The planet is in trouble, and a gas-car ban just might help. But how will it affect you? Cars are not small investments. They make a big impact on our wallets — but also on the environment. That’s why when California announced a gas-car ban in August arid other states suggested they’d follow suit, there was a mixed response. Sure, reducing our use of gas by choosing more eco-friendly cars could slow climate change and help everyone live more sustainably, not to mention save money on gas in the long run. But what would happen to people’s cars? Would they have to buy an expensive new electric vehicle right now?
Well, let’s set a few things straight first: This isn’t a full-on ban. People living in or visiting California will still be able to drive gas cars, as well as buy and register used internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles, well after the law takes effect. But in a little over a decade, residents will not be allowed to register new gas-burning cars. It will take more than a decade for the ban to take effect fully — 2035, to be exact.
Why is California banning gas cars? It’s all about the environment. More than half of California’s carbon pollution comes from the transportation sector, and eliminating ICE vehicles is a critical first step in, addressing the climate crisis. California has seen the impact of climate change firsthand in the form of natural disasters such as floods, mudslides, record-breaking droughts and extreme wildfires — all of which have increased in frequency and intensity in recent years.
However, new rules and laws can be fearsome, and hard to carry out at first. For example, electric vehicles (EVs) also don’t get as many miles per charge, making them difficult for long-distance trips and states with few charging stations. Related to that, the country needs more public charging stations. But, of course, the biggest barrier to more people getting excited about electric vehicles is price, which is currently higher than traditional vehicles due to their expensive batteries.
Still, Rauch is hopeful. “As someone who is focused on the health benefits of reducing pollution, I see the benefits as vastly outweighing the challenges,” she says. “At the end of the day, who doesn’t want their children and grandchildren to breathe clean air?”
1. What’s people’s attitude towards the gas-car ban?A.They were totally in different to it. |
B.They held mixed opinions towards it. |
C.They had a flood of complaints about it. |
D.They thought highly of it and welcomed it. |
A.To deal with the severe transportation problem. |
B.To prevent natural disasters from happening. |
C.To follow the example of other states with gas-car ban. |
D.To ease the influence of serious climate change. |
A.Limited miles per charge. | B.Limited charging stations. |
C.Higher prices at present. | D.More carbon pollution. |
A.A magazine. | B.A textbook. | C.A biography. | D.A research report. |
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【推荐1】“There’s a little black woman walking, spraying (喷洒) stuff on the sidewalks and trees on Elizabeth and Florence...” he told the police. Her neighbor saw her spraying something on the sidewalks and trees and this made him worried. In the call to 911, he described the child as “a little black woman”.
Well, the “little black woman” was actually 9-year-old Bobbi Wilson, a young scientist. The fourth-grader had created her own insecticide (杀虫剂) to fight spotted lanternflies (斑衣蜡蝉). She came across the recipe on TikTok and had recently learned that the harmful species damages trees because they feed on their sap (树液). Bobbi was simply testing out her invention in her neighborhood when the police call was made.
“That’s her thing,” her mother Monique Joseph said. “She’s going to kill the lanternflies, especially if they’re on a tree. That’s what she’s going to do.” Bobbi’s 13-year-old sister, Hayden Wilson, also defended her, noting that Bobbi “was not only doing something amazing for our environment, but she was also doing something that made her feel like a hero”. Luckily, what happened didn’t influence Bobbi’s spirit and has led to some positive experiences for her.
She has since been recognized by several organizations for her environmental efforts. She has also been invited on special tours. One took place at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Another was given by the United States Department of Agriculture of New Jersey at a plant where they discussed lanternflies. But that’s not where her recognition ends! The Association of New Jersey Environmental Commissions (ANJEC) honored Bobbi with their Sustainability Award for her work to save trees and fight lanternflies.
“We were excited that she was doing that,” Ann Marchioni of the ANJEC said. Ann added that the organization praises volunteers for being “hands-on” in their community. In addition to the award, she and her family got to visit with a group of black female scientists at Yale University. They showed her various labs and even invited her to donate lanternfly specimens (标本) for the university’s work.
1. What made the neighbor call the police?A.A girl climbing trees. | B.A girl spraying something. |
C.A girl littering the sidewalks. | D.A girl testing something dangerous. |
A.Ashamed. | B.Proud. | C.Shocked. | D.Relieved. |
A.Those whose donations help ANJEC. |
B.Those who can do something creative in their university. |
C.Those whose environmental awareness is quite impressive. |
D.Those who can do something practical in their community. |
A.Creative and determined. | B.Watchful and serious. |
C.Friendly and generous. | D.Talkative and strict. |
【推荐2】Next time you watch videos in high resolution, pause for thought. Your decision may be having an unnecessary impact on the environment.
Watching videos on a smartphone in high resolution produces eight times as much carbon as viewing in standard definition, according to a report from the Royal Society. It adds that the difference in resolution is unlikely to be noticed on small screens anyway and suggests that the users should make a sensible choice in some circumstances.
“Avoiding streaming in unnecessarily high resolution will help reduce emissions,” the report says. “Platforms and regulators should consider limiting streaming resolution.” It recommends that, as part of a move “responsible streaming”, video should be turned off for many YouTube users who are only listening to the content. A previous study found that such a move could save between 1 per cent and 5 per cent of YouTube’s total emissions.
The authors do not calculate how much a person’s carbon footprint would be reduced by watching videos in lower resolution. However, they admitted that digital technology also plays a significant role in reducing emissions, such as by enabling people to communicate virtually rather than travel to meet face to face. “Digital technology lets us do things differently and it has huge potential to help reducing emissions—if used responsibly,” said Adrian Friday, professor from the University of Lancaster, who is a member of the working group for the report.
Using laptops, tablets, smart TVs and other devices for longer before upgrading will also reduce emissions, the report says. “Protecting and repairing phones is good practice to help keep them longer. Getting a phone or other device second-hand, or passing it on, and sharing equipment are other good ways.”
1. What’s the disadvantage of the high-resolution device according to this passage?A.It can’t be upgraded in time. | B.It requires a larger screen. |
C.It may not benefit the environment. | D.It functions rather slowly. |
A.Replacing old laptops frequently. | B.Travelling to meet face to face. |
C.Sharing equipment with others. | D.Streaming in high resolution. |
A.communicating virtually is totally impractical. |
B.YouTube is a popular platform around the word. |
C.digital technology has more disadvantages than advantages. |
D.digital technology should be used reasonably. |
A.Art & Culture | B.Science & Tech | C.Entertainment | D.Economy |
【推荐3】Soil is one of the most important materials of daily life. It’s necessary for growing the food and resources we depend on, protecting against drought (干旱) and flooding and storing carbon dioxide for years to come. But the dirt under our feet is constantly in danger because of rising temperatures and loss of biodiversity caused by climate change. Although we may think soil is simple, it’s pretty hard to know what’s really going on deep in the ground from the surface.
Scientists in Italy, however, think they may have a robotic solution—a seed-inspired (受种子启发的) robot. Scientists at the Bioinspired Soft Robotics (BSR) Lab have developed the first 4D-printed seed-inspired soft robot, which can act as sensors for monitoring pollutants, CO2 levels, temperature and humidity (湿度) in soil.
They were inspired by a South African geranium (a garden plant). The seeds of the plant have the ability to change shape in response to how humid their environment is. When the time comes for the seeds to leave the plant, they can separate themselves from the plant and move independently to find their way through soil. The curly seeds can find a home for themselves simply by becoming bigger or smaller depending on the water content in the air. The team imitated the seeds and developed robots that use materials that also change shape when exposed (暴露) to humidity.
When tested in a soil sample, the robot was able to rock from side to side, adapt its shape to the space, and get into holes in the ground like a natural seed. Not to mention, it was capable of lifting things about 100 times its own weight. First author Luca Cecchini said that the robot is easy to break down and causes no harm to the soil. It could be used as a wireless, battery-free tool for surface soil exploration and monitoring.
1. What can be learned about soil from paragraph 1?A.It is at risk. | B.It can be easily polluted. |
C.It is seldom studied by scientists. | D.It is partly responsible for climate problems. |
A.To deal with climate change. | B.To improve farming efficiency. |
C.To monitor the condition of soil. | D.To test the 4D-printing technology. |
A.Controlling the soil temperature. | B.Changing the shape of plant seeds. |
C.Carrying the seeds to the right place. | D.Adapting to humidity changes in soil. |
A.It is highly affordable. | B.It is environment-friendly. |
C.It doesn’t perform well in the field. | D.It works well under extreme conditions. |
【推荐1】For the most part, it seems, workers in rich countries have little to fear from globalization, and a lot to gain. But is the same thing true for workers in poor countries? The answer is that they are ever more likely than their rich-country counterparts to benefit, because they have less to lose and more to gain.
Traditional economics takes an optimistic line on integration(整合)and the developing countries. Openness to foreign trade and investment should encourage capital to flow to poor economies. In the developing world, capital is scarce, so the returns on investment there should be higher than in the industrialized countries, where the best opportunities to make money by adding capital to labour have already been used up. If poor countries lower their barriers to trade and investment, the theory goes, rich foreigners will want to send to over some of their capital.
If this inflow of resources arrives in the form of loans or portfolio investment(组合投资), it will top up domestic savings and loosen the financial restriction on additional investment by local companies. If it arrives in the form of new foreign - controlled operations, FDI, so much the better; this kind of capital brings technology and skills from abroad packaged along with it, with less financial risk as well. In either case, the addition to investment ought to push incomes up, partly by raising the demand for labour and partly by making labour more productive.
This is why workers in FDI - receiving countries should be in an even better position to profit from integration than workers in FDI - sending countries. Also, with or without inflows of foreign capital, the same gains from trade should apply in developing countries as in rich ones. This gains from trade logic often arouses suspicion, because the benefits seem to come from nowhere. Surely one side or the other must lose. Not so. The benefits that a rich country gets through trade do not come at the expense of its poor country trading partners, or vice versa, Recall that according to the theory, trade is a positive sum game. In all these trades, both sides -- exporters and importers, borrowers and leaders, shareholders and workers can gain.
1. Why are workers in poor countries more likely to benefit from the process of globalization?A.The can get more chances to gain a good job. |
B.They have less to lose and more to gain. |
C.They have nothing to lose. |
D.They can get more financial aid. |
A.It will top up domestic savings. | B.It will loosen the financial restriction. |
C.It will push people’s incomes up. | D.It will bring technology and skills from abroad. |
A.Poor countries get the most profit during the process of trade. |
B.Rich countries get profit from trade at poor countries’ expense. |
C.Poor countries get more profit from trade than rich ones. |
D.All aspects involved in the trade can get benefit. |
【推荐2】Hearing aids will become more accessible thanks to a new rule. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced on Tuesday that people can now buy hearing aids directly from a store or online, said FDA Commissioner Dr. Robert Califf. Before, Americans could only get a hearing aid with a prescription, visiting a hearing health professional and having a custom fitting. The new rule will help those with hearing loss to buy hearing aids over the counter.
Dr. Robert Califf said, “Today’s action will not only help those with hearing loss gain access to more affordable and innovative production options, but it’ll release the power of American industry to improve the technology in a way it’ll impact the heavy burden of disability from hearing loss that affects the world.”
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) lauded the new rule made by the FDA. “ASHA fully supports the creation of this new category of over-the-counter hearing devices, which will increase the availability and affordability of hearing aids for many Americans,” said Janice R. Trent, a leader of ASHA.
The new rule still doesn’t ensure hearing aids are covered by insurance. Hearing aids often burn a huge hole in people’s pockets with a pair costing $4,000, according to a study published in JAMA. Considering that five large companies control 90% of the global marketplace for hearing aids, FDA is counting on the new rule to bring down prices by inviting more players into the market.
“I have a big smile on my face right now,” said Dr. Frank Lin, director of the Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health. “In 1977, the only way for hearing aids to be safe and effective was that they were programmed, fitted and professionally adjusted by a licensed provider. Now the new rule could change the market. This allows more companies that are already making innovative earbuds to enter the market.”
1. What does Dr. Robert Califf focus on about the new rule in paragraph 2?A.The background of making it. | B.Its possible positive influences. |
C.His worries over its acceptance. | D.His explanations of its contents. |
A.Challenged. | B.Rejected. | C.Praised. | D.Adjusted. |
A.There is little competition. | B.They are in great demand. |
C.They are of excellent quality. | D.More insurance is required. |
A.More and more companies will be well monitored. |
B.Hearing aids will be much safer and more effective. |
C.The market of hearing aids will be more dynamic. |
D.The process of making hearing aids will be simpler. |
【推荐3】College graduation brings both the satisfaction of academic achievement and the expectation of a well-paying job. But for 6000 graduates at San Jose State this year, there’s uncertainty as they enter one of the worst job markets in decades. Ryan Stewart has a freshly-minted(新兴的)degree in religious studies, but no job prospects.
“You look at everybody’s parents and neighbors, and they’re getting laid off and don’t have jobs,” said Stewart. “Then you look at the young people just coming into the workforce… it’s just scary.”
When the class of 2003 entered college, the future never looked brighter. But in the four years they’ve been here, the world outside has changed dramatically.
“Those were the exciting times, lots of dot-com opportunities, exploding offers, students getting top dollar with lots of benefits,” said Cheryl Allmen- Vinnidge of the San Jose State Career Center. “Times have changed. It’s a new market.”
Cheryl Allmen- Vinnidge ought to know. She runs the San Jose State Career Center, sort of a crossroad between college and the real world. Allmen-Vinnidge says students who do find jobs after college have done their homework.
“The typical graduate who does have a job offer started working on it two years ago. They’ve postured(定位) themselves well during the summer. They’ve had several internships(实习),” she said. And they’ve majored in one of the few fields that are still hot, like chemical engineering, accounting, or nursing, where average starting salaries have actually increased over last year. Other popular fields (like information systems management, computer science, and political science) have seen big declines in starting salaries.
Ryan Stewart (he had hoped to become a teacher) may just end up going back to school. “I’d like to teach college some day and that requires more schooling, which would be great in a bad economy,” he said.
To some students, a degree may not be a ticket to instant wealth. For now, they can only hope its value will increase over time.
1. The expression “dot-com” in the Paragraph 4 probably means “_____”.A.a company making dots | B.jobs related to high-technology |
C.teaching on the Internet | D.a well-known website |
A.They have spent time preparing themselves to find a job. |
B.They have gone to summer schools for further studies. |
C.They are good students who have finished their homework on time. |
D.They have found full-time jobs as their future career before graduation. |
A.help students to finish their homework |
B.find jobs for students while they are in school |
C.prepare students to find jobs after they graduate |
D.help high school students get accepted to college |
A.get teaching job | B.become a religious leader |
C.change his major | D.go back to school |
A.Having a college degree does not provide travel discounts. |
B.A college degree doesn’t promise a person a high-paying job. |
C.Most students with degrees will not be able to find good jobs. |
D.The best way to become wealthy isn’t to get a college degree. |
【推荐1】Over the last two days, much of Spain has been coated with dust (灰尘) , and the skies have turned bright orange. A huge cloud of dust from the Sahara Desert is causing the strange weather. The dust cloud is expected to spread to other parts of Europe.
Across much of Spain on Tuesday morning, a thin layer (层) of red dust coated everything outside. From streets to sidewalks to balconies, everything was covered with a layer of dust. As the sun rose, the dust in the air turned the skies in some cities a strange orange. The cause of the dust and unusual sky colour wasn’t a forest fire, but dust from the Sahara Desert.
Every year, a large cloud of dust rises from the Sahara Desert. It’s called the Saharan Air Layer. Usually, it crosses the Atlantic Ocean as part of a natural cycle that helps develop farmland and beaches in Central and South America.
But sometimes, depending on the weather, the layer of dust gets forced to the north. Large sandstorms in northern Africa lift sand and dust into the air, where it gets blown towards Spain. Though the particles (微粒) in the air come from sand, they’re much more like dust than sand at a beach.
These kinds of storms aren’t unknown in Spain. In fact, it has a special name. It’s called a “calima”. This calima is so large that it can be seen from space. A NASA scientist who studies weather in the atmosphere says it’s like a river of dust in the air. That river of dust has met with a river of wet air driven by strong winds.
Spain’s weather service described the dust storm as being “very intense (强烈) ”. At one point on Tuesday, the air quality in Madrid was the worst in the world. Government health experts warned people not to go outside without a mask, and to keep their windows and doors closed at home.
1. What turned Spain’s skies orange?A.A huge cloud. | B.Pollutant from Europe. |
C.Dust from Sahara. | D.Heavy rainfall. |
A.It’s helpful for farming. | B.It hits Spain every year. |
C.It’s from South America. | D.It leads to forest fires. |
A.Attractive. | B.Unbelievable. | C.Common. | D.Useful. |
A.Travel. | B.Nature. | C.Science. | D.Health. |
Do you think you’re a good listener? Chances are you do. But studies show that most people seriously overestimate their ability to listen. The truth is we are generally not good at listening, and our listening comprehension declines as we age.
Why aren’t we good at listening? One reason concerns the speed at which we think. The adult brain can process up to around 400 words per minute. This means during a conversation an average person thinks more than three times faster than he speaks. Therefore, we can easily think about something else while someone is talking to us, allowing our mind to wander or get sidetracked. Thinking about how you will reply while someone is still talking is one of the most common barriers to effective listening.
Another factor that contributes to our poor listening is our ever-decreasing attention span (持续时间). According to study conducted by Microsoft, in 2000—around the time the mobile revolution began—the average human attention span was 12 seconds; by 2013, it had fallen to 8 seconds! Our mobile devices provide constant distractions, which can be very destructive to listening. Test results have shown that being interrupted by a cell phone lowers listening comprehension by 20 percent.
Interruptions and distractions can cause a dramatic decline in listening ability—but they don’t have to. More and more people now realize that listening is a skill that can be developed through practice. Learning to observe a speaker’s body language and emotions, for example, can improve our active listening. Even the simple act of note-taking or making eye contact can help us stay focused while listening.
The rewards of effective listening are many. Research suggests that people who are good listeners make better leaders. And a recent study indicates that employees who don’t believe their bosses are listening to them are less likely to offer helpful suggestions and new ideas. As Dr. Ralph Nichols once said, “The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them.”
1. According to Paragraph 2, why is it easy for us to get distracted during a conversation?2. What has caused the decrease of our attention span?
3. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
The decline of listening ability caused by distractions is sharp, and it is hard to be prevented.
4. Please introduce the rewards that effective listening brings to you.
【推荐3】The Suez Canal (苏伊士运河),which connects the Mediterranean Sea (地中海) and the Red Sea, opened in 1869. It helps speed world trade between the East and the West. But the man-made waterway has also helped speed the rise of other things, such as non-native species, which have damaged the Mediterranean’s environment and caused native species to disappear.
The number of non-native species has risen since the Suez Canal was widened in 2015. The “New Suez Canal” has raised concerns in many Mediterranean countries.
Bella Galil is an Israeli biologist who has studied the Mediterranean for over 30 years. She noted that the widening and deepening of the Suez Canal had created a “moving aquarium” of species. These species could make coastal waters almost unusable for human beings. Galil believes the number of invasive species has reached 400, which is twice the number from 30 years ago.
Scientists in Mediterranean countries from Turkey, Tunisia to Lebanon share the same concern. But some Egyptians don’t consider the environmental concerns as serious. They said only 5% of the invaders are a problem and that invasive species can be helpful by “replacing species that are overfished”. They don’t think that the widening of the canal is responsible for the increase in invasive species; they say the increase was caused by rising water temperatures and wastewater from ships.
The Suez Canal Authority runs the canal. Canal officials say they are closely watching the movements of sea species. They say they are requiring ships to take action to avoid carrying species from one side of the canal to the other. And they are trying to keep salt levels high in the Bitter Lakes to block invasive species out. Galil, however, questions whether these will be enough to protect the native species. “One day we will wake up to a complete and irreversible (不可逆的) change and know that there was something we could have done about it, if only it had been done on time,” she said.
1. What does the first paragraph show?A.Seeing is believing. | B.Man will conquer nature. |
C.Let nature take its course. | D.Every coin has two sides. |
A.Its environment is worsening. | B.It connects Mediterranean countries. |
C.It is widened to include more species. | D.It is to protect endangered native species. |
A.The results of overfishing. |
B.The decrease of native species. |
C.The cause of the increase in invasive species. |
D.The meaning of the widening of the Suez Canal. |
A.Uninterested. | B.Doubtful. | C.Supporting. | D.Understanding. |