【推荐1】A study has found that smiling at London bus drivers increases their happiness. The finding feels obvious and unexpected at the same time. For decades, passengers and drivers in London greet each other in an unfriendly mood; any affection feels disgust. While, the authors of the research, which was conducted by the University of Sussex and others, hope it will lead to “more interaction and kindness on buses”. However, Londoners are sceptical.

It might seem impossible that a report on London’s buses could change behaviour. But it has happened before. London’s buses have an underappreciated role in the history of medical science. In the 1940s, a single study of London’s transport workers transformed epidemiology(流行病学), medicine and the way we live now. Every time you go on a run, check your steps, or take the stairs instead of the lift, you are following a path established by the feet of the workers on London’s buses.

In the late 1940s, Britain, like many rich countries, was suffering from an “epidemic” of heart disease and no one knew why. Various hypotheses (猜想), such as stress, were suggested; but no one noticed exercise. The idea that health and exercise were linked “wasn’t the accepted fact that we know today”: Some even felt that “too much physical activity was a bad thing for your health”.

At this time, Jerry Morris started to suspect that the too many deaths from heart disease might be linked to occupation. He began studying the medical records of 31,000 London transport workers. His findings were breathtaking: conductors, who spent their time running up and down stairs, had an approximately 30% lower incidence of disease than drivers. He also looked at postal workers, and found a similar pattern: postmen had far lower rates of disease than telephonists.

Morris’s research was eventually published in 1953, and his work had consequences both big and small. Morris now took up exercise, handing his jacket to his daughter and just running. “People initially thought I went bananas.” But slowly, the rest of the world took off its jacket and followed.

1. What impact did the study of London’s transport workers in the 1940s have on the field of medicine?

A．It led to the discovery of a new virus.

B．It proved the main cause of heart disease.

C．It showed the relationship between exercise and health.

D．It corrected the misunderstanding of London bus drivers.

2. How did Morris conduct his study?

A．By carrying out a survey.	B．By study their occupation.
C．By analyzing the medical data.	D．By doing medical examination.

3. What’s the meaning of “went bananas” in the last paragraph?

A．Falling ill.	B．Saving energy.
C．Starting running.	D．Becoming crazy.

4. Which can be the best title of this passage?

A．How to Increase Drivers’ Happiness

B．How to Transform the Way We Live

C．How Exercise Influenced Heart Health

D．How London Bus Drivers Led the World to Exercise

【推荐2】“Do not tell anyone”. We often hear these words when someone tells us a secret. But keeping a secret is hard. We’re often tempted to “spill the beans”, even if we regret it later.

According to the professor, Asim Shah, keeping a secret may well “become a burden”. This is because people often have an “eager and anxious urge to share it with someone”. An earlier study, led by Anita, a scientist at the University of Notre Dame, US, suggested that keeping a secret could cause stress. People entrusted with secrets can suffer from depression, anxiety, and body aches, reported the Daily Mail.

Secrets are so often getting out. Why do people share them at all? Shah explained that people often feel that it will help them keep a person as a friend. Another reason people share secrets is guilt over keeping it from someone close to them. A sense of distrust can develop when people who are close do not share it with each other. “Keeping or sharing secrets often puts people in a position of either gaining or losing the trust of someone, ”according to Shah.

He added that talkative people could let secrets slip out. But this doesn’t mean that it is a good idea only to share secrets with quiet people. A quiet person may be someone who keeps everything inside. To tell such a person a secret may cause them stress, and make them talk about the secret.

Shah said that to judge whether to tell someone a secret, you’d better put yourself in their position. Think about how you would feel to be told that you mustn’t give the information away. Shah also recommended that if you accidentally give up someone’s secret you should come clean about it. Let the person know that their secret isn’t so secret any more.

1. What does the underlined phrase “spill the beans” mean?

A．Keep silent.

B．Tell the truth.

C．Let out a secret.

D．Eat our words.

2. How many reasons are mentioned in Para.3 why people tend to share secrets?

A．2.

B．3.

C．4.

D．5.

3. What can we learn from the passage?

A．Quiet people are more likely to keep the secrets to themselves.

B．Sharing secrets helps establish friendship or get over the sense of guilt.

C．A person asked to keep a secret will suffer from psychological problems only.

D．Putting yourself in others’ shoes helps realize the difficulty of keeping secrets.

【推荐3】Researchers led by Associate Professor Naoto Hirano from Tohoku University have discovered a new petit-spot volcano（次点火山）at the oldest section of the Pacific Plate.

Petit-spot volcanoes are a relatively new phenomenon on Earth. They are young, small volcanoes that come about along cracks from the base of tectonic plates（构造板块）. As the tectonic plates sink deeper into the Earth's upper mantle（地幔）, cracks occur where the plate begins to bend causing small volcanoes to erupt. The first discovery, of petit-spot volcanoes was made in 2006 near the Japan Trench, located to the northeast of Japan.

Rock samples collected from previous studies of petit-spot volcanoes show that the magma（岩浆）erupted comes directly from the asthenosphere（岩流圈）-the uppermost part of Earth's mantle which drives the movement of tectonic plates. Studying petit-spot volcanoes provides a window into the largely unknown asthenosphere, giving scientists a greater understanding of plate tectonics, the kind of rocks existing there, and the melting process undergone below the tectonic plates.

The volcano was discovered in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, near Marcus Island. Japan's easternmost point. The volcano is thought to have erupted less than 3 million years ago due to the sinking of the Pacific Plate deeper into the mantle of the Mariana Trench. Previously, this area is thought to have contained only seamounts and islands formed 70-140 million years ago. The research team initially suspected the presence of a small volcano after observing data collected by the Japan Coast Guard. They then analyzed rock samples collected by the detector（检测器）Shnkai 6500, diving to depths of 6500 meters and observing the presence of volcano.

“The discovery of this new Volcano provides an exciting opportunity for us to explore this area further, and hopefully reveal further petit-spot volcano,” says Professor Hirano. He adds, “This will tell us more about the true nature of the asthenosphere.” Professor Hirano and his team will continue to explore the site for similar volcanoes in the future.

1. What does the petit-spot volcano erupt from?

A．Cracks formed in tectonic plates bending.

B．Plates sinking deeper into the mantle.

C．Rocks from the base of tectonic plates.

D．Movements of the magma of the mantle.

2. Which is the key condition in confirming the discovery?

A．The discovery of volcano in western Pacific Ocean.

B．The existence of seamounts and islands in Marina Trench.

C．The data of volcano collected by the Japan Coast Guard.

D．The rock samples collected by the detector Shnkai 6500.

3. Which can be the best title of the passage?

A．Asthenosphere Getting New Ways to Observe

B．Detector Giving Evidence to Petit-spot Volcano

C．Petit-spot Volcano Discovered in the Pacific

D．Exciting Opportunity for Exploring the Pacific