Before your puppy can start offering its tricks for a specific reward, it needs to learn them! When training is started at seven to eight weeks of age, use methods that rely on encouragement and gentle teaching. Puppies have short attention spans (持续时间), so training sessions should be brief, but should occur daily.
Puppies can be taught to sit, lie down, and stand using a method called food-lure (食物引诱) training. Small pieces of food or a favored toy can be used to motivate your puppy to perform most tasks. Provided the reward is appealing enough, the puppy can be encouraged to give the desired response by showing the puppy the reward, moving the reward to get the desired response and then after some time, pairing a cue (a verbal command) with the behavior.
You should only ask your puppy to perform a behavior with a verbal cue once you are sure the puppy knows it well. If the puppy does not immediately give the behavior on the first encouragement, then you are likely proceeding a little too quickly. If you keep repeating the cue, the puppy will learn that several repetitions are acceptable before it needs to respond.
You do not necessarily need to train in a set session daily. Rather, integrate these tasks throughout the day. A goal to strive for is at least 15 minutes of training every day. These can be short five-minute sessions spread throughout the day. Try to have all family members ask your puppy to do these tasks. Remember to try and train in every room of your house. You want your puppy to sit, lie down and stay everywhere, not just in the training location.
1. What is advised to do at early dog training?| A．Stick to strict disciplines. | B．Set it as a routine every day. |
| C．Do training with an adult dog. | D．Never divide the time into periods. |
| A．When it is strong enough. |
| B．At the age of seven to eight weeks. |
| C．After it can understand your orders. |
| D．When it has learned all basic behaviors. |
| A．Introduce a new topic for discussion. | B．Summarize the previous paragraphs. |
| C．Add some background information. | D．Call on family members to help training. |
| A．The fun in training puppies. | B．Benefits of keeping puppies. |
| C．Things puppies do in daily life. | D．Basic manners for puppy training. |
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【推荐1】Have you ever felt like you aren’t respected by others? In a way like you are taken for granted (想当然) or not taken seriously? In one way or another, all of us have felt this. We hope to be regarded as an authority (权威), someone we respect and believe in. We’re not taught in school how to do this. It’s something we learn by ourselves. And the answer is as simple as changing your mindset. You can change your game by changing your mind.
Take the time to look back and think about every person in your life who is an authority, a leader at work who you trust, or the man who you respect and encourages you. They’re up there not for the reasons you think. If you really think about it, they aren’t the smartest or the most educated. Instead, they’re up there because they’re great teachers for the success of their customers or employees.
Let’s take Richard Simmons, a famous fitness instructor, for example. He became well known since he started gaining popularity during the first few years in his career. Stop and think. People look up at him and give him authority because he’s a great educator. Instead of sharing information that’s far too difficult to understand, he figures out what your problems are and finds out a way to fix them. He doesn’t try too hard to impress his followers because by now they’re already pretty impressed with the desire to solve people’s problems. Depending on what field you’re in, you can share with people things you know and you think they’ll want to know as well. If you’re a nurse, for example, you can make a blog post for common health problems and quick remedies (疗法) people can do at home.
So, how will you be viewed as an authority again? Make that mind shift. Find out what troubles your target. Show your care, give answers and help them climb up that ladder of success. Ladies and gentlemen, that’s how it’s done.
1. Who teaches people to win other people’s respect according to Paragraph 1?| A．Our teachers. | B．We ourselves. |
| C．Our parents. | D．Richard Simmons. |
| A．He is very smart. | B．He is knowledgeable. |
| C．He does something for others. | D．He is professionally successful. |
| A．makes comparisons | B．lists some facts |
| C．makes comments | D．gives examples |
| A．An authority keeps positive in any situation. |
| B．We can change our mind to change our world. |
| C．Kindness is the key to being a success in life. |
| D．The process is more important than the results. |
【推荐2】Learning how to save money on food as a student will translate to successes down the road as an adult.
Food is one of the best things in the world. Eating is a basic necessity for survival, and also can be greatly enjoyable. However, food can be one of the biggest killers of your wallet.
Why save at all?
Do you want to work until the day you die? If your answer is anything other than “yes of course,” then saving is of importance to you. Nowadays companies no longer take care of you after your time with them is done.
Say you are a college student and eat out once a day. Some days you buy a simple sandwich (around $ 10) and other days you choose a fancier meal (at least around $ 20.)—an average of $15 every day (and this is only one meal per day.) Over the course of a year, you would be losing $ 5400 to food. Saving on food makes a difference.
How to save?
So, you have been shown the benefits of saving on food, how much of a difference it can make and how to do it!
| A．When can you eat out? |
| B．What are you waiting for? |
| C．How can a few meals make a difference? |
| D．That’s not to say that you shouldn’t ever eat out. |
| E．If managed poorly, food could cost you thousands every year. |
| F．You work, you get the money. You don’t work, you get nothing. |
| G．Buying in large quantities is by far the easiest way to save money on food. |
【推荐3】Do you always try to leave a good impression on others?
Dress well.
Be on time. If it’s your first meeting, then make sure to arrive on time. Late people come across as inconsiderate, which does not leave a good first impression. And if you keep some-one waiting, the other person may interpret it as a sign that you do not value their time.
Smile. Happy faces are perceived as trustworthy, so smiling could help you make a good first impression. But keep in mind that you should convey a genuine smile.
| A．Be positive. |
| B．Be polite and active. |
| C．Actually, people are quick to form impressions of each other. |
| D．Therefore, the best way to avoid being late is to set off earlier. |
| E．The first thing people judge you on is your physical appearance. |
| F．That’s because fake smiles are easily detected and extremely off-putting. |
| G．Let the other person know as soon as possible if you can not be there. |
【推荐1】You watch a sad film and get caught up in your emotions. You cry your eyes out at the dramatic plot — you feel sad for the characters if they suffer, or happy for them when they are successful. It is only when the movie is over that you realize that what you were watching is not real.
But why couldn’t you accept that when you were so absorbed in the movie? It was reported in Science Daily this week that scientists at Case Western Reserve University, US, discovered that people simply cannot think emotionally and logically at the same time.
It has long been known that something different goes on in our brain when we use logic, rather than responding to something emotionally. Thinking logically is a step-by-step process, in which people make decisions through reasoning and find answers rationally. When we think emotionally or empathize (有同感), we look at things from someone else’s point of view and try to feel their pain.
Now scientists have found that thinking logically and emotionally are like the two ends of a seesaw (跷跷板). When we’re busy empathizing, the part of the brain used for cold, hard analysis is suppressed. And it’s also true the other way round.
To come to this conclusion, scientists gathered 45 people — men and women — to take brain scans as they solved different kinds of puzzles. Some of the puzzles were tough and involved math and physics and others were social problems that required participants to put themselves in other people’s shoes.
Scientists found that when participants were doing a math problem, the region in their brain that is associated with logical thinking lit up, and when asked to make emotional decisions, the region for emotional thinking lit up. But the most interesting part is that when asked to solve problems that required both logical and emotional responses, the participants always used one of the regions at a time while the other one went dark.
“Empathetic and analytic thinking are mutually exclusive (排斥的) in the brain,” said Anthony Jack, leader of the study. “You don’t have to favor one, but cycle efficiently between them, and employ the right network at the right time.”
However, people sometimes ended up using the wrong one. This explains why some people are good at solving complex math problems but have poor social skills. And why even the smartest people get taken in by fake but touching stories.
1. Why does the author mention watching movies at the beginning of the article?| A．To prove emotional thinking is powerful. |
| B．To show that sometimes we only use emotional thinking. |
| C．To show that we are easily moved by things that are not real. |
| D．To introduce the research based on this kind of experiences. |
| A．starting to react actively |
| B．being completely damaged |
| C．to prevent something from working effectively |
| D．to obtain an opposite function |
| A．emotional thinking works differently from logical thinking |
| B．logical thinking is much more efficient than emotional thinking |
| C．logical thinking and emotional thinking take turns to function independently |
| D．people who have a crack hand at solving complex math problems have poor social skills |
| A．Movies and Your Emotions | B．Your Heart vs Your Mind |
| C．Math and Physics | D．Logical Thinking |
【推荐2】Hawking died on Wednesday at the age of 76. Tributes for famed theoretical physicist, cosmologist and best-selling author Stephen Hawking filled social media sites overnight. Scientists, media personalities, celebrities and many of the millions around the world who were influenced by his work and inspired by his life shared their thoughts:
His passing has left an intellectual vacuum (知识真空) in his wake. But it's not empty. Think of it as a kind of vacuum energy permeating (渗入) spacetime. Stephen Hawking, RIP 1942-2018.
— Neil deGrasse Tyson (@neiltyson) March 14, 2018
Stephen Hawking, RIP. Sad to hear about Stephen Hawking. What a remarkable life. His contributions to science will be used as long as there are scientists, and there are many more scientists because of him. He spoke about the value and fragility of human life and civilisation and greatly enhanced both.
— Brian Cox (@ProfBrianCox) March 14, 2018
Our world has lost a shining light. Blessed with a brilliant mind and uncommon grace, he opened so many minds to the wonders of our universe. Courageous and undefeated by misfortune, he believed deeply in the power reason.
— Dan Rather (@DanRather) March 14, 2018
It had to happen, eventually. We were lucky to have him for so long, and I was lucky to be able to work with him. A truly fabulous human being. Stephen Hawking. Funny, perverse, and, of course, brilliant.
— Sophia Nasr (@Astropartigirl) March 14, 2018
RIP Stephen Hawking. Genuinely very sad to hear that. If you haven’t, read A Brief History of Time. It’ll make the world feel more amazing and beautiful and strange. It’ll also make you feel smart and stupid all at once.
— Kumail Nanjiani (@kumailn) March 14, 2018
“We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the Universe. That makes us something very special.” If understanding the Universe makes us special, then Dr. Stephen Hawking was truly extraordinary.
— ThinkGeek (@thinkgeek) March 14, 2018
1. Who used to be a colleague with Steven Hawking?| A．Kumail Nanjiani. | B．Brian Cox. | C．Dan Rather. | D．Sophia Nasr. |
| A．What makes human beings unique is that we can understand the universe. |
| B．Though faced with difficulties, Hawking never gives in. |
| C．Reading A Brief History of Time is a must. |
| D．Hawking is considered the greatest scientist in the world. |
| A．Steven Hawking passed away. |
| B．Sadness and Comments over Hawking & his death. |
| C．Steven Hawking, an influential scientist. |
| D．A lasting influence from Steven Hawking. |
【推荐3】Scientists have created a new app designed to identify dangerous mosquitoes based on sounds the insects make. The app, called Abuzz, is aimed at helping fight major diseases spread by mosquitoes.
Haripriya Vaidehi Narayanan is one of the researchers who helped develop the app. Narayanan told VOA that anyone with a mobile phone could use the app to identify mosquitoes. “If they see a mosquito around, they just take out their phone, open up the app, point their phone towards the mosquito and hit the record button,”she said. “Then, when the mosquito flaps its wings and starts flying around, it makes that noise, that annoying buzzing noise. That noise is what gets recorded by the Abuzz app.” she added.
Many diseases that mosquitoes carry do not have cures or vaccines. So, targeting the flying insects is the best way to control them. “The most important step is to know where the mosquitoes are,” Narayanan said.
Traditional methods for hunting mosquitoes are costly and can take a very long time. The process also requires labor-intensive trapping as well as trained scientists to identify the insects.
Manu Prakash is a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University and a lead investigator on the project. He says that out of about 3,500 different mosquito species, only about 40 are dangerous to humans. Prakash says the goal of the project was to find out whether the mosquitoes around a person's house are just an annoyance, or whether they are possibly dangerous.
When mosquitoes move their wings up and down, they produce buzzing sounds. But each kind of mosquito makes a slightly different buzzing noise. The app records these sounds. Users of the app can get an answer by recording as little as one or two seconds of the buzzing sound. The app compares this recording to a collection of other recordings. It then predicts which species of mosquito it is most likely to be.
By making use of mosquito information worldwide, the app can help build maps of where dangerous mosquitoes are. This can help scientists and health officials identify areas where disease is likely to break out and where to target mosquito control.
1. Why is it important to locate mosquitoes?| A．Because they are very small and hard to find. |
| B．Because diseases carried by them are a big problem. |
| C．Because mosquitoes flap their wings very quickly. |
| D．Because the buzzing noise of mosquitoes is annoying. |
| A．Compare it to a database and identify its species. |
| B．Make a somewhat different buzzing noise. |
| C．Release some chemicals to kill the mosquito. |
| D．Draw a map of the place where the mosquito was. |
| A．It can help people control the number of mosquitoes. |
| B．It can help people avoid some species of mosquitoes. |
| C．It can help predict where mosquito-carried diseases are most likely to occur. |
| D．It can help record the mosquito hiding places very quickly. |
| A．The Different Species of Mosquitoes in the World |
| B．New Ways to Fight Disease Caused by Mosquitoes |
| C．How to Identify Sounds Made by Different Mosquitoes |
| D．A New App That Can Identify Dangerous Mosquitoes |
