“You’re as stupid as a goat.” It is a common insult (侮辱) in Nigeria. Recently a study published in Animal Behaviour suggested that’s just not true.
Alan McElligott, associate professor of animal behavior and welfare in City University of Hong Kong conducted a study in cooperation with Marianne Mason, an expert in the cognitive (认知的) abilities of goats in England.
In the experiment, a speaker was hidden to play a recording of a human saying “Hey, look over here!” with two versions—a happy one and an angry one. When the study’s 27 goat participants entered the pen one by one, the speaker would play either the positive or negative version 9 times in a row. At first the goats would respond by looking up and even looking for the source of the sound. But after a few repetitions, they would just stop paying attention. Then the speaker switched to play the opposite version three times. 71% of those disinterested goats lifted their ears and looked up in the direction of the sound. Among those newly engaged goats, some started to investigate the source of the sound longer than in the initial stages of the experiment, suggesting they noticed the emotions had changed.
The finding is a case in point of the intelligence of goats. Actually, experienced goat farmers have already known that their livestock (家畜) are discriminating listeners and respond well to kind treatment. So why do such a study if that’s already known? “By showing this ability in goats, we’re trying to move the needle in terms of opening people’s eyes to the cognitive abilities of livestocks. Our overall goal is to get people to think about animals in a different way, to treat them a little bit better.” says Mason. The two researchers hope that people will start to understand these livestocks deserve to be nicely treated, especially as we are using them for our milk products and meat.
1. What did Alan McElligott and Marianne Mason work together on?A.The intelligence of goats. | B.Social abilities of animals. |
C.Distinctive behavior of goats. | D.Animal welfare in HongKong. |
A.The 27 goats paid no attention to the voice all the time. |
B.The majority of goats noticed the change of the emotions. |
C.The speaker kept playing the positive version throughout the experiment. |
D.The goats kept responding to the source of the sound in the initial stages. |
A.Adjust a study goal. | B.Shift the public’s attention. |
C.Make a positive change. | D.Change the original structure. |
A.The background of the study. | B.The main purpose of the study. |
C.The farmers’reactions to the study. | D.The wisdom of some goat farmers. |
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【推荐1】Today, anxiety disorders are the most common mental health issues in the US, affecting 30% of adults. In 2021, a survey of 8,000 children led by Oxford University Press named anxiety as the Word of the Year. “It’s the word on everyone’s lip, the challenge of the moment,” Dr. Tracy Dennis Tiwary says, a professor of psychology, immersed in research — evaluating which mental health treatment worked and why.
The idea that anxiety is something to manage or eradicate, a habit to be broken, is wrong and actually doing us harm. It’s literally a recipe for more anxiety. This is central message in Dennis Tiwary’s new book, Future Tense. She concludes that the problem isn’t anxiety itself, but our belief about it and our attempts to avoid it, which are not only destined to fail, but make us weaker and more fragile. It’s a vicious cycle.
To help reframe anxiety as an ally not an enemy, Dennis takes a deep dive into the emotion itself. Anxiety is different to fear, which is the certainty that something bad is happening to you. Anxiety is about uncertainty; it’s the feeling that something bad could happen, but might not. Unlike fear, anxiety contains hope. Anxiety can focus the mind, drive you to revise harder, to see a doctor, to seek new pathways towards your chosen career.
Anxiety helps us forge forwards with creative solutions, but there are times when there is little we can do to address a future uncertainty. Dennis suggests many ways of coping with it. Connecting with friends and family is a soothing first step. Cultivating things that immerse you in the present moment is also helpful. Our emotional systems are like immune systems. If it isn’t exposed to germs, it remains weak. It’s only by feeling our anxiety, listening and acting on it that we cope better next time.
1. What is a common misunderstanding of anxiety?A.Anxiety is wrong and doing us harm. |
B.Anxiety is the challenge of the moment. |
C.Anxiety is difficult to change, as a habit. |
D.Anxiety is something to manage or eradicate. |
A.Panic. | B.Complex. | C.Difficult. | D.Severe. |
A.By giving an example. | B.By making a comparison. |
C.By making a definition. | D.By making a suggestion. |
A.How to Cope with Anxiety. |
B.Anxiety can be Good for You. |
C.Anxiety should be managed |
D.Dennis Tiwary’s New Book — Future Tense. |
【推荐2】Why do people long for celebrity news? At least some of the hunger centers around schadenfreude—having joy from the suffering of others. People often act as if joy is dependent on achieving material gain. Seeing people that seem to “have it all” suffer (going through divorce, drug abuse, mental illness, etc.) momentarily destroys that thought. And then people can think, “Perhaps it’s OK that I don’t have my own television show, and own four large houses.” Let’s chat a bit more about schadenfreude and related concepts. If you’ve been alive a couple of decades, you’ve certainly seen plenty of examples showing that money does not bring happiness. But what does bring happiness? One of the keys involves learning to fully attend to and enjoy the present moment—not just learning this as information, but, through practice, developing the skill of living mindfully in this moment.
Other keys to happiness involve developing the skill of compassion (同情) and loving kindness. This may seem strange to readers: developing a skill of compassion? Don’t you just have or not have compassion? There are some types of meditation (冥想) originating from Buddhist traditions that are designed to develop compassion and loving kindness.
The four related qualities developed by these types of meditation practices are termed: loving kindness, calmness, compassion, and sympathetic joy. Sympathetic joy is the exact opposite of schadenfreude—with sympathetic joy, we get joy from the joy of others. Think of a close family member doing well and notice the joy you feel—that is sympathetic joy. To develop more sympathetic joy, when something good happens to another person, say to yourself (with as much meaning as possible), “I’m happy for you. May your good fortune continue. May your good fortune grow.”
When a person, celebrity or not, is suffering, you can practice a compassion meditation. Close your eyes and imagine a scene that naturally brings forth sympathy, such as hugging a loved one, or holding a baby. Then imagine saying to the person suffering, “May you be free from suffering,” or “May your suffering ease.”
1. What can make us happy according to the author?A.Having a well-paid job. | B.Owning great popularity. |
C.Focusing on celebrities’ news. | D.Learning to live in the moment. |
A.Compassion and loving kindness. | B.The origin of some traditions. |
C.Happiness and meditation. | D.Meditation practices. |
A.You cheer up when a celebrity gets divorced. |
B.You crow over it when your schoolmate gets injured. |
C.You’re delighted when your classmate wins a competition. |
D.You’re pleased when a celebrity practices attentively meditation. |
A.To show celebrities’ real life. |
B.To introduce the findings of a study. |
C.To stress the importance of happiness. |
D.To correct the negative attitudes to other people’s sufferings. |
【推荐3】Forgiveness is important in children and adults for restoring relationships and limiting future conflicts. A recent study suggests that teaching children to understand other people's perspectives could make it easier for them to learn how to forgive other people. The study also found that teaching children to make sincere apologies can help them receive forgiveness from others.
Mulvey, an associate professor of psychology at North Carolina State University, led the study. Her team enlisted 185 children, aged between 5 and 14, in the study. Researchers conducted in an interview with each child that collected background information and assessed the child's "theory of mind" skills. Theory of mind is your ability to understand that someone else's beliefs, intentions and desires are different from your own.
Researchers then led each child through a series of scenarios (设想情况) involving other children who are "in group" and "out group." Specifically, each participant was told they were part of a group, such as the green team. During interviews, researchers described some children as also being on the green team (making them in-group), while other children were on the yellow team (making them out-group). In each scenario, interviewers asked study participants whether they were willing to forgive a group that left them out of a game or activity.
There were three main findings. First, children are more likely to forgive someone if he/she has apologized. Second, children are more likely to forgive people who are "in group." Third, the more advanced a child's theory of mind skills are, the more likely they are to forgive others.
The researchers identified two things that parents and teachers may want to focus on related to forgiveness. One is helping kids understand how important it is to apologize in a meaningful way. The second focus area is helping kids understand the perspectives of other people, even if they are different from you.
Mulvey says, “One of the biggest implications of our study is that teachers and parents need to actively help children cultivate theory of mind skills, which will aid them in navigating a diverse and complex world in the future.”
1. What do we know about the study participants?A.They were divided into two groups based on the age. |
B.They needed to offer some of their personal information. |
C.They had to fill in a questionnaire about real-life situations. |
D.They took part in a game or activity before each interview. |
A.from higher social backgrounds | B.having the habit of apologizing |
C.with better theory of mind skills | D.belonging to a different group |
A.The possible effect of the study. | B.The limitation of the study. |
C.The theoretical basis of the study. | D.The focus of future studies. |
A.Forgiveness Helps Children to Limit Future Conflicts |
B.Forgiveness: What Should Teachers And Parents Focus on? |
C.Study Outlines Ways to Help Children Learn Forgiveness |
D.Are You Willing to Forgive Others Or Receive Forgiveness? |
【推荐1】As its name suggests, the common swift is a common bird that lives all across Europe and much of Asia, but their flight time is anything but common. It currently holds the record for the most time spent in the air per year, with data showing that some species can spend up to 10 months out of 12 without landing even once. They drink and eat in the air, feeding on any insects that they can catch in flight. They can mate in the air as well, and they can also sleep in the air by gliding on warm air currents known as “thermals”.
A team of researchers at Lund University developed a new type of micro-data logger to track the birds’ movements, and fitted them to 19 common swifts that were later caught again. Without going into too much detail about the results of the study, the findings showed that common swifts spent over 99% of their time during the 10-month non-breeding period in the air.
“A few swifts in our study never landed during this period,” study author Anders Hedenström told Seeker, adding that he believed the birds somehow sleep while flying. The study didn’t analyze how common swifts can do that, but it’s supposed that it is through a mechanism similar to that of frigate birds and Alpine swifts, which also can stay in the air for months.
Common swifts are born to fly. Their bodies have adapted to the almost non-stop flight-their wings are long and narrow, their legs are short and light, and they have an almost perfect aerodynamic shape. They also change their feathers very slowly over a period of six months, so as not to affect their flight.
Swifts generally have a higher survivability rate compared to most birds, and their love of flight is believed to directly influence that. Being in the air for long periods of time means they don’t have to worry about meeting predators except those catching then by accident. Data shows that common swifts can reach ages of 20 years or more, and fly over three million kilometers. That’s seven round trips to the moon.
1. What can we know about the common swifts?A.They fly in the air all the year around. |
B.They are the only birds without landing for months. |
C.They stay longer in the air than any other bird. |
D.They can’t fly long without warn air currents. |
A.To limit their flight range. | B.To catch more swifts. |
C.To record their activity. | D.To measure their flight height. |
A.Common swifts’ perfect flying body structure. | B.The reasons for common swifts’ long flight. |
C.The speed of changing their feathers. | D.The differences of their movements. |
A.Some swifts can fly far to the moon. | B.Swifts don’t have natural enemies. |
C.Flight contributes to swifts’ long life. | D.The higher the swifts fly, the safer they are. |
【推荐2】Humans spend about one third of their lives sleeping. But some mammals (哺乳动物), like the northern elephant seal, survive with much less sleep.
Researchers in a new study described the unusual sleep pattern of these ocean animals. They found that when these mammals go to feed on trips that can last seven months, they sleep just two hours each day. Those two hours of sleep are made up of short moments of rest lasting only 10 minutes each as they dive deep to avoid predators (捕食者). The only other mammals known to get so little sleep are African elephants.
The researchers placed a head covering with sensors (传感器) on the heads of the seals that they studied. The sensors recorded sleep signals created by the seals’ brains and heart rate. The sensors also recorded the animals’ location and depth beneath the sea. Female seals go out on longer open-ocean trips while males only feed in coastal waters. Because of this, the researchers only studied female seals.
During dives lasting about 30 minutes, the seals went into a deep sleep called slow-wave sleep while keeping a controlled downward movement. When they then experienced rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, the seals fell into a turning pattern. Then, at the deepest point of their sleeping dive—up to 377 meters deep—they wake up and swim back to the surface.
Terrie Williams is a scientist at the University of California at Santa Cruz who helped write the study. She said, “It is remarkable that a wild animal will fall into deep, paralytic REM sleep when there are predators on the hunt.” She added that the seals solve this problem by going into deep sleep in the deep parts of the oceans where predators usually do not hunt them.
Williams said the brain’s ability to control awakening the sleeping seals at a depth before they drown is also a discovery about how mammalian brains work. She commented on this, saying that it shows the survival control of the seals’ brains.
1. Why did researchers only study female elephant seals?A.They like living in groups more than males. | B.They are more friendly to humans. |
C.They are more convenient to follow. | D.They go to feed on longer trips. |
A.Falling into deeper sea. | B.Swimming fast in the sea. |
C.Moving back to the surface. | D.Breathing deeply and slowly. |
A.They hunt for more food. | B.They avoid being hunted. |
C.They get completely relaxed. | D.They control their sleep pattern. |
A.Different Animals Need Different Sleep |
B.Short Sleep Helps Elephant Seals Move Deeper into Sea |
C.Female Elephant Seals Sleep Only Two Hours a Day |
D.Male and Female Elephant Seals Feed in Different Areas |
【推荐3】For fishermen and sailors in the seaside town of Shangpan in Linhai, Zhejiang province, where recently 12 stranded(搁浅的)whales were found, it is not unusual to spot whales or dolphins in the sea — they would always call them haizi, or “son of the ocean”. And if the local fishermen spot such intelligent sea creatures in need, they will save them from danger without hesitation.
In the recent rescue of melon-headed whales, they tried their best to help as a 37-second video of a young man sleeping in the water holding a whale soon went viral online, with netizens applauding his constant efforts and caring heart in trying to keep the whale alive. “The melon-headed whale knew I was trying to save it and would be more cooperative and wouldn’t move.” said Lu Wenhui, a 21-year-old diver from Hangzhou Changqiao Polar Ocean Park, who held up the whale’s head so it could breathe easily. Lu had been staying in the water for 10 hours by 4 a.m. Wednesday after coming for the rescue work on Tuesday, when the stranded whales were first spotted.
“Whales are mammals and need to breathe in air — that’s why I had to hold its head, to ensure it could breathe smoothly the whole time,” Lu said. The stranded whales, after the struggling of being transported, were worn out when they arrived at the fish farm and might have drowned if they were left unattended.
The reason why the whales were stranded is still not clear. And these stranded whales were returned to the ocean because they are not adapted to artificial breeding environments on land.
1. What do local fishermen usually do after finding haizi in danger?A.Ignore them. | B.Feed them. |
C.Transport them. | D.Protect them. |
A.To introduce the whales in detail. | B.To voice his views on the diver. |
C.To praise the efforts made by rescuers. | D.To explain the value of the whales. |
A.They are rarely seen by locals. |
B.They are used to breathing in the sea. |
C.They aren’t suited to artificial surroundings. |
D.They are fond of swimming near the seaside. |
A.Melon-headed Whales Were Stranded |
B.Rescuers Went All out to Help Whales |
C.Fishermen Transported Stranded Whales |
D.Witnesses Voiced Opinions on Rescue Work |
【推荐1】By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world’s oceans will be bluer and greener due to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton, which create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean’s appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend, which can easily affect phytoplankton growth.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant changes. Dutkiewicz said, “The change in the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
1. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A.The various patterns at the ocean surface. |
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour. |
C.The tiny marine organisms in the oceans. |
D.The current condition of warming climate. |
A.Sensitive. | B.Beneficial. | C.Significant. | D.Unnoticeable. |
A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem. |
B.Dutkiewicz’s model aims to project phytoplankton changes. |
C.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate. |
D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener. |
A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes. |
B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain. |
C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans. |
D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton. |
Our national mythology (神化) is full of illustration of the American success story. There’s Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American’s best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down,” and “dressing for success.” The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today it’s as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.
But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it” also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right” neighborhoods, wear the “right” clothes, eat the “right” foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.
1. What is the essence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeur?
A.People are free to develop their power of imagination. |
B.People who are honest and work hard can succeed. |
C.People are free from exploitation and oppression. |
D.People can fully enjoy individual freedom. |
A.the more diligent one is, the bigger his returns |
B.laborious work ensures the growth of an industry |
C.a man’s business should be developed step by step |
D.a company’s success depends on its employees’ hard work |
A.succeed in real estate investment |
B.earned enormous fortunes by chances |
C.became wealthy after starting life very poor |
D.became famous despite their modest origins |
A.business success often contributes to a successful marriage |
B.Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of life |
C.good personal relationships lead to business success |
D.successful business people provide good care for their children |
A.The American road to success is full of nightmares. |
B.Status symbols are not a real indicator of a person’s wealth. |
C.The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream. |
D.What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs. |
【推荐3】If you stand in front of a group of kids, and start stating facts and ideas about a particular topic, like common trees found in a forest, their eyes will probably become dull because they’ll get bored. There might be a few people with a particular interest in trees who remain attentive, but it’s likely that most will lose interest fairly quickly. But if you stand up in front of that same group of people and tell them a story, something different will happen.
Researchers have now quantified (量化) the emotional benefits of a well-told tale. “We know that stories can transport us to another world,” says Guilherme Brockington, the lead author of the new paper. Earlier research suggests that stories help children process and regulate their emotions — but it was mostly conducted in a laboratory, with subjects answering questions while lying inside MRI (核磁共振) machines. There are few studies on psychological effects of storytelling in more commonplace scenes, such as hospitals.
So investigators working in several hospitals split a total of 81 patients aged between four and eleven into two groups, matching them with storytellers who had a decade of hospital experience. In one group, the storyteller led each child in playing a riddle game. In the other, youngsters chose books and listened as the storyteller read them aloud. Before and after these sessions, the researchers let each child spit into a tube, then asked them to report their pain levels and conducted a free-association word quiz.
Based on the analysis of each tube of saliva (唾液), the researchers found children in both groups showed lower levels of the stress-related hormone (荷尔蒙) called cortisol and higher levels of oxytocin, a feel-good hormone. However, the cortisol levels of kids in the storytelling group were a quarter of those in the riddle group, and their oxytocin levels were nearly twice as high. Those who heard stories reported pain levels dropping almost twice as much as those in the riddle group, and they used more positive words.
Next, the investigators plan to study how long these effects last. For now, Brockington says the results indicate storytelling is a low-cost and extremely efficient way to help improve health outcomes.
1. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1?A.To state people’s different reactions to some ideas. |
B.To stress the magic of storytelling in grabbing attention. |
C.To explain the importance of eye contact in storytelling. |
D.To show the difficulty in making common topics interesting. |
A.The new study was undertaken in real-life situations. |
B.The new study was aimed to make hospital stays entertaining. |
C.The researchers made full use of high-end laboratory equipment. |
D.The researchers highlighted the link between cortisol levels and emotions. |
A.They made the children report their delighted experiences in hospital. |
B.They asked children to retell the newly learned stories. |
C.They solved some riddle games for the children. |
D.They collected and tested some saliva samples. |
A.Children should be forced to develop various interests. |
B.Reading stories to kids can change their character greatly. |
C.Listening to stories helps kids in hospital reduce their pain. |
D.Compared with storytelling, children can feel better when playing riddle games. |