When you eagerly dig into a long-awaited dinner, it’s traditionally believed that signals from your stomach to your brain stop you eating so much. However, a research team recently discovered that it’s our sense of taste that immediately pulls us back from eating food overly on a hungry day. Stimulated by the perception of flavor, a set of brain cells become active to quickly curtail food intake.
Previous studies have suggested that the food taste may control how fast we eat, but it’s been impossible to study relevant brain activities during eating because brain cells that control this process are located deep in our brains, making them hard to access or record in an awake animal. New techniques developed by the team allowed for the first-ever imaging and recording of a brainstem structure critical for feeling full, called NTS, in an active mouse.
The new study found that when researchers put food directly into the mouse’s stomach, brain cells called PRLH were activated by signals from the gut (消化道), in line with traditional thinking. However, when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those signals from the gut didn’t show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals from the mouth. “It’s astonishing that these cells were activated by the perception of taste,” said researchers. “It shows that there are other components of the appetite-control system that deserves our attention.”
The PRLH-activated slowdown also makes sense in terms of timing. The taste of food allows PRLH to switch their activity in seconds. In contrast, another group of brain cells, called CGC, takes several minutes to respond to signals from the gut. The good thing is that CGC can hold back hunger for a much longer time. These two sets of brain cells interact to work together: one uses taste to slow down eating, while the other signals that you are full.
Understanding how body signals regulate appetite could improve weight-loss programs for the overweight by making use of interactions between signals from different brain cell sets.
1. What does the underline word “curtail” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A.Activate. | B.Limit. | C.Expand. | D.Assist. |
A.Inadequate technologies. |
B.Inefficient funds. |
C.Unqualified professionals. |
D.Improper methods. |
A.They helped stimulate the mice’s appetite. |
B.They encouraged the mice to speed up eating. |
C.They were activated by signals from the mouth. |
D.They were controlled by signals from the stomach. |
A.To slow down eating speed. |
B.To improve the digestion system. |
C.To extend the feeling of fullness. |
D.To interact with signals from taste. |
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【推荐1】Working out on an empty stomach could increase the health benefits of the activity, according to a well-timed new study of the interaction of meal timing, physical health and exercise.
The study, which involved people sitting for long and moderate cycling, suggests that whether and when we eat may affect how exercise affects us. In general, any exercise improves our health. But a wealth of recent science and personal experience indicate that different people can respond to similar exercise routines in different ways. Even if everyone completes the same amount of exercise, some people become more fit than others, or lose more weight, or gain greater control of their blood sugar.
Most exercise scientists believe that our genes, diets, figures, characters and other subtle aspects of our lives act together to shape how our bodies react to exercise. But some researchers suspect that meal timing matters as well. Working muscles need fuel during exercise, mostly in the form of sugar or fat. That fuel can come from our most recent meal, once its constitution sugars and fats reach our bloodstreams, or from our bodies’ stores of fats and sugars.
We all have such stores, especially of fat, some of it staying in our muscles and they are well and evenly matched. This muscle fat becomes problematic if we accumulate too much of it. Fatty muscles do not respond well to the hormone insulin (胰岛素), which directs sugar from the blood into the muscles. As a result, excess fat can contribute to insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels and increased risks for Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic (新陈代谢的) conditions.
1. What do recent science and personal experience indicate?A.Any exercise improves our health. |
B.Different people react differently to similar exercise. |
C.Meal timing has an effect on the result of exercising. |
D.People sitting for a long time always enjoy the benefit of riding. |
A.Fuel. | B.Meal. | C.Component. | D.Muscle. |
A.Store of fat isn’t averagely spread in muscles. |
B.Fat directs sugar from the blood into muscles. |
C.Too much fat will finally lead to health problems. |
D.Hormone insulin will contribute to risky conditions. |
A.Exercising with empty stomach benefits people. |
B.Fat and sugar will provide people with enough fuel. |
C.The accumulation of muscle fat can’t be good enough. |
D.Many unnoticeable aspects act together to influence exercise. |
【推荐2】Children are naturally curious. From the minute they gain control of their body, they work to put themselves out into the world to see how it all works. This free exploration (探索) helps children form connections in their brain. It helps them learn and it’s also fun.
Fine motor (运动) skills.
Cognitive (认知的) development. Art can help children learn and practice skills like cause and effect (for example,“
Language skills. As children describe and share their artwork, they develop language skills.
In addition to helping youth develop important skills, free expression is also good for. overall health and well-being. It can help children relax and work through things happening in their lives.
A.Math skills. |
B.Communication skills. |
C.Is this what I wanted in the very beginning? |
D.If I push very hard with a crayon the color is darker. |
E.Art is a natural activity to support this free play in children. |
F.Controlling pencils , crayons, and paintbrushes helps children develop their fine motor skills. |
G.Parents and teachers can encourage this development by asking open-ended questions in return. |
【推荐3】Air pollution may be causing baldness, scientists have shown for the first time. A new study found that fine particulate matter emitted by cars would damage the skin that holds hair follicles(毛囊) in place. A series of laboratory tests on human cells showed that levels of the crucial proteins needed for hair to grow and be retained decreased when they were exposed to pollution particles. While there is a growing body of evidence showing how these tiny particles can damage internal health, including by entering the bloodstream through the lungs, this is the first to demonstrate such a risk to the surface of the body.
The study was conducted by exposing cells from the human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) to various concentrations of PM10-like dust and diesel particles. After 24 hours the researchers performed a process, known as western blotting, to detect the levels of specific proteins in the cells.
The results showed that the presence of PM10 and diesel particles decreased levels of B-catenin, the protein responsible for hair growth. The study also revealed that the levels of three other proteins---cyclin D1, cyclin E and CDK2, which are responsible for hair growth and hair retention, were decreased by PM10-like dust and diesel particles in a “dose-dependent” manner.
Dr Hyuk Chul Kwon, who led the study at the Future Science Research Centre, said, “While the link between air pollution and serious diseases such as cancer and lung diseases is well established, there is little-to-no research on the effect of particulate matter exposure on the human skin and hair in particular. Our research explains the mode of action of air pollutants on HFDPCs, showing how the most common air pollutants lead to hair loss.”
Sources of PM include the burning of fossil fuels---petrol and diesel, as well as other solid fuels, and other industrial activities such as building, mining and the manufacturing of building materials like bricks.
“While it is difficult to escape from the surrounding pollution, limiting the time for walking in busy streets, especially during rush hours, should help reduce exposure,” said Dr Kwon. “If you are exercising outdoors, try to do so in areas that are less polluted and do not spend too much time waiting at traffic hot spots such as traffic lights.”
1. What did the new study find?A.Air pollution can do great harm to our lungs. |
B.The color of our skin can be influenced by air pollution. |
C.Serious air pollution can probably prevent hair from growing. |
D.Air pollution can affect hair growth by entering the bloodstream. |
A.To discover the protein helpful for hair growth. |
B.To show the protein content in the cells. |
C.To compare different proteins in the cells. |
D.To analyze the composition of hair cells. |
A.His new research is superior to previous research. |
B.The research he conducted is really of great importance. |
C.The results of his new research need to be further improved. |
D.A link between air pollution and diseases needs to be established. |
【推荐1】A perfumer is responsible for designing and composing perfumes and other fragrance compositions. To become a perfumer, it is important to follow a recognized training at a perfume school. The training to become a perfumer will generally take at least ten years. At the end of the training, a perfumer must be able to distinguish and name about three thousand different basic chemical odors(气味). As a perfumer, you also have to deal with a number of important rules of life that a perfumer must observe, such as not drinking alcohol, not eating spicy dishes and not smoking, because this will seriously affect the sense of smell of a perfumer.
Professional perfumers should in most cases be regarded as chemists. As described earlier, becoming a professional perfumer is not easy, because it is a long and heavy training. It is only the major international perfume brands that employ professional perfumers. This does not change the fact that anyone can try to design perfumes independently. There are quite a lot of people active in the field of making perfume, but these people cannot be classified as professional perfumers.
The development of new perfumes is important, because good perfumes can bring in a lot of money for manufacturers. Those well-known perfumes are usually expensive, because perfume manufacturers spend a lot of budget on development and marketing. The cost of perfume is usually not in the fragrance or perfume bottle. It is the costs in the development and the marketing that make good perfume expensive. In addition, perfume manufacturers spend a lot of time conducting market research and styling.
How exactly a perfumer and the perfume industry work is of course a big secret, but in general, a perfumer spends all day smelling and putting together different scents in order to be able to come up with a new perfume. Nowadays, computers are also used to further analyze certain odors. New fragrances are usually made in different variants until the best result is achieved and the perfume company is satisfied. Developing a new perfume scent generally takes several months after a lot of testing.
1. What should a perfumer be able to do?A.Eat spicy food to stimulate the sense. |
B.Distinguish three thousand chemical smells. |
C.Remove life habits affecting the sense of smell. |
D.Take a ten-year-long training at a perfume school. |
A.Chemists studying smells are professional perfumers. |
B.People producing perfumes actively are professional perfumers. |
C.People designing perfumes independently are professional perfumers. |
D.International perfume brands employ professional perfumers. |
A.Cost in perfume development and marketing. |
B.Cost in fragrance collection and production. |
C.Expense in making stylish perfume bottle. |
D.Expense in conducting market feedback research. |
A.Boring. | B.Well-paid. | C.Painstaking. | D.Old-fashioned. |
【推荐2】Sixteen years ago I set out on a path of writing a life skills book for young people and creating a foundation to donate this book to youth organizations and schools. As a high school basketball coach my “mission” was to teach and inspire kids around the world to “Achieve Straight A’s in the School of Life!” I recently turned age fifty and the book is now published in English as well as Spanish; plus, the foundation is launched. The organization is called the School of Life Foundation and the book that we give to kids is called Learn to “School” Your Toughest Opponent. Over the past two years we have placed this curriculum in the lives of close to 20,000 youth across sixteen states and eleven countries. The School of Life Foundation continues to grow each week.
The “Straight A’s in Life” system contained in the workbook has ten steps as follows:
·Appreciate — Have more gratitude in your life
·Assist — Serve others every day
·Attitude — Choose yours each morning
·Aim — Learn to focus by setting goals
·Associate — Make good people a part of your life
·Align — Get organized
·Action — Make things happen or watch and wonder
·Avoid — Stay away from things that will harm you
·Adapt — Turn every challenge into an opportunity
·Always — Remember to pray and ponder each day
My heart and soul is touched every day as I learn of a new story of a young person's life improving by using this journal workbook while “Living the A's” in life!
I am now “Living My Dream” of making a difference in the world. I chose to not give up over the past sixteen years when obstacles and discouragement got in the way. You have to perform with passion!
Your mission in life may be large or small, but is vital to all of us no matter what it may be. What are you doing today to find it? Are you living your dream? I am simply the guy next door encouraging you to get started today!
1. From the first paragraph, we know the writer’s dream is ________.A.to become a basketball coach in a famous college |
B.to become a famous writer around the world |
C.to teach and inspire kids to have the A's school life |
D.to found an organization to help the poor children |
A.Appoint. | B.Attitude. |
C.Always. | D.Aim. |
A.to help teachers to have the “Straight A's in Life” |
B.affecting more than 20,000 youth around the world |
C.to donate all kinds of books to youth organizations and schools |
D.developing very well and growing each week |
A.a science book |
B.a magazine |
C.an entertainment newspaper |
D.a guide book |
【推荐3】How clever can a computer be? Maybe you can get the answer after reading the following passage about a newly-developed US computer program called SmarterChild.
If you ran into Smarter Child online, you would be surprised at this kid’s huge memory. It can remember many facts. For example, Smarter Child knows everybaseball player in every team this season and the weather in every city across the US.He also knows every word in the dictionary. However, if you ask Smarter Child other private questions, you will get strange answers. A question about Smarter Child’s age returns, “I’ll be older than you after further study!”, and asking where he lives, you will get, “In a clean room in a high-tech building in California.”
Smarter Child uses the huge information on the World Wide Web as his memory bank. To answer questions about spelling, for example, Smarter Child goes towww.ahdictionary.com. For the weather, he visits www.intellicast.com. He turns to www.the-scientist.com for scientists and www.moviefone.com for a fantastic movie.
Some scientists believe that by joining many systems of the Internet, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the combined (结合的) knowledge of, say, Albert Einstein, Richard Nixon and Britney Spears could be born. However, Smarter Child has difficulty in discerning whether a behavior is right or wrong, which is obvious to any young child. If he wants to think and learn without any help from the programmers like boy-computer David in the movie Artificial Intelligence (AI), he must solve two problems.
The first is that computers find it difficult to read web pages because the files aresorted in different ways. That’s why programmers need to tell Smarter Child where tolook for the weather. It would be a much more difficult task to let him find it byhimself. Another problem is that while Smarter Child can deal with information moreexactly and faster than any human, he needs programmers to make better systems thatallow machines to solve problems of common sense, which is a huge challenge.
1. What may be unknown to Smarter Child?A.A word in the dictionary. | B.The weather in New York. |
C.personal information | D.A player’s name of the Boston Redsox. |
A.www.moviefone.com | B.www.intellicast.com |
C.www.the-scientist.com | D.www.ahdictionary.com |
A.Preventing、 | B.Copying. | C.Inventing. | D.Telling |
A.He has a huge memory. | B.He can think and learn independently. |
C.He can make a weather forecast. | D.He deals with information fast. |