Empathy and generosity are two traits (特征) that make the world go around. But a study suggests that the willingness to help collapses when people get too little-or poor-sleep.
To see how sleep affects how much humans help one another, researchers conducted three experiments designed to examine the issue from the individual to the societal scale. Their results are published in PLOS Biology.
In the first experiment, researchers performed functional MRI scans (功能性磁共振成像扫描) of the brain and asked questions to 24 adults after eight hours of sleep and after a night with no sleep. When they were well rested, the participants scored well on a helping behavior test. But after sleep loss, 78 percent had less of a desire to help others, even when it came to friends and family. The scans showed that areas of the brain associated with social cognition-our thought processes related to other people-were less active with sleep loss.
The second experiment tracked 136 healthy adults over four nights and asked them questions about helping the following day. The effect held for them, too, and those who reported worse sleep quality scored worse on the tests.
To test the effects on a societal level, the researchers then looked at a database of 3 million charitable donations given between 2001 and 2016. They found that immediately following the beginning of daylight saving time (夏令时) — a sleep disrupter — donations dropped 10 percent. The effect wasn’t found in data from Hawaii or Arizona, however; neither observe daylight saving time.
Why bother studying how helpful people are when we don’t get enough shut-eye?
“We’re starting to see more and more studies, including this one, where the effects of sleep loss don’t just stop at the individual, but spread to those around us,” said Eti Ben Simon, a scientist at the University of California who co-wrote the study, in a news release. “If you’re not getting enough sleep, it doesn’t just hurt your own well-being, it hurts the well-being of your entire social circle, including strangers.”
There’s a silver lining to all that ungenerous behavior, he writes: Unlike personality traits, sleep can be adjusted — both getting enough and helping others do the same might make for a better world.
1. What does the underlined word “collapse” probably mean in paragraph 1?A.Disappear. | B.Vary. | C.Skyrocket. | D.Decrease. |
A.Participants who had sufficient sleep were unwilling to aid others. |
B.Those who didn’t rest well were willing to help friends and family. |
C.About three quarters of participants were unwilling to help due to lack of sleep. |
D.The MRI scans showed that generous behavior promotes social cognition. |
A.The loss of sleep poses a major danger to individuals. |
B.Bettering our sleep will benefit society as a whole. |
C.Improving sleeping quality should be given the top priority in the USA. |
D.Having enough sleep can do wonders for your constitution. |
A.Too little sleep makes people less generous |
B.There’s a silver lining to ungenerous behavior |
C.The importance of empathy and generosity |
D.The societal impact of sleep loss |
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【推荐1】Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a series of tests. For eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who bad held mentally stimulating (刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive (认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise,” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work — sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It’s not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating (协调),” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons — including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1. Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?A.To assess their health status. | B.To evaluate their work habits. |
C.To analyze their personality. | D.To measure their mental ability. |
A.By using an expert’s words. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By referring to another study. | D.By introducing a concept. |
A.unless you work for the corporate, you cannot keep your brain fit |
B.working as a waiter could be as mentally challenging as being an office clerk |
C.any job that challenges your brain is good for your brain |
D.running a family household without pay can’t help your brain stay healthy |
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills |
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs |
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp |
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age |
【推荐2】Bei Bei’s 2019 departure from the Smithsonian’s National Zoo, to join the giant panda breeding program in China’s Wolong Nature Reserve, left a big blank for fans. What made the loss of the adorable panda even more upset was the belief that his mother, Mei Xiang, was too old to have more cubs. However, on August21, 2020, the 22-year-old proved experts wrong by giving birth to a healthy cub.
“Giant pandas are an international symbol of endangered wildlife, and with the birth of this precious cub we are thrilled to offer the world a much-needed moment of pure joy,” said Steve Monfort, director of the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. “Because Mei Xiang is of advanced pregnant age, we knew the chances of her having a cub were slim. However, we wanted to give her one more opportunity to contribute to her species’ survival. I am incredibly proud of our animal care and science teams, whose expert knowledge and skills in giant panda behavior were vital to this conservation success.”
The zookeepers, who witnessed the “miracle” birth on the live panda camera, say Mei Xiang took to her new cub instantly and has since been seen lovingly caring for it. Nutrition is significant for the survival of the precious cub. Newborn pandas, which weigh just three to five pounds at birth, are unable to crawl or see for about two months. They, therefore, entirely rely on the mother’s warmth, milk, and protection. It will be several days before the cub, whose sex is still unknown, can be brought out from its mother for a thorough physical exam. However, thus far, the cub, which can be heard squawking on the live camera feed, appears to be perfectly healthy.
The newborn’s parents, Mei Xiang and Tian Tian, are part of the Zoo’s cooperative breeding agreement with the China Wildlife Conservation Association. Similar to its brothers and sisters-Tai Shan, Bao Bao, and Bei Bei-upon turning four, the new baby panda will be sent to China to try to increase the numbers of the endangered species, which currently total just 1,864 specimens in the wild.
1. Why was Bei Bei sent to China in 2019?A.To reunite with his mother Mei Xiang in China. |
B.To satisfy fans' desire in Wolong Nature Reserve. |
C.To give birth to a cub in Wolong Nature Reserve. |
D.To make contributions to the breeding of its species. |
A.Mei Xiang's advanced age. | B.Mei Xiang's good physical health. |
C.The efforts of the science team. | D.Careful management of the zookeepers. |
A.The cub was blind due to an unexpected rare illness. |
B.The cub’s parents were looking after it at present. |
C.Panda lovers saw the birth of the cub on a live camera. |
D.The zookeepers were not sure about the sex of the cub. |
A.Four. | B.Five. | C.Six. | D.Seven. |
【推荐3】Anyone who commutes(通勤)by car knows that traffic jams are an unavoidable part of life. But humans are no alone in facing potential backups.
Ants also commute— between their nest and sources of food . The survival of their habitats(栖息地)depends on doing this efficiently.
When humans commute, there's a point at which cars become dense(稠密)enough to slow down the flow of traffic, causing jam. Researchers wanted to know if ants on the move could also get stuck. So they regulated traffic density by building bridges of various widths between a colony(群体)of Argentine ants and a source of food. Then they waited and watched, trying to find out at what point they are going to have a traffic jam.
But it appears that that never happened. They always managed to avoid traffic jam. The flow of ants did increase at the beginning as ants started to fill the bridge and then levelled off at high densities. But it never slowed down or stopped, even when the bridge was nearly filled with ants.
The researchers then took a closer look at how the behaviour of individual ants impacted traffic as a whole. And they found that when ants sense overcrowding, they adjust their speeds and avoid entering high-density areas, which prevents jams. These behaviors may be promoted by pheromones, chemicals that tell other ants where a path is. The ants also manage to avoid crashing into each other at high densities, which could really slow them down.
Can ants help us solve our own traffic problems? Not likely. That's because when it comes to getting from point A to point B as fast as possible, human drivers put their own goals first. Individual ants have to be more cooperative in order to feed the colony. But the research could be useful in improving traffic flow for self-driving cars, which can be designed to be less like selfish humans —and more like ants.
1. What does the underlined word "this" in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Commuting. | B.Finding food. | C.Surviving, | D.Avoiding jams. |
A.By observing closely. | B.By finding out the dense points. |
C.By controlling the widths of their path | D.By regulating the numbers of the colony. |
A.They follow a special route. |
B.They level off at high densities. |
C.They never stop or slow down on the way. |
D.They release natural chemicals to adjust speeds. |
A.It can help solve traffic problems. |
B.It is not what researchers expected. |
C.It shows the importance of good teamwork. |
D.It is of no use to the development of self-driving cars. |
【推荐1】People in many cities risk their lives every time they cross the street. In New York City, pedestrian deaths accounted for the majority of yearly traffic fatalities continually since 2006, according to government data. For visually impaired people, the situation is uniquely dangerous and getting worse.
Over the past summer designers at Touch Graphics, a company that makes navigation (导航) technology that uses information from several senses, have been working with New York's Department of Transportation to test tactile (能触知的) maps at a busy intersection near a resource center for blind people. The project is part of the city's initiative to eliminate pedestrian traffic fatalities. If the trial is successful, these maps could be installed at all New York's 13,000 traffic lights, according to Touch Graphics president Steven Landau.
Landau says such maps are important because increasingly complex street layouts are making it harder for visually impaired pedestrians to know what they will find after stepping on the road. The technology has been tried in Denmark and Sweden, but the New York trial is a first for North America, according to Landau. San Francisco and Toronto may soon test such systems as well, he adds.
Landau's team created the maps using ultraviolet (紫外线) printing: ink is printed on a surface, then passed under a UV light that cures it before it can air-dry. This process allows for more detail and less ink spreading, which is especially useful creating raised graphics that are clear enough to be felt by touch. Each map uses 3-D shapes and bright, high-contrast colors to show the intersection from one of the eight possible perspectives of someone about to cross it. A raised circle labeled "You are here" in both Braille and standard text shows a pedestrian's starting point, and a dotted line traces the path to be walked. Oval shapes symbolize vehicles, with raised arrows at one end of each "car" to show the direction of traffic in a given lane. A row of black bars represents a bike lane, and medians and islands are customized to show their actual shapes.
1. "Visually impaired people" (in paragraph 1) refer to those who ________.A.cannot drive very well on the road |
B.have disabilities affecting their sight |
C.fail to see what color the traffic light is |
D.don't know how to use navigation devices |
A.street layouts in New York is not well designed |
B.more and more navigation technology is in use now |
C.tactile maps have already been a great success in Europe |
D.most of traffic fatalities are related to pedestrians these years |
A.A dotted line. | B.A raised circle. | C.An oval shape. | D.A row of black bars |
A.Giving the direction by touch |
B.Tactile maps or regular maps? |
C.Navigation technology: a bless? |
D.Ways to guarantee road safety |
Health researchers have noticed that some groups of people are more consistently healthy than others, and wondered… Is it race? Income? Where you live? In the United States, these disagreements in health outcomes have been the focus of intense research for the past several decades.
Harvard University health policy researcher Ellen Meara says scholars have found some clues as to why some groups of people have more or less disease than others. She says one important factor in people’s health is the amount of education they have.
In her most recent paper, Meara looked at data from the United states census. These counts of people occur every 10 years. Meara and her colleagues examined data from several decades.
“We looked at life expectancy(预测寿命) at age 25,” Meara says.
“How many additional years can you expect to live if you arrive at age 25 and your education has stopped at high school, or sooner? Versus how many years, can you expect to live if you’ve reached aged 25 and you’ve gone on to at least some college…”
Meara says they found that in 1990, a 25-year-old who only had some secondary school could expect to live for a total of 75 years. In 2000, a 25-year-old with some secondary education could also expect to live to the age of 75.
In contrast, for a better educated 25-year-old, they could expect to live to the age of 80 in 1990. Someone with a similar education level in the year 2000, could expect to live to be more than 81 years, 81.6 years to be exact.
Meara says, not only do better-educated people live longer to begin with, but in the past ten years, more educated people have made gains in the length of their lives. Meanwhile, the life expectancy hasn’t changed for less educated people.
Some of these gains can be explained. Meara says researchers know that people who are more educated are more likely to quit smoking cigarettes, or not start at all, compared to people with less education.
“I think it’s a reminder not to be satisfactory,” Meara says. “Just because a population overall appears to be getting healthier, it doesn’t always mean that those advantages and successes that many people have enjoyed really extend into all parts of the population. And I think that’s something to really pay attention to regardless of whether you live in the US or elsewhere.”
Meara points out that education can often determine income---people with more education frequently make more money. This makes them aware of health care, and purchase other resources and services that can keep them healthier. But the data on income do NOT show that people who make more money are automatically healthier.
Meara says education is key. People need to be educated in order to take advantage of opportunities for better health.
Title | The Amount of | ||||
The less educated people | The | ||||
Comparisons | In 1990 | They could live for 75 years | They could live to the age of 80 | ||
In 2000 | Their life expectancy was the same as in 1990. | They could live to the age of 81.6 | |||
In the past ten years | Their life expectancy remained | They’ve made gains in the length of their lives, partly due to their | |||
People are getting healthier, but it doesn’t mean that the advantages and successes extend into all parts of the | |||||
Education | People with more education make more money | ||||
Getting more money helps to increase their | |||||
Education is the key to better health. | |||||
【推荐3】Facing the growing digital economy and new positions incubated (孵化) in the sector such as deliverymen and live-streaming hosts, young people, especially those born after 2000, are expressing a stronger willingness for flexible work relations with companies, and also wish to become “digital workers” with flexible work locations and schedules.
A report from Peking University’s National School of Development released on Wednesday said that nearly 66 percent of surveyed employees born after 2000 prefer to work from home. The number is higher than surveyed people born after 1970, with about 54. 4 percent of them preferring the new way.
“The Internet can do anything for me. I check emails from my clients and submit my proposals through WeChat, then we discuss plans via teleconference. I love working from home actually,” said Mi Lu, a 28-year-old new media operator in Beijing. “It’s a much more convenient and cooler thing. We work everywhere, perhaps in a cafe, or on a bullet train or even on the table of a restaurant.”
Hu Jiayin, an associate professor in Peking University’s National School of Development, concluded that their survey shows that young people desire freedom in their jobs, but also wish for stability in their careers because of uncertainties brought by the fast-changing digital economy.
“But the development of the digital economy also brings great uncertainties and a sense of insecurity to the working population, so we’ve found some interesting things during our surveys that over 30 percent of job seekers we’ve surveyed wish to have a stable job at state-owned companies,” she added.
Li Qiang, vice-president of Zhaopin, said that the greatest risk to those seeking flexible work is whether the company pays the salary fully and on time. “It’s necessary for job seekers to set up a long-term development plan, rather than be shortsighted.” He added that companies may bear risks that flexible employees can’t deliver high-quality work in a limited time period, which requires the companies to establish a sound work delivery standard to help evaluate employee performance.
1. What attracts the young people to become “digital workers”?A.The increasing network security. | B.The convenient transportation. |
C.The flexible working style. | D.The bright prospects. |
A.Digital economy is interesting and promising. |
B.Young people pay little attention to instability in working. |
C.30% of surveyed job seekers desire to work in government agencies. |
D.The development of digital economy is a double-edged sword for job seekers. |
A.Job seekers lack ambitions. | B.Employers are shortsighted. |
C.Some companies require working overtime. | D.Flexible work conditions needs improving. |
A.Favorable. | B.Objective. | C.Ambiguous. | D.Disapproving. |
【推荐1】Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881—1973 ) was one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. It was said that everything his brush touched turned to gold. But in truth, his works could be worth more than any precious metal. Picasso created more than 20,000 works in his life, including two of the world's 10 most expensive paintings.
Between 1907 and 1913, Picasso and his colleague Georges Braque started a revolution(革命) in painting. Before that, paintings were like windows—they were painted to look as if they had depth. You could tell which objects were "close" to you and which objects were "far away". But Picasso and Braque didn't want to paint like that any more. To them, a painting wasn't a window to the world; it was marks and lines on a flat surface. Why, they thought, should an object like a guitar be shown only from one angle (角度)? A guitar can look very different depending on which angle one looks at it from. Their answer was to show all the angles. They broke the guitar up into pieces. Their style of painting is called cubism (立体主义).
But why did they feel such a need to change things? Well, the world around them was changing, too. Science was turning people's ideas upside down. Albert Einstein's theory proved that what we knew about time and space was wrong. The world was becoming different; artists needed to start seeing and painting it differently.
The famous and terrifying painting Guernica (1937) shows a terrible scene during the Spanish Civil War. In the painting, you can actually see the sky falling. Picasso couldn't have painted it without the skills he learned during his cubist period. Breaking a guitar up into pieces was his preparation for showing the world being blown to pieces.
1. What is mainly discussed about Picasso in this article?A.The high price of his paintings. |
B.His difficulties in career. |
C.The popularity of his paintings. |
D.His achievements in art. |
A.They painted objects with different depth. |
B.They made their paintings look like windows. |
C.They painted an object from different angles. |
D.They broke objects up into pieces and painted them. |
A.Einstein's theory. |
B.The changing world. |
C.A broken guitar. |
D.Spanish Civil War. |
A.To show the theme of Picasso's paintings. |
B.To express Picasso's anger at the war. |
C.To describe the preparations Picasso made before. |
D.To present the artistic effect of cubism. |
【推荐2】Lonely? You’re hardly alone. Since COVID-19 struck, few teens have been able to spend as much time at school or with friends as they used to. But even before the COVID-19, loneliness was becoming a growing problem for teens. And the trend (趋势) appears throughout industrial nations across the world. That ’s the finding of a new study.
In America, the share of lonely teens jumped from 18 percent in 2012 to 37 percent in 2018. Overall, during those years, the share of girls reporting loneliness basically doubled in the countries studied. The increase in boys was somewhat smaller.
The new study connected rising loneliness to a greater use of smartphones and the Internet. Jean Twenge works at San Diego State University. He and his team found that since 2012, U. S. teens have been spending less time together face-to-face. So this increase in loneliness started long before the COVID-19 made such meet-ups unsafe.
“Smartphones can help us connect with friends,” says Twenge. “But they can also make us feel excluded.” Girls,especially, may feel this way. One reason may be that they post more photos than boys. Studies have shown that if those images don’t get many“likes”, it can affect a teen’s mental (精神的) health. And then there’s “phubbing”. It’s that moment in which a friend or a family member takes out a phone and plays with it, ignoring (忽略) everybody else.
The new study mainly refers to a survey called the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Some one million teenage students from 37 countries took this survey in 2000, 2003, 2012, 2015 and 2018. Its questions mostly dealt with education. But they also included six statements about loneliness, such as, “I feel awkward and out of place in my school.” The good news: Even in 2018, most teens around the world still felt liked and included at school. But the fact that so many were reporting loneliness is a worrisome trend.
1. What’s a finding of the new study?A.People struggle with COVID-19. |
B.More girls than boys suffer loneliness. |
C.Teens are eager to connect with friends. |
D.There are more girls than boys in the U. S. |
A.What leads to friends’ ignorance. |
B.What benefits girls’ mental health. |
C.How smartphones lead to loneliness. |
D.How smartphones help teens communicate. |
A.To explain the problems teens face. |
B.To show the importance of education. |
C.To list the statements about loneliness. |
D.To introduce the reference of the study. |
A.A Growing Number of Teens Feel Lonely |
B.Loneliness Contributes to Failure at School |
C.COVID-19 Greatly Affects American Teens |
D.A New Study Shows Teens’ Life on the Internet |
【推荐3】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover(交迭)between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.
1. Art products differ from most other commercial products because .A.most people purchase them for collection |
B.they are more expensive and less accessible |
C.they have both commercial and cultural values |
D.their prices may climb up as time passes |
A.keep the community safe from illnesses |
B.develop a stronger tie between them |
C.learn to appreciate their own works of art |
D.offer honourable solutions to their problems |
A.They enjoy better living conditions. |
B.They like to compare themselves with others. |
C.They are particularly good at both music and art. |
D.They tend to be healthier physically and mentally. |
A.It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth. |
B.It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills. |
C.It inspires their creativity in designing their future career. |
D.It helps to make responsible people out of them. |
A.How Art Cures Our Hearts |
B.Art: A Blessing to Humankind |
C.How Art Benefits Communities |
D.Art: A Bridge Between Cultures |