【推荐3】It’s no surprise that there’s a link between exercise and mental health. But scientists have now made it official: research has found a direct connection between movement and mood. Why does exercise hold so many benefits for our mental health?     1    .

When our muscles tighten, chains of amino acids (氨基酸) called myokines (肌细胞因子) are released into the bloodstream.     2    . This communication increases adaptation to stress, reduces symptoms of anxiety and has a direct effect on depression.

A recent study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine showed that treatment for depression can be much more effective when physical activity is added to the usual care.     3    . “While exercise is not a substitute for professional mental health treatment, physical activity can complement and enhance the effects of the treatment,” says lead researcher Ben Singh, a research fellow at the University of South Australia. He says regular exercise in a group setting can boost self-esteem and decrease feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Exercise helps build key connections between the networks within the brain, too.     4    . Studies have shown that physical activity stimulates creativity, sharpens judgement skills and improves mental energy. It can also help to slow age-related cognitive decline, possibly even slowing the pace of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

    5    . In this way you’ll keep going back to them. Experts suggest that you aim for a minimum of 10 to 30 minutes, three to five days each week. Getting sweaty is good for your body and mind.

A．It can improve overall cognitive performance

B．They help your muscles and organs communicate

C．The answer, studies say, lies in our brain chemistry

D．Here are the suggestions that you are supposed to pay attention to

E．It is amazing to consider how moving our bodies can affect our minds

F．To get the biggest health boost, the key is to be engaged in sports you enjoy

G．Participants found benefits after 12 weeks of exercising for 30 to 60 minutes a day

【推荐2】Thinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor don’t hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.

Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goals, but others have fallen short of reaching even modest targets.

To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schafer of the University of Zurich examined the content of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.

Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as Experiment. com and Petridish org only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors, since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4000 on average, with 30% receiving less than $1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the researchers found.

Other factors may also significantly influence a project’s success, most notably, the size of a scientist's personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researchers’ efforts to reach the public, and people give because “they feel a connection to the person” who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the science.

1. What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?

A．They did not raise much due to modest targets.

B．Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.

C．They made use of mixed fundraising strategies.

D．Most of them put movies online for the purpose.

2. What is the purpose of Mike Schafer’s research of recent crowdfunding campaigns?

A．To create attractive content for science websites.

B．To help scientists to launch innovative projects.

C．To identify reasons for their different outcomes.

D．To separate science projects from general ones.

3. What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfunding campaign?

A．The potential benefit to future generations.

B．Its originality in addressing financial issues.

C．The value of the proposed project.

D．Its interaction with prospective donors.

4. What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?

A．They should be small to be successful.

B．They should be assessed with great care.

C．They should be based on actual needs.

D．They should be ambitious to gain notice.

【推荐3】The United States Soccer Federation (USSF) reached milestone agreements to pay members of its men’s and women’s teams equally, making the American national governing body the first in the sport to promise both sexes matching money. The agreement comes after years of legal fights and heated bargaining.

The federation has been in difficult negotiations for years with the unions of the women’s national team and the men’s national team. On May 18, it announced separate collective bargaining agreements (CBAs), which are legal contracts between the federation and the soccer players’ unions. The contracts will last through 2028.

The deals grew partly out of a push by players on the more successful women’s team, such as stars Alex Morgan and Megan Rapinoe. They were at the forefront of the gender equity fight, demanding that women and men soccer players get paid the same.

“I feel a lot of pride for the girls who are going to see this growing up and recognize their value rather than having to fight for it. However, my dad always told me that you don’t get rewarded for doing what you’re supposed to do—and paying men and women equally is what you’re supposed to do, ” U.S. forward Margaret Purce said. “So I’m not giving out any gold stars, but I’m grateful for this accomplishment and for all the people who came together to make it so.”

Six years ago, five of women’s soccer’s most famous players, including Rapinoe and Morgan, filed a legal complaint against the federation for gender discrimination. They argued that men soccer players made far more money and got much better treatment from the federation. This was against the law, they contended. Twenty-eight women players then followed up three years ago with a gender discrimination lawsuit against the federation. They asked a U.S. court to force the federation to stop treating women unfairly.

Perhaps the biggest sticking point in the negotiations was World Cup prize money paid out by FIFA, the governing body of international soccer. While the U.S, women have been hugely successful internationally, differences in FIFA prize money meant the women took home far less than the men. American women received a $110, 000 bonus for winning the 2019 World Cup. The U.S. men would have received $407, 000 if they had won in 2018.

The unions have agreed to pool FIFA’s payments to them for men’s and women’s World Cup tournaments for 2022, 2023, 2026 and 2027. This means they will combine the total money into one pot, then each player will get matching game appearance fees. The USSF said it is the first federation in the world to pool prize money in this manner.

“I’m proud of you for never giving up and I commend U.S. Soccer for agreeing to do the right thing, ” President Joe Biden tweeted. “Let’s keep up the fight until we close the gender pay gap in every industry.”

The women ended their 6-year-long lawsuit over equal pay in February in a deal calling for the USSF to pay $24 million.

As part of the settlement, players will split $22 million, about one-third of what they had sought in damages. The USSF also agreed to establish a fund with $2 million to benefit the players in their post-soccer careers and charitable efforts aimed at the growth of the sport for women.

1. The underlined word “pool” in paragraph 7 most probably means ________.

A．reject

B．increase

C．collect

D．reduce

2. Which statement BEST represents Margaret Purce’s attitude toward winning the legal battle for equal pay in the article?

A．She does not want to overly praise the USSF for doing what is right.

B．She does not think FIFA agreed to pay nearly enough in World Cup bonuses.

C．She is concerned about the long-term sustainability of the agreement.

D．She is hopeful that soccer fans will now have more respect for the women’s team.

3. Why did the author conclude the article with information about the $2 million fund?

A．to explain the difference between what was asked for and what was achieved in the settlement

B．to explain how the women’s soccer team convinced the USSF to agree to the settlement

C．to explain how other aspects of the settlement aim to strengthen the sport overall

D．to explain why soccer coaches will also be able to benefit from the settlement

4. Which of the following statement BEST summarizes the author’s main argument?

A．FIFA’s bonuses for the U.S. women’s team are still not enough to ensure that women soccer players are equally paid.

B．It is unfair that the U.S. women’s soccer team has been paid less than the U.S. men’s soccer team when the women’s team has been enormously successful.

C．The U.S. women’s soccer team’s fight for equal pay would have been won much more quickly if more of the players and fans had actively supported the cause.

D．The USSF should provide significant back pay to the U.S. women’s soccer team players to make up for years of unfairly underpaying them for their work.

【推荐1】Some years ago a young man applied to a large United States optical firm for a job as a lens designer. He apologized for lack of training, but on announcing that he owned two copies of the classic Conrady's Applied Optics and Optical Design, one for his office and a second for his bedside table, he was hired on the spot. Perhaps the story will be repeated some day with Buchdahl's Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics as a similar certificate of qualification.

Hamiltonian theory describes with powerful generality the overall properties of optical systems considered as ‘black boxes’, although it does not describe the detailed structure needed to construct the systems and achieve these properties. Buchdahl's book is therefore on the subject of geometrical optics, but it is not about how to design lenses. It is, however a compact comprehensive account of the fundamentals of the theory written with the lens designer's needs very much in mind. Every lens designer worth his salt has at some time in his career attempted to apply the broad concepts of Hamiltonian optics to the solutions of practical problems. Success has been sufficiently rare that the theory, as such, has made little direct contribution to techniques for optical instrument design. The failures have been frustrating because of the obvious fundamental power of the theory and because of its conceptual elegance. The indirect effects have been large, however, both in contributing to an understanding of fundamental principles that govern the overall behavior of optical systems and in pointing the way to other, more practical, theoretical approaches.

Buchdahl approaches the subject not only as a capable mathematical physicist, but as one who with a knowledge of practical optics has made a significant contribution to geometrical optical theory. Buchdahl's approach has, over the last decade, had a major impact on modern lens design with computers. Thus, he brings to this exposition of Hamiltonian optics a familiarity with practical optics not usually found in authors on this subject.

The author claims his book to be non-mathematical, and indeed it might be so viewed by a professional mathematician. From the point of view of many physicists and engineers, it will appear to be quite mathematical. Moreover, this is a tightly written book. The subject matter is developed with precision, and the author expects the reader, at very point, to be master of the preceding exposition.

1. Hamiltonian theory met with failures as a result of ______.

A．newer finding related to the wave particle nature of light

B．very complicated concepts too difficult to understand by most lens designers

C．too much mathematical detail in the theory

D．not enough practical information offered by the theory to allow for use by lens crafters

2. The author of this passage implies that Introduction to Hamiltonian Optics is necessary to ______.

A．the students who are major in mathematical geometry

B．those who want to grasp the basic principles of optical systems

C．the lens designers who look for instructions on practical designs

D．those who are interested in physics

3. The article points out that the great benefits of Hamiltonian optics have been found is ______.

A．indirect ways of learning mathematics

B．a fundamental power within the theory

C．the conceptual elegance of the theory

D．the practical applications of the theory in finding new approaches to old problems

4. This passage is probably excerpted from ______.

A．a review of a book	B．a chemistry textbook
C．an optician's essay	D．a general science text

【推荐2】Rates of anti-dining syndrome in newborns surged in recent years, but a newer approach to caring for newborn babies exposed to drugs during pregnancy gets them out of the hospital sooner and with less medication. Newborns in drug withdrawal may experience upset stomach, miserable crying and extreme discomfort. Researchers looked at the impacts of the ESC (Eat, Sleep, Console care) approach on 1,300 infants at 26 US hospitals, and compared them with the current standard for caring for infants exposed to drugs.

ESC encourages involvement from parents, and prioritizes care that doesn’t involve medication, breastfeeding, for example. The usual approach involves a nurse measuring a baby’s withdrawal symptoms before providing treatment.

Compared to usual care, use of the ESC approach substantially decreased time until those infants were medically ready for discharge, without increasing specified harmful outcomes.

The infants assessed with the ESC method were discharged after eight days on average, compared with almost 15 days for the infants who were cared for by the standard approach. Additionally, infants in the ESC care group were 63% less likely to receive drug medication — 19.5% received medication compared with 52% in the group receiving usual care.

The current approach to usual care is a very comprehensive and nurse-led way of assessing the infant, whereas the ESC approach involves the mom in the way that you assess the infant, and allows the mom to try her best to comfort the infants and see if the infant is able to be consoled or is able to eat or is able to sleep.

“So, in that way, it’s a little bit more functional, like looking at the abilities of the infants versus how severely the infant is affected. Assessment results determine whether a baby should receive medication to control withdrawal symptoms,’’ said Baker, the director of the NIH HEAL Initiative, which provides funds to researchers studying ways to relieve the country’s drug health crisis.

1. Which of the followings can’t be listed as the difference between the current and ESC approach?

A．The method in removing the drug withdrawal syndrome.

B．The time when the newborns are discharged form treatment.

C．The contribution the mom made in assessing how the syndrome progressed.

D．The tough time the infants experienced in discharging the sufferings.

2. What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph One refer to?

A．Impacts of ESC approach on the infants.	B．Infants with drug withdrawal syndrome.
C．Hospitals caring for those infants.	D．Researchers who conducted the study.

3. What does the author tend to focus on in caring the newborns with anti-dining syndrome?

A．Figuring out how the infants can recover themselves.

B．Looking at what is affecting the infants severely.

C．The pace in which hospitals are implementing the care approach.

D．The rules nurses and moms are playing in dealing with the emergency.

4. How does the author show his support to the ESC approach?

A．Parents should be convinced of the effective approach.

B．All infants with the infectious syndrome will recover with its help.

C．Maybe fewer of the severe infants should receive medication-based treatment.

D．The current standard should be more comprehensive in practical treatment.

【推荐3】Can we “design” a baby like we design a handbag? It may sound crazy, but a “designer baby” could be possible now. Of course, at the same time, there are both agreements and disagreements with it.

The “designer baby” idea comes from the research that allows scientists to make changes to human DNA and genes. Usually, it is done when the baby is still just an embryo (胚胎). By doing that, scientists hope that “designer babies” will less possibly be born with some certain serious illnesses.

During the 21st century, the idea became so popular that the research developed very quickly. Now, it has been firstly used to help born babies with their illnesses. One example of this is that Dr. Adrian Thrasher of University College London was able to save a 1-year-old child from leukemia (白血病) with the help of it. People learned that it was not only illnesses they could change, but also a baby’s gender and looks. A well-known event happened in 1996. An American couple, Monique and Scott Collins, decided to use this research to help them choose the gender of their next baby. They wanted to have a baby girl for they have had three sons. Moreover, people could also decide babies’ eye color, hair color and even things like height or how sportive babies will be.

Some people argue that it is not ethical (道德的) to design babies like designing a bag. It is strongly against the nature’s rules. Besides, it may not have any bad influence on the baby now, yet no one knows what will happen to him and his children after many years.

1. Now we can “design” a baby from ________.

A．designing a handbag for a baby

B．changing the DNA and genes of a human embryo

C．stopping the embryo from growing up

D．working on the computer

2. Scientists hope to ________.

A．stop babies getting serious illnesses before birth

B．have more sports players born

C．make prettier babies

D．give us smarter babies

3. What does the underlined word “gender” mean in the third paragraph?

A．Character.	B．Sex.
C．Appearance.	D．Personality.

4. It is thought that the “designer baby” idea ________.

A．follows the nature’s rules

B．can save everyone in the world

C．also has some bad sides

D．shouldn’t be used in any field