At Sho Farm in northern Vermont, farmers Melissa Hoffman and Shawn Smith work hand in hand with the land and its inhabitants, and among them are hundreds of ducks. The ducks at Sho Farm are not being raised to be killed for food. Rather, they are naturally involved in farming operations, helping to manage pests and add fertilizer (肥料) to the soil.
In the beginning, Hoffman, who has a background in organic farming and ecology action, worked with ecologists and biologists to survey the plants and wildlife all around the area. This was “to understand who was living here, so that everything we did was in relationship to the life already here,” he says.
So, at Sho Farm, focus is placed on living harmoniously alongside other life and working with traditional ecological knowledge. Food is seen not as a commodity (商品) but as a relationship with land and life.
The methods of food production at Sho Farm, as well as the farmers’ philosophy of working with rather than against nature, are in sharp contrast to most modern agricultural systems. And that’s the point. “We’ve been talking a lot about the broken food system and the consequences of it to the environment, to wildlife, to the animals in animal agriculture and to human health,” says Hoffman, adding that it’s not just the food system that’s broken. “It’s the relationship between humans, non-human animals, land and nature.”
The ducks play a vital, integrated role on the farm, explains Hoffman, by naturally providing pest control, fertilizer and (fuel-free) land maintenance (维护), just as by-products of their existence. “We noticed where we summered groups of ducks and parts of the food system that were not doing very well. The following year, the food system was efficiently improved,” he says.
It’s a symbiotic relationship that works well. “Animals don’t have to be part of a farm in a commodity sense. They can be part of the farm as a partner,” Hoffman says. “They are wonderful partners.”
1. Why did Hoffman do a survey in the beginning?A.To get familiar with the surroundings. |
B.To have a good relationship with other people. |
C.To live in harmony with other life on the farm. |
D.To have a good understanding of organic farming. |
A.The causes of the broken food system. |
B.The reasons for Hoffman’s farming methods. |
C.The changes in modern agricultural systems. |
D.The process of food production at Sho Farm. |
A.Animals are treated well at Sho Farm. |
B.Animals are not to be sold for money. |
C.People and animals play the same role in organic farming. |
D.People and animals work together and benefit each other. |
A.Efficient. | B.Modern. | C.Natural. | D.Economical. |
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【推荐1】It seems hard to watch someone yawn (打哈欠) and not to yawn ourselves. Even reading about yawning can make you do it. Now, a new study has found why yawning has such a powerful force.
Yawning when others yawn, the study suggests, is a sign of pity and a form of social connection. Kids don’t develop this deeply rooted behavior until around age four, the study found. Kids with autism (自闭症) are less likely to catch yawns. In the most serious cases, they never do. Yawning might help doctors to see whether the children are developing rightly. The work could also lead to a better understanding of the ways that people communicate and connect.
“Emotional infection seems to be a born thing that connects us together,” said Molly Helt, a graduate student in psychology at the University of Connecticut. “Yawning may be part of that.” Inspiration for her study came when she tried to get her own autistic son to clear his ears on an airplane. She repeatedly yawned at him, hoping he would yawn back. He never did.
“The fact that autistic kids don’t do it might mean they’re really missing out on that emotional connection with people around them,” she said. “The biggest thing people try to figure out after birth is how we become humans and understand that humans have minds that are different from others’,” she added. “Autistic people never seem to understand that.”
Like infectious (有感染力的) laughter and crying, scientists have found that yawning is a shared experience that promotes social connection. Helt said it could fight stress after a period of being nervous and spread a feeling of calm through a group.
1. According to the first two paragraphs, what does the new study suggest?A.It is easy to stop yawning when you see others yawn. |
B.Yawning is a form of communication. |
C.Children follow others in yawning just after they are born. |
D.Yawning has some mysterious force which is related to God. |
A.yawning is a kind of emotional connection among humans |
B.humans differ from animals because they communicate with others |
C.emotions are infectious, but yawning is not |
D.yawning helps clear ears on planes |
A.It is natural to yawn back if people around you yawn. |
B.Some kids are too young to yawn after others. |
C.Kids with autism yawn easily when others yawn. |
D.Yawning can be used to test children’s development. |
A.it is bad manners to yawn on some social occasions |
B.yawning can make people feel relaxed |
C.the more you yawn, the happier you will be |
D.yawning is different from infectious laughter and crying in theory |
【推荐2】A new report said that different types of plants can release some chemical into the air to help other plants. These chemical warnings all have the same purpose — to spread information about one plant's disease or infestation so other plants can defend themselves. But exactly how plants receive and act on many of these signals is still mysterious.
In this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers in Japan offered some explanations. They had identified one chemical message and traced it all the way from release to action.
The scientists looked at tomato plants infested by a common pest, the cutworm. The researchers studied leaves from exposed and unexposed plants. They found one compound showed up more often in the exposed plants. The substance is called Hex Vic. When the scientists fed Hex Vic to cutworms, it knocked down their survival rate by 17%. The scientists identified the source of Hex Vic, and sprayed it lightly over healthy plants. Those plants were then able to start producing the cutworm-killing Hex Vic. Researchers confirmed that uninfected plants have to build their own weapons to fight off bugs and disease. How do they know when to play defense? They are warned first by their friendly plant neighbors.
It is a complex tale, and it may be happening in more plant species than tomatoes. It may also be happening with more chemical signals that are still unknown to us. Further studies are needed to increase agricultural efficiency.
1. Which is the way used by plants to warn their neighbors?A.Using of winds. |
B.Identifying the chemicals. |
C.Releasing some chemicals. |
D.Being exposed early. |
A.farmers may benefit from the further studies |
B.the phenomenon may be happening in less plant species than tomatoes |
C.there are not chemical signals |
D.plants are warned first by their neighbors |
A.It sprays over healthy plants. |
B.It shows up more. |
C.It cures the disease. |
D.It damages the cutworm’s body. |
A.a newspaper advertisement |
B.a physics textbook |
C.a science magazine |
D.a finance report |
【推荐3】People climbing Qomolangma are two times as likely to reach the top and less likely to die on the climb than 20 years ago, a new study finds. Everest is the tallest mountain above sea level on the earth. It reaches 8,848.86 meters into the sky. Between2006 and 2020, around two thirds of climbers were successful in their attempt to reach the top. In the 15 years before that, only about one-third went all the way to the top.
The study was a project of researchers at the University of Washington and the University of California, Davis. They found that the risk of dying on the mountain was 0.5 percent for women and 1.1 percent for men in recent years. That is down from 1.9 percent and 1.7 percent in the period from 1990 and 2005.
The study noted that on a single day in May of last year, 396 climbers had gathered at the narrow path just below the top. The area, known as the “death zone”, is so narrow that only a small number of climbers can pass through, one directly behind another.
A picture of climbers waiting their turn to go up and down through the death zone became famous as it was shared online. Yet researchers say the crowds were not the main reason for the deaths last year. However, overcrowding does make the climb more dangerous. If crowding slows climbers (as is expected), this increases their exposure to the elements, which should increase risk of an accident or illness. An unexpected storm, earthquake, or landslide could be disastrous.
Climbers have expressed concern that Nepal was giving anyone willing to pay the government $11,000 authorization to climb Everest.
1. What was the current death rate among female mountaineers?A.0.5%. | B.1.1%. | C.1.7%. | D.1.9%. |
A.It is too hard to pass. | B.It slows down climbing. |
C.It often makes people ill. | D.It usually causes climbing. |
A.Choice. | B.Attempt. |
C.Permission. | D.Encouragement. |
A.The New Height of Mount Everest |
B.The Location of the Death Zone |
C.The Reason Why People Climb Mount Everest |
D.A New Study of Climbing Mount Everest |
【推荐1】Balancing Forests and CO2
Tree planting used to be regarded as an effective means of curbing (抑制) climate change. Perhaps it’s time for us to rethink this practice.
Trees pull carbon dioxide or CO2 from the air. This effectively removes CO2 from the atmosphere, making trees an important part of the fight against climate change. But trees only hold onto carbon dioxide as long as they’re alive. Once they die, trees decay (腐烂) and release that CO2 back into the atmosphere. This movement of carbon between forest and the atmosphere is called a carbon flux (碳通量), a natural process that happens as trees grow and eventually die.
Recent studies have found that trees around the world are growing faster than ever. Rising atmospheric CO2, mainly due to burning fossil (化石) fuels, is probably driving that rapid growth, said Roel Brienen, a forest ecologist at the University of Leeds, UK. High levels of this gas are boosting temperatures, which in turn speeds tree growth in those areas, he added.
The faster trees grow, the faster they store carbon. It seems like good news. However, it is known that fast-growing tree species, in general, live shorter lives than their slow-growing relatives.
In order to see whether the growth-lifespan trade-off (生长和寿命之间的权衡) is a universal phenomenon, Brienen and his colleagues analyzed over 210,000 individual tree ring records of 110 tree species from more than 70,000 sites worldwide. “By measuring tree rings’ widths one can tell how fast trees grew, while counting rings provides information on tree ages and allows making inferences about trees’ maximum lifespan,” Brienen explained.
They found that, in almost all habitats and all sites, faster-growing tree species died younger than slow-growing species, and even within a species, the trade-off between growth and lifespan held strong.
The team also created a computer program that modelled a forest and adjusted the growth of the trees in this model. Early on, it showed that “the forest could hold more carbon as the trees grew faster”, Brienen reported. But after 20 years, these trees started dying and losing this extra carbon again. “We must understand that the only solution to bring down CO2 levels is to stop emitting (排放) it into the atmosphere,” said Brienen.
1. After trees decay, they ______.A.take in more CO2 | B.become fossil fuels soon |
C.let out CO2 back into the air | D.continue fighting against climate change |
A.curb climate change | B.burn fossil fuels |
C.plant fast-growing trees | D.water the trees frequently |
A.To count the trees’ age. | B.To infer the trees’ lifespan. |
C.To learn about the trees’ habitats. | D.To know the trees’ growth speed. |
A.It is no use planting fast-growing trees. |
B.Reducing CO2 emission is a better way to curb climate change. |
C.It is important to protect the environment. |
D.Planting is an effective method of dealing with climate change. |
【推荐2】Recently, I pulled a jacket from my wardrobe, paired it with my red trousers and earrings, and hit the town for a book signing event. That night, I found myself unexpectedly satisfied. I got more praise over this jacket than I had got in years. But what made me feel way better was to respond, “Thank you. I bought it at a second-hand shop.”
Not only did I spend minimal amount on a clearly unbelievable find, but I also joined the ranks of consumers turning to circular fashion”-a growing trend in refreshing our wardrobe and producing new clothes in more planet-friendly ways.
As for the clothing industry; it produces close to 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions (碳排放) and is a massive consumer of the world's water supplies. To create a single pair of jeans, for example, requires nearly 2,000 gallons of water. And each year, around 8 billion barrels of oil are used to produce artificial materials.
Consumers also contribute to the problem. They buy cheap new clothes, wear them a few times, and then throw them out. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that Americans threw away 16 million tons of clothing in 2018, with only 15 percent recycled--the rest ended up in landfills or being exported abroad.
Something’s got to give. Scientists are working to develop less harmful carbon-negative fabrics, while some leading brands are shifting from linear take-make-waste economies to circular ones in which fewer clothes are made, waste and pollution are vastly reduced, and the used clothing is given new life.
But there’s also a role for the individual in addressing the problem. “Following the circular fashion, you’ll build an affordable cupboard that's better for the planet,” says Gama, co-founder of a company that helps brands scare their recycling and resale programs.
According to ThredUP, the world’s largest fashion resale platform, the U.S. second-hand market is expected to more than double by 2026. “Our resale report data found that over half of the consumers are more opposed to waste, both financially and environmentally, says ThredUP president Anthony Marino.
1. What amazed the author at the book signing event?A.People thought highly of her books. |
B.People got attracted by “circular fashion” |
C.She got others’ recognition for her dressing |
D.She had the chance to buy second-hand goods. |
A.The high costs of artificial materials. |
B.The seriousness of environmental pollution. |
C.The necessity of producing artificial materials. |
D.The high environmental costs of the clothing industry. |
A.Improving the quality of their clothes. |
B.Researching recyclable clothing materials. |
C.Promoting a sustainable clothing industry. |
D.Making their clothes affordable to consumers. |
A.Uncertain. | B.Confident. | C.Objective. | D.Curious. |
【推荐3】In a country where over 80% of residents live in public housing, a government commitment to sustainable urban design could have huge influence. And when it’s a tropical country like Singapore where convenience and air conditioning are a way of life, the impact could be greater still.
Promising 42,000 new homes across five residential districts, the eco-town of Tengah will be the 24th new settlement built by Singapore’s government since World War II. It is, however, the first with centralized cooling, automated trash collection and a car-free town center, with which environment lovers hope to offer a roadmap for reducing carbon emissions in the Southeast Asian city-state.
The development is named as “Forest Town” by officials, due to its abundant greenery and public gardens. Once home to brickmaking factories, and later used for military training, the 2.7-square-mile site has been reclaimed by a forest in recent years. A 328-foot-wide ecological “corridor” will be maintained through its center, providing safe passage to wildlife and connecting a water catchment area on one side to a nature reserve on the other.
The project has proven a new plan for urban planners supporting green design principles and “smart” technology, according to Chong Fook Loong, group director for research and planning at Singapore’s Housing and Development Board, the agency overseeing the country’s public housing. “Tengah is a new start,” he said in a video interview, explaining that roads and parking are being pushed beneath the town center. “We’re going for the ideal concept of separated traffic, with everything underground and then the ground level totally freed up for pedestrians — for people. So, it’s a very safe environment for all.”
“We want a town that allows walking and cycling in a very user-friendly manner,” he added, saying that cycling has “taken off” in Singapore in the “last three to five years especially”. The master plan will see the installation of electric vehicle charging stations.
1. What is special about the 24th new settlement?A.It can house 42,000 people. | B.It will be well equipped. |
C.It will be built by the government. | D.It will be environmentally friendly. |
A. |
B. |
C. |
D. |
A.A parking lot will put in the town center. |
B.Passers-by and traffic will be in different levels. |
C.Bikes will be able to fly in the near future. |
D.All masters will install charging stations. |
A.Ways to reduce carbon emissions | B.A green roadmap for Singapore |
C.An eco “smart” city planning | D.A smart electric vehicle technology |
【推荐1】Sometimes the stress of work can get to be so high, so it’s nice to get away for a while. However, even on vacation, it can be hard to leave all your worries at the office-especially when you think about the mountain of emails.
Iceland now offers a solution with a service called OutHorse Your Email. The service encourages visitors to disconnect and enjoy the country’s beauty while one of several highly trained Icelandic horses replies to any email. “When visitors travel to Iceland we want them to fully experience everything our nation has to offer,” one official said. “Our OutHorse Your Email service lets them do just that.”
To use the service, you should fill in a form on its website and your personalized out-of- office email will be written by one horse and sent automatically (自动地). The email explains the sender is away on vacation and that they’ve given their email jobs to one of Iceland’s four- legged animals. It then includes the message created by the animal. But how do horses type an email? They’ve got their own specially designed horse-sized keyboards in the fields and are able to walk across the keys. However, that still doesn’t mean coherency (条理性). They’re horses, after all. The result is just meaningless collections of letters.
This might seem like a joke, but is actually meant seriously. Nowadays the line between private life and work has become unclear. The service draws attention to the fact that people have the right to be away from work during their holiday. It also sends a message that Iceland is a unique destination by helping tourists go on a real holiday. It’ll surely put a smile on their face and make them want to vacation in Iceland.
1. What is a problem that people face when they are on vacation according to the text?A.They prefer work to holidays. |
B.They’re required to send emails. |
C.They always keep their work in mind. |
D.They feel uneasy without work at hand. |
A.They do not make any sense. |
B.They will be reviewed by the sender first. |
C.They’re expected to make the receiver laugh. |
D.They’re created in the style the sender requires. |
A.Advanced. | B.Competitive. | C.Educational. | D.Meaningful. |
A.To show a way to develop the tourist industry. |
B.To describe the new role of horses in travel. |
C.To encourage people to travel in Iceland. |
D.To introduce a new tourism service. |
【推荐2】Laura Stone is the founder of Sydney by Kayak(皮划艇), a company that offers guided kayak tours of Sydney Harbour in Australia. Not only did their business increase during the COVID-19, but one of their tours is actually more popular than ever.
A few years ago, Laura was paddling in the harbour when she noticed trash floating in the water. For reference, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates that about 8 million tons of plastic end up in our ocean each year, causing big problems for wildlife and local plants. Laura was so shocked by the garbage in the water that she decided to dedicate a few paddles each week to trash cleanup. Incredibly, her clients were immediately on board with the idea, so Sydney by Kayak now leads four to five garbage-collecting tours every week!
At the start of the COVID-19, Laura thought her business would drop off as many others had. Instead, desperate for the purpose and a way to get outdoors, people flocked to her “Clean Up Kayak” tours. They now routinely take about 441 pounds of garbage out of the harbour each week! “We’ve been quite surprised, even through the COVID-19, we’ve been very busy,” Laura said, “Because they can’t travel, people are looking for something to do. That is not just good for them, but also good for the environment.”
Each tour begins with participants preparing for some working tools. Some people come back many times for the satisfaction of collecting trash from the harbour. Julie Greening, for example, has done about 10 tours so far and said, “Every little bit is worth it. We have 7 billion people on this planet. If everyone does a little, of course it’s going to help.”
1. What can Laura’s company mainly do?A.Sell kayaks and paddles. | B.Provide guided kayak tours. |
C.Offer tourism information. | D.Organise outdoor activities. |
A.Reading a report about pollution. | B.Hearing of the appeal of the UNEP. |
C.Talking with her clients on a tour. | D.Seeing the floating trash in the water. |
A.Business continued dropping off. |
B.People helped clean up the garbage. |
C.Business increased because of garbage-cleaning. |
D.About 441 pounds of garbage were cleaned per week. |
A.Garbage-cleaning tools are popular in Sydney. |
B.People actively participate in the garbage-sorting. |
C.The public had a sense of environmental protection. |
D.The idea of using tools wins support from the government. |
【推荐3】Researchers at Columbia University in New York have created a 3D printer that makes cheesecake.
In research published Tuesday in the journal npj Science of Food, the engineers describe how their 3D printer made a cheesecake from seven ingredients: graham cracker, peanut butter, Nutella, banana puree, strawberry jam, cherry drizzle, and frosting; a retrofitted (改装) 3D printer was used; the printing head could pick up any of the seven food “inks” to add to the slice. The final result tasted pretty sweet.
Blutinger, head of the researcher, said in a press release describing the research, “The cheesecake is the best thing we can showcase right now, but the printer can do a whole lot more.” 3D printed food could make foods more customizable — and possibly more nutritious. With more emphasis on food safety, food prepared with less human handling could lower the risk of foodborne illness and disease transmission.
Is 3D food printing healthy? “We have an enormous problem with the low-nutrient value of processed foods,” Cooper said. “3D food printing will still turn out processed foods, but perhaps the silver lining will be, for some people, better control and tailoring of nutrition — personalized nutrition.”
“On every scale, from food manufacturers to restaurants and homes, 3D printers might be the next step in automation, removing more people from the preparation process. You’ll likely pay more for your first 3D food printer than you did for your air fryer. When the first ones arrive, perhaps in five years or so, they will likely come in at less than $1,000,” Blutinger said.
1. What is used to make cheesecake?A.A 3D film. | B.A newly-built 3D printer. |
C.A new printing head. | D.A modified 3D printer. |
A.The cheesecake is the best in the world. |
B.3D printed food belongs to natural foods. |
C.3D printed food could be everything but nutritious. |
D.3D printed food could lower the risk of disease transmission. |
A.It can print salty cakes. |
B.It is possible for massive production. |
C.It will be too much expensive to buy. |
D.It can be put into the market at once. |
A.In an entertainment website. |
B.In an advertisement. |
C.In a science magazine. |
D.In a storybook. |