The attendance of accident and emergency department(A&E) is variable. We used to joke that Monday was the busiest day of the week. But some people argued that Sunday, and even Tuesday, were also very busy.
In the business sector, it is well known that Monday has an effect on trading volume: Monday has a lower volume than other weekdays. In the medical field, Watson mentioned that more people had heart attacks on Monday morning — the so-called “Black Monday Syndrome”. In fact, “Monday Syndrome” is variably defined in the literature to mean different things to different people: from occupational disease to increase in injury, etc. When these effects are grouped together and viewed from the macroscopic (宏观的) perspective, it could translate into an increase in demand of the healthcare service on Monday. If it can be shown that this pattern of service demand is reproducible in our local setting, then measures can be taken to redistribute resources to appeal to the uneven demand during the week.
The present study employed existing data obtained from the computer system of the A&E department of a regional hospital with a daily attendance of about 300 per day. The daily attendance from April to June 2010 was grouped in days of the week, in order to find out whether the attendance on Monday was different from the rest of the week. Main measuring variables were the mean (平均的) attendance data of different days of the week. Standard deviation (偏差) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the means were calculated and compared. Lastly, mean attendance of Monday was compared to that of non-Mondays. Careful inspection of the data showed that Monday was the busiest day of the week (Figure 1) — it had significantly higher attendance than Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday (p<0.05). Monday was also busier than Tuesday, although this is statistically unconvincing.
For Q2 2010, Monday has 12% more attendance than other weekdays. Administrative measures to limit the “predictable” service demand should be taken to avoid overcrowding and long waiting-time on Monday.
Figure 1. Mean attendance Monday through Sunday (Q2 2010), with 95% CI (Attendance of Monday is different from that of Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday at the 0.05 level).
1. What most probably happens on Monday according to paragraph 2?
A.Jane has classes energetically. | B.Sean earns a substantial sum of money. |
C.Dr. Mike bursts out infectious laughter. | D.Our English Teacher gets a sore throat. |
A.The second quarter data of 2010 was used. |
B.The daily attendance was generated nationwide. |
C.It was computer scientists that provided the data. |
D.Monday and Tuesday attendances differed significantly. |
A.To clarify a concept. | B.To compare statistics. |
C.To stir up a debate. | D.To introduce a research method. |
A.By doing experiments. | B.By making questionnaires. |
C.By interviewing the subjects of the study. | D.By employing statistical and mathematical models. |
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【推荐1】Tree planting used to be regarded as an effective means of controlling climate change. Perhaps it’s time for us to rethink this practice. Trees pull carbon dioxide or CO2 from the air. This effectively removes CO2 from the atmosphere, making trees an important part of the fight against climate change. But trees only hold onto carbon dioxide as long as they’re alive. Once they die, trees decay and release that CO2 back into the atmosphere.
Recent studies have found that trees around the world are growing faster than ever. Rising atmosphere CO2 is probably driving that rapid growth, said Roel Brienen. High levels of this gas are boosting temperatures, which in turn speeds tree growth in those areas, he added. The faster trees grow, the faster they store carbon. It seems like good news. However, it is known that fast-growing tree species, in general, live shorter lives than their slow-growing relatives.
In order to see whether this is a universal phenomenon, Brienen and his colleagues analyzed over 210,000 individual tree ring records of 110 tree species from more than 70,000 sites worldwide. “By measuring tree rings’ widths, one can tell how fast trees grew, while counting rings provides information on tree ages and allows making inferences about trees’ maximum lifespan.” Brienen explained.
The team also created a computer program that modeled a forest. Early on, it showed that “the forest could hold more carbon as the trees grew faster”, Brienen reported. But after 20 years, these trees stared dying and losing this extra carbon again. “We must understand that the only solution to bring down CO2 levels is to stop emitting it into the atmosphere,” said Brienen.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.Where carbon dioxide or CO2 is. |
B.Whether trees will be planted or not. |
C.Why the atmosphere can remove carbon dioxide. |
D.Why trees against climate change should be rethought. |
A.Decline. | B.Decompose. | C.Decrease. | D.Deconstruct. |
A.They give off and store lots of CO2. | B.They belong to fast-growing species. |
C.Rising atmospheric CO2 may help them. | D.The surrounding trees may affect them. |
A.How to make the old trees live a little longer. |
B.Why the team founded the computer program. |
C.Why the faster trees grow, the longer they live. |
D.How to deal with dying trees emitting their extra carbon. |
【推荐2】The old saying “Use it or lose it” doesn’t appear to be true when it comes to someone’s ability to preserve and use a foreign language, a new study has revealed.
The research team tasked almost 500 British people who had taken French GCSE or A-level between the 1970s and 2020 with completing a French vocabulary and grammar test. They included a survey of whether participants had used their French knowledge over the years since their exams, and excluded (排除) anyone who had studied a language later on in life.
They found that participants who had taken their exam 50 years ago and not used French since performed at the same level as recent school leavers, and as well as those who used French occasionally.
Lead researcher Monika Schmid said: “The knowledge of language is astonishingly stable over long periods of time, compared to other subjects such as maths, history or science. This is likely because of the way language is stored in memory. Vocabulary is memorized in the same way that facts, dates and names are, while this memory may become weaker over time, and grammar is learned in a similar way to riding a bike, a kind of muscle memory, which is much more stable. Vocabulary knowledge on the other hand, exists in a highly connected network, which means that we need only be reminded of a word that sounds similar to a foreign language word for our brain to recall it.”
“Many people are put off revisiting languages they once learnt as they fear they will be forced to relive (重温) some of the more ‘boring’ element s of the courses, such as grammar, but our work suggests that this would not be necessary. We hope that it might encourage more people to pick foreign languages back up if they know it would only take a short amount of time in refresher lessons to bounce back to their original level,” Schmid added.
1. What did the researchers ask the participants to do?A.Take a French exam. | B.Conduct a survey in French. |
C.Learn French from recent school leavers. | D.Talk about their French GCSE experience. |
A.A fact related to it. | B.Our muscle memory. |
C.The grammar of the language. | D.A similar-sounding word. |
A.Years of use promises fluency in a foreign language. |
B.One is able to quickly and easily re learn a language. |
C.The boring elements of a language course are important. |
D.Refresher lessons are necessary in picking foreign languages back up. |
A.Language tests truly matters at school. |
B.If you don’t use a language, you’ll lose it. |
C.Knowledge of foreign languages can last a lifetime. |
D.Grammar is the most important part in language learning. |
【推荐3】Adolescence (青春期) is a stressful time. From friends to families, from home to school, stressful situations become common. Now, a new study shows an unexpected factor (因素) might cause teens to respond strongly to stress.
Jonas Miller, a psychologist at Stanford University, wanted to know whether air pollution might affect teens’ response to stress. his team recruited (招募) 144 tweens and teens for the study, most of whom lived in or near San Francisco, which ranks among the ten U.S. cities having the worst air quality. The researchers used data on air pollution collected by the city to see how polluted the air was near each recruit’s home. They then collected physical. and social information about the students and invited them to participate in a stressfuf.test.
Before the test, the researchers used sensors to record participants’ heart rate and sweat levels for five minutes-as they rested. Then the test began. A researcher read aloud the beginning of a story and told each participant to make up an exciting ending, which they would have to memorize and present aloud to a judge. After finishing this task, the judge had the participant do math problems. If they made a mistake, they had to start over. The whole time, sensors recorded heart rate and sweat levels.
At rest, all the students had similar heart rates and sweat levels, Miller found. But as the test got tough, kids from neighborhoods with more air pollution reacted more strongly to stress. Their heartbeats became irregular. They sweated more than teens who lived in cleaner places.
Miller looked at other possible causes of those strong reactions in the students. including their height and weight, stage of adolescence, family income and neighborhood. None of them explained the stronger stress response. Such responses are linked to negative feelings, Miller notes. Over time, these responses can “contribute to problems with both physical and mental health”.
“This is an interesting study,” says Anjum Hajat, an epidemiologist who studies the causes of disease. Miller’s study “provides unique evidence of the negative health impacts of air pollution among adolescents,” Hajat says.
1. What did Miller’s study intend to find out?A.The factors increasing teens’ stress. |
B.The level of air pollution in San Francisco. |
C.The effect of air pollution on teens’ feelings of stress. |
D.The relationship between air pollution and teens’ physical health. |
A.Retell an exciting story. | B.Invent an ending to a story. |
C.Make up an amusing story. | D.Find the mistakes in a story. |
A.Parents’ income. | B.Parents’ education. |
C.Children’ s mental health. | D.Child-parent relationship. |
A.Skeptical. | B.Conservative. | C.Uncaring. | D.Positive. |
【推荐1】Everywhere I look outside my home I see people busy on their high-tech devices, while driving, walking, shopping, even sitting in toilets. When connected electronically, they are away from physical reality.
People have been influenced to become technology addicted. One survey reported that “addicted” was the word most commonly used by people to describe their relationship to iPad and similar devices. One study found that people had a harder time resisting the allure of social media than they did for sleep, cigarettes and alcohol.
The main goal of technology companies is to get people to spend more money and time on their products, not to actually improve their quality of life. They have successfully created a cultural disease. Consumers (消费者) willingly give up their freedom, money and time to catch up on the latest information, to keep pace with their peers or to appear modern.
I see people trapped in a pathological (病态的) relationship with time-sucking technology, where they serve technology more than technology serves them. I call this technology servitude. I am referring to a loss of personal freedom and independence because of uncontrolled consumption of many kinds of devices that eat up time and money.
What is a healthy use of technology devices? That is the vital question. Who is really in charge of my life? That is what we need to ask ourselves if we are to have any chance of breaking up false beliefs about their use of technology. When we can live happily without using so much technology for a day or a week, then we can regain control and personal freedom, become the master of technology and discover what there is to enjoy in life free of technology. Mae West is famous for proclaiming the wisdom that “too much of a good thing is wonderful.” But it’s time to discover that it does not work for technology.
Richard Fernandez, an executive coach at Google acknowledged that “we can be swept away by our technologies.” To break the grand digital connection people must consider how life long ago could be fantastic without today’s overused technology.
1. What does the underlined word “allure” (Para 2) most probably mean?A.Advantage. | B.Attraction. | C.Addiction. | D.Attention. |
A.To attract people to buy their products. | B.To provide the latest information. |
C.To improve people’s quality of life. | D.To serve their consumers better. |
A.Stepping away from technology completely. |
B.Spending much time on electronic devices. |
C.Following the latest high-tech trends. |
D.Making use of technology wisely. |
A.Positive. | B.Objective. | C.Negative. | D.Doubtful. |
【推荐2】Nowadays, many employees hold the view that they should be allowed to have pets in their workplace and believe they help reduce stress and improve their health, a recent study suggests.
“The response was overwhelmingly positive,” said Dr Meredith Wells, a researcher involved in the study. “People thought pets reduced stress, improved job satisfaction.”
“Other studies have found that pets can reduce stress and blood pressure levels for children, older adults, and sick patients, but few studies have examined the effect of pets in the workplace,” Wells added.
Wells and Dr Rose Perrine, another expert, examined 31 local businesses around Kentucky that allowed employees and owners to bring cats and dogs to the workplace. The 193 employees rated their feelings about having pets in the office on a six-point scale.
The companies that allowed pets tended to be smaller, and they did so because the owner or manager wanted to bring his or her own pet to work. Most employees enjoyed having pets in the workplace —even workers who didn’t own pets themselves.
Employees reported that pets in the workplace help foster social communication and are good for business.
Not everyone was entirely enthusiastic. Some drawbacks reported were noise from barking, hair on the furniture, the possibility of the animal urinating on the floor, and allergies. There was also some concern that clients or customers may have allergies or be afraid of the animal.
1. The writer wrote this text mainly to ________.A.teach how to improve work efficiency |
B.tell how to raise pets in the workplace |
C.explain why there are so many people keeping pets |
D.introduce a finding between pets and work efficiency |
A.patients | B.children |
C.researchers | D.employees |
A.pets can bring more wealth to their companies |
B.the bosses want to keep pets in the workplace |
C.pets can make the customers feel very comfortable |
D.most employees prefer to keep pets in their companies |
A.Trouble caused by pets in the workplace. |
B.The pleasure pets bring to clients or customer. |
C.The advantages of keeping pets in the workplace. |
D.How to prevent pets from damaging the environment. |
【推荐3】For most people today, their GPS (Global Positioning System) has become a lifeline, giving directions to the nearest bathroom or restaurant. But the price we pay for the convenience could be our sense of direction.
“I do think GPS devices cause our navigational skills atrophy.” said Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US who studies how the human brain navigates. “The problem is that you don’t see an overview of the area and where you are in relation to other things.”
To understand the risk, you first need to understand how our brain keeps us from getting lost. Through experiments, researchers have found that our navigational strategies usually fall into two groups. The first involves a spatial map inside your brain. As you explore an area, you think about how the streets fit together and the best way to get between different places. Eventually, the map lets you navigate between any two points in the area. The second involves a series of landmarks and steps: turn right at the gas station, and your school is on the left. It’s quick and reliable, but less flexible—it doesn’t help you get from your school to a totally new place, even if it’s nearby.
These two methods might not sound all that different, but according to Nora Newcombe, a psychologist at Temple University in the US, people who are bad at navigation have trouble with the first strategy – creating spatial maps. What’s more, people’s ability to create maps is decided by how often we use the skill.
That helps explain what happens when people trust themselves with GPS devices. According to Professor Veronique Bohbot of McGill University, people depending on GPS show more activity in the part of the brain that is good at following directions—but less activity in the part which creates the spatial maps.
It turns out that our sense of direction isn’t the only thing we could lose. One more thing that could go is our connection to the environment we travel through. Researchers have found that when people rely on GPS while driving, their memory of their trip is of a route on a screen, rather than the landscape they traveled through. Moreover, researchers believe that active navigation improves the type of thinking used in all kinds of spatial processes. “It’s things like urban planning, and looking at a map to see where resources are. That’s not replaceable by your phone.” Newcombe said.
1. ______is what we may lose for the convenience of using GPS.A.The ability to read maps | B.The sense of feeling the sun |
C.The chance to do urban planning | D.The connection to where we travel |
A.become weaker | B.become stronger |
C.become more useful | D.become less important |
A.To explain why people use navigation |
B.To prove what happens when we use GPS devices. |
C.To find out people’s ability to create the spatial maps. |
D.To tell the differences between the first strategy and the second direction. |
A.Objective | B.Ambiguous | C.Negative | D.Indifferent |
【推荐1】The world’s hottest rainforest is located not in the Amazon or anywhere else you might expect, but inside Biosphere (生物圈) 2, the experimental scientific research facility in the desert outside Tucson, Arizona. A recent study of tropical trees planted there in the early 1990s reported a surprising result: They have withstood temperatures higher than any likely to be experienced by tropical forests this century.
The study adds to a growing number of findings that are giving forest scientists something that’s been in short supply lately : hope. Plants may have unexpected resources that could help them survive — and perhaps even prosper — in a hotter, more carbon-rich future. And while tropical forests still face both human and natural threats, some researchers believe terrible reports of their approaching decline due to climate change may have been overstated.
“Biology is clever, ”says Scott Saleska, an ecologist at the University of Arizona in Tucson and co-leader of the Biosphere 2 study. “It’s a lot smarter than our models yet represent.”
The last few years have seen a flood of alarming reports about forests and climate change’s effects on them. Scientists have announced that the Amazon forest is no longer a reliable carbon sink; the Amazon rainforest may be nearing a tipping point; tropical forests globally are already close to the hottest temperatures they can tolerate and climate change is killing off old trees.
One thing is certainly true: Our fossil fuel emissions are creating a climate that humans have never seen and trees haven’t experienced in a very long time.“We’re pushing tropical forests into temperatures they’ve never seen since the Cretaceous — since there were dinosaurs,” says Abigail Swann, an ecologist and climate scientist at the University of Washington in Seattle.
1. Where is the hottest rainforest located according to the article?A.In the Amazon tropical forest. | B.In a research facility in Arizona. |
C.In the rainforest in Brazil. | D.At the University of Arizona. |
A.Forest scientists still lack numbers of findings about rainforest. |
B.Plants may not survive in hot and carbon rich future than expected. |
C.Plants may survive in hotter and more carbon-rich environment. |
D.People may overstate the climate change in the future. |
A.We have never seen the climate change due to greenhouse. |
B.The fossil fuel emissions may destroy the whole ecosystem. |
C.The temperatures may reach as high as those in dinosaur period. |
D.The fossil fuel emissions may create a climate plants can’t bear. |
A.The world’s hottest rainforest in the wild |
B.Plants may die of fossil fuel emissions due to mankind |
C.The Amazon forest is declining quickly in the future |
D.Plants may stand hotter temperature than expected |
【推荐2】In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after World War Ⅱ.
It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness, Richard Burton, Dame Margot Fonteyn and Marlene Dietrich as well as the big symphony orchestras (交响乐团). It became a fixed event every August and now attracts about 400,000 people yearly.
At the same time, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe (the Fringe) appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947, believing that everyone should have the right to perform, and they did so in a public house that had been disused for years.
Soon, groups of students firstly from the University of Edinburgh, and later from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform plays by little-known writers in small halls.
Today the Fringe, once less embraced, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of music, dance and theatre on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as 1959, with only 19 theatre groups performing, some said it was getting too big.
A paid administrator (管理人员) was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.
1. Why did some famous people hold an international festival in 1947?A.To honor heroes of World War Ⅱ. |
B.To introduce young theatre groups. |
C.To attract great artists from Europe. |
D.To bring Europe together again. |
A.They came to take up a challenge. |
B.They thought they were also famous. |
C.They wanted to take part in the festival. |
D.They owned a public house there. |
A.accepted. | B.checked. | C.allowed. | D.controlled. |
A.To prove different groups have come to the festival. |
B.To show administrators are busy in August. |
C.To prove the tickets of the festival sell well. |
D.To show the festival has grown rapidly. |
【推荐3】Stay off social media. Lose 20 pounds. Make $1 million in sales. Do these kinds of goals get you into action or cause you to hesitate in fear? For some, direct, concrete wording is motivating, clarifying, and effective. For others, these goals make them want to give up before they’ve even started. If you find yourself in the latter category, a kinder, more self-compassionate(自我同情的) approach to wording your goals may be the best approach for you.
Talking to yourself in a self-compassionate tone supports the achievement of your goals in multiple ways. For one, it can help you normalize any negative feelings around your goals because it acknowledges that discomfort is a natural part of the human experience. Self-compassion can also allow you to let go of paralyzing perfectionism because it leaves room for human fallibility and that’s okay for being careless. And self-compassion can help you to stick with your goals by heightening your ability to recover from setbacks instead of getting stuck in endless reflection about what went wrong.
Where should you start? First, decide what you will do. Goals focused on what you will do, instead of what you’ll stop, can be the kindest and most effective. For example, the book The Willpower Instinct shares a study done by Laval University in Quebec where they found that focusing on what research participants should eat leads to two-thirds of the participants losing weight and maintaining that weight loss 16 months later. This was a much better outcome than the results of most approaches emphasizing what to cut from their diet. Then, the “I will” strategy can be applied to goals in all areas of your life. Instead of telling yourself to stop watching TV at night, make your objective to get ready for bed and start reading a book after dinner. Positive action goals not only sound better but also can be much more effective in terms of getting results.
In short, self-compassion could be the difference between giving up on your goals and achieving them step by step.
1. What are people advised to do if they want to give up?A.Ask others for guidance. | B.Reset their goals. |
C.Speak out directly. | D.Be self-compassionate. |
A.The purposes of wording. | B.The classification of goals. |
C.The benefits of self-compassion. | D.The definition of self-compassion. |
A.Tendency to commit mistakes. | B.Willingness to start new goals. |
C.A lack of emotional support. | D.A sense of achievement. |
A.Right decisions are important to better results. | B.People will lose weight easily through diets. |
C.People should be encouraged to eat less. | D.“I will” policy should be applied to all areas. |