short period of time to boost workplace productivity,” she says, but they are only beneficial when they are done correctly.
How long should a power nap be? Sleep experts say that power naps should be quick and refreshing to increase alertness throughout the day. “You don’t have to go to sleep fully.” says James Maas, a former professor and chair of psychology at Cornell University who coined the term “power nap” more than 50 years ago. “It’s an opportunity to shut your eyes, breathe slowly and recharge.” For most people, 15 minutes should be enough to power through the rest of the work day. However, Maas cautions that lengthier naps are counterproductive and even harmful. “Never nap for 60 minutes. If you power nap any time longer than 40 minutes, you’re going to wake up feeling dizzy for another hour or so.”
Shelby Harris, a clinical psychologist, adds that the best time to have your power nap is between 1 p.m. and 3 p.m., because napping any later in the day “can interfere with your sleep at night.”
In contrast to coffee or soda, which is likely to “damage your sleep at night and only offer short term energy for about 30 minutes,” Robbins says a power nap is a healthier alternative to improve workplace performance, strengthen memory and boost creativity. Harris adds naps have long-term health benefits too, such as improving your mood and aiding in stress management. “Power naps can reduce accidents and mistakes while also improving attention, alertness, concentration and performance. They can even be used effectively to combat drowsy driving when a short nap is taken just before getting behind the wheel,” she says.
1. How can we fight sleepiness after hours of working at noon?| A．By drinking a cup of coffee. | B．By having a power nap. |
| C．By getting a good night’s sleep. | D．By listening to music. |
| A．15minutes between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. | B．40 minutes between 1 a.m. and 3 a.m. |
| C．15 minutes between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. | D．40 minutes between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. |
| A．The benefits of power naps. | B．The damage coffee and soda do to you. |
| C．Means of reducing accidents and mistakes. | D．Ways to improve workplace performance. |
| A．Power naps’ cons | B．The benefits of coffee |
| C．When we should take a power nap | D．How to benefit from a power nap |
【推荐3】If you followed the Rio Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including US swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises (青肿) on their bodies. These bruises were the result of “cupping (拔火罐) therapy”, a traditional Chinese medicinal practice that has been around for more than 2,000 years.
Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in the fall of 201 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another US swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that “it really helps with blood flow”.
However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people’s feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effect of the treatment. To figure out cupping therapy has any physical effect, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a false treatment was provided.
In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the false treatment. But in the false treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn’t create the proper suction (吸力).
The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder that caused a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either a traditional cupping or “soft cupping”. But they were not informed that the so-called “soft cupping” was a false treatment.
It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. “The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come from factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself,” the researchers told the Live Science website.
The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. “But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, the therapy can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle changing,” Dr Brent Bauer, director of the US Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program at Mayo Clinic, told Live Science.
1. Why does the author mention Michael Phelps in Paragraph 1?| A．To give athletes a new way to swim faster. |
| B．To provide athletes with a new way of treatment. |
| C．To introduce the topic on cupping therapy. |
| D．To show swimmers suffer from disorders. |
| A．promote the health effects of cupping therapy |
| B．see whether cupping therapy has a physical effect |
| C．compare traditional cupping with the soft cupping |
| D．compare cupping therapy’s effects on different groups of people |
| A．Different people need different types of cupping therapy. |
| B．The real treatment and false treatment almost have the same effects. |
| C．The results show that cupping therapy is surely not part of the treatment. |
| D．Cupping therapy is only effective when used with lifestyle changing. |
| A．is a fast and easy treatment for people to carry out |
| B．is a newly invented way to cure some diseases |
| C．needs a long period of time to take effect |
| D．can be used together with other treatments |
For example, snowmen were a phenomenon in the Middle Ages, built with great skill and thought. At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. It was a popular activity for couples to leisurely walk through town to view the temporary works of chilly art. Some were created by famous artists, including a 19-year-old Michelangelo, who in 1494 was appointed by the ruler of Florence, Italy, to build a snowman in his mansion’s courtyard.
The Miracle of 1511 took place during six freezing works called the Winter of Death. The city of Brussels was covered in snowmen—an impressive scene that told stories on every street corner. Some were political in nature, criticizing the church and government. Some were a reflection of people’s imagination. For the people of Brussels, this was a defining moment of defining freedom. At least until spring arrived, by which time they were dealing with damaging floods.
If you fear the heyday of the snowman has passed, don’t worry: I’ve learned that some explosive snowman history is still being made today. Every year since 1818, the people of Zurich, Switzerland, celebrate the beginning of spring by blowing up a snowman. On the third Monday of April, the holiday Sechselauten is kicked off when a cotton snowman called the Boogg is stuffed with explosive and paraded through town by bakers and other tradesmen who throw bread to the crowds. The parade ends with the Boogg being placed on a 40-foot pile of firewood. After the bells of the Church of St. Peter have rung six times, representing the passing of winter, the pile is lit. When the snowman explodes, winter is considered officially over—the quicker it is burnt down, the longer summer is said to be.
1. According to the passage, why did snowmen become a phenomenon in the Middle Ages?
| A．People thought of snow as holy art supplies. |
| B．People longed to see masterpieces of snow. |
| C．Building snowmen was a way for people to express themselves. |
| D．Building snowmen helped people develop their skill and thought. |
| A．snowmen were made mainly by artists |
| B．snowmen enjoyed great popularity |
| C．snowmen were politically criticized |
| D．snowmen caused damaging floods |
| A．the start of the parade |
| B．the coming of a longer summer |
| C．the passing of the winter |
| D．the success of tradesmen |
| A．They were appreciated in history |
| B．They have lost their value |
| C．They were related to movies |
| D．They vary in shape and size |
【推荐2】If you wear contact lenses (隐形眼镜), you might not know the best way to deal with old ones. Washing them down the sink or flushing them down the toilet is not the way to go. Yet one in five people who wear contact lenses do just that. However, the plastic in their lenses can linger (存留), polluting both water and land.
Rolf Halden, an engineer at Arizona State University in Tempe, and his team created an online survey. More than 400 contact lens wearers took part. The questions asked how many got rid of their lenses inappropriately. About 20 percent — one in five — sent their used contact lenses down sink drain or toilet. Assuming all contact lens wearers in the U. S. do that at the same rate, the researchers then calculated how much plastic would be flushed away each year. Their estimate: 6 to 10 metric tons! That's about the weight of two to three adult African forest elephants. Contact lenses are a tiny part of the world's plastic pollution. But the unique plastic used in contact lenses could make them a big concern.
To figure it out, researchers exposed contact lenses to the microbes (微生物) used to clean wastewater in water-treatment plants. These microbes made the plastics begin to fall apart, but they weren't fully broken down. Instead, they created a lot of tiny pieces called microplastics.
Halden worries that these small plastic bits will cause trouble in the food chain. In water, the plastics from contact lenses sink. Animals could view these tiny bits as food. But because the plastic won't provide them with nutrition, this could threaten the health of animals who dined on it.
And that's already happening. Many studies have shown that corals, larval fish and shellfish are mistaking microplastics for food. Over time, they risk accumulating even higher levels of plastic in their bodies. Also the pollution has already shown up in bottled water, sea salt and fish sold for human consumption.
1. Rolf Halden's survey shows that ________.| A．contact lenses have won popularity with Americans |
| B．contact lenses have caused a huge part of plastic pollution |
| C．some contact lens wearers throw away their old lenses improperly |
| D．many contact lens wearers don't wear their lenses in the proper way |
| A．They could be broken down completely. |
| B．They could be processed properly there. |
| C．They couldn't be affected by microbes. |
| D．Some of them became microplastics. |
| A．Tiny pieces are entering oceans. |
| B．Sea creatures are eating microplastics. |
| C．Animals are causing plastic pollution. |
| D．Contact lenses are damaging the environment |
| A．People's eyesight is getting worse and worse. |
| B．Contact lenses must be banned immediately. |
| C．Animals in the sea are lacking in nutrition. |
| D．The impacts microplastic pollution has on human health. |
【推荐3】The summer holidays are in full swing--and protests against overtourism have begun in a number of popular European cities. Barcelona, in particular, is at the centre of these mounting concerns about the rapid growth of tourism in cities, especially during peak holiday periods. In fact, there were 30 million overnight visitors in 2017, compared to a resident population of 1, 625, 137 in Barcelona.
While many tourists want to “live like a local” during their visits, the residents of many tourism-dependent destinations are seeing the unique sense of place that characterized their home towns vanish beneath a wave of souvenir shops, crowds, tour buses and noisy bars. Overtourism is harming the landscape, damaging beaches, and pricing residents out of the housing market. It is a hugely complex issue that is often oversimplified.
It can have an impact in multiple ways. City residents bear the cost of tourism growth. As cities transform to offer service to tourists, the global travel supply chain advances. This goes with increasing property speculation (房产投机) and rising costs of living for local communities. Airbnb, for example, has been accused of reducing housing affordability and displacing residents.
In addition, overcrowding and the establishment of typical tourism-focused businesses, such as chubs, bars and souvenir shops, overpower local businesses-and noisy and unmanageable tourist behaviour is common. This weakens the uniqueness of destinations and leads to crowd and waste management pressures, while tourism does bring jobs, investment and economic benefits to destinations.
Dealing with overtourism must now be a priority. Managing the flow of tourists seems an improbable and unwelcome task. But some cities have taken extreme measures to limit the effects of overtourism, including the introduction of new or revised taxation arrangements, fines linked to new local laws, and “demarketing”, whereby destinations focus or attracting fewer, high spending and low impact tourists, rather than large groups.
Overtourism is a shared responsibility. City administrators and destination managers must acknowledge that there are definite limits to growth. Putting the wellbeing of local residents above the needs of the global tourism supply chain is vital. Primary consideration must be given to ensuring that the level of visitation fits within a destinations capacity. We need to urgently rethink the way cities are evolving to uphold the rights of their residents.
1. Why is Barcelona mentioned in Paragraph 1?| A．To describe how unique the city is. |
| B．To warn people away from popular cities. |
| C．To show how crowded a destination can be. |
| D．To compare the number of visitors to that of locals. |
| A．It has destroyed local businesses. | B．It has led to higher living expenses. |
| C．It has increased the unemployment rate. | D．It has discouraged the global travel supply chain. |
| A．Take full advantage of tourism. | B．Control tourism-related businesses. |
| C．Advocate a ban on global tourism. | D．Guarantee local people’s welfare. |
| A．Overtourism: A useful side-effect |
| B．Overtourism: A growing global problem |
| C．Overtourism: A new threat to local community |
| D．Overtourism: A responsibility of the government |
