People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly (均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth.”
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
1. The discovery shows that Westerners ______.A.consider facial expressions universally reliable |
B.pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth |
C.observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways |
D.have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions |
A.To make a face at each other. | B.To get their faces impressive. |
C.To observe the researchers’ faces. | D.To classify some face pictures. |
A.examine the eyes more attentively |
B.study the mouth more frequently |
C.do translation more successfully |
D.read facial expressions more correctly |
A.The Eye as the Window to the Soul |
B.Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills |
C.Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions |
D.How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding |
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【推荐1】Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world. When it comes to cancer, the sooner you know you have it, the better your chances of surviving. A new blood test could change the way doctors and researchers find cancer in patients. Researchers say the test could provide evidence to the early forms of the disease.
Scientists at Swansea University in Wales came up with the idea. Gareth Jenkins is a professor at the university. “ In this blood test we don’t measure the presence of cancer; we measure the presence of mutant red blood cells which are collateral(附属的) damage that occurs---a by-product of the cancer developing.”
The researchers used normal laboratory equipment to perform the test. This equipment looks for changes in the structure of millions of red blood cells. Those mutant cells lack a surface protein that healthy cells normally have. “The main purpose of the test is to look for very rare cells which have picked up a mutation. The number of mutant red blood cells in a healthy person is around 5 or so per million. You have to look at millions of red blood cells to detect those rare events. These numbers increase in cancer patients---they go up to 40 or 50 mutants on average.”
The researchers tested blood from about 300 people, all of whom have cancer of the esophagus(食道). Patients with esophageal cancer have high levels of mutant red blood cells. Jenkins says that at this point he is not sure if other cancers will produce similar results.
The hope is that the new test and other non-invasive methods could one day become part of commonly used medical methods. He says that using a battery, or series, of tests will be the best way to find out if a person has cancer. These new technologies could save millions of lives.
1. According to the test, how do scientists find out if a person has cancer?A.By calculating the speed of changes in the structure. |
B.By observing the surface protein. |
C.By looking for changes in the number of mutant red blood cells. |
D.By measuring the presence of cancer. |
A.Decreased. | B.Changed. | C.Increased. | D.Multiplied. |
A.humorous | B.favorable | C.critical | D.objective |
A.Health. | B.Fashion. | C.Education. | D.Culture. |
【推荐2】Cerebral palsy(脑瘫)is the most common motor disability in children. The condition,which affects about 1 in 345 children, can make daily activities like walking, eating, or even lifting a cup difficult. A team of researchers from the University of California, Riverside (UCR) hopes to reduce the daily struggles with robotic clothing that will allow kids with cerebral palsy to better control their arm movements.
Wearable robotic units to help people with mobility issues have been around for many years. However, they are rigid and uncomfortable to wear. The UCR team plans to use light-weight materials to create a robotic sleeve that is cheap, durable, and, most importantly, comfortable to wear on a daily basis.
“Hard materials don’t interact well with humans,” said Jonathan Realmuto, UCR assistant professor of mechanical engineering and project lead. “What we’re going for by using materials like nylon and elastic are essentially robotic clothing.”
The scientists envision the robotic sleeves to have sealed areas that can be inflated. When filled with air,they would become temporarily rigid and provide the force needed for movement. The clothing will be fitted with sensors to detect small muscle contractions and anticipate what the wearer wants to do. The inflated bladders(气囊) will then help move the arm to complete the intended action.
“If we can help kids brush their own teeth, pour water or open doors, actions that others take for granted, it’s a huge win for them,” Realmuto said. “And it’s also a huge win for their families and caretakers.”
The UCR engineers are not the only ones working on soft robotic clothing to help those with motor disabilities. San Francisco-based startup CIONIC is on a similar mission. The company’s first product, the CIONIC Neural Sleeve, is designed to improve mobility for people with conditions like cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Jeremiah Robison, the founder of CIONIC, was inspired to develop the product after seeing his daughter struggle with cerebral palsy.
1. What is the disadvantage of previous robotic clothing?A.They are uncomfortable to wear. |
B.They are not easy to carry around. |
C.They aren’t environmentally friendly. |
D.They aren’t affordable for most families. |
A.Easy operation. | B.Adjustable design. |
C.Soft material. | D.Simple structure. |
A.Why bladders are needed in the new unit. |
B.How the improved robotic clothing works. |
C.What material is used in the robotic sleeves. |
D.What difficulty cerebral palsy patients have. |
A.The UCR is teaming up with the CIONIC. |
B.Soft robotic clothing is an emerging industry. |
C.The CIONIC Neural Sleeve is quite popular. |
D.Robison made robotic clothing for his family first. |
【推荐3】A study found that adolescents with early parental set bedtimes were significantly less likely to suffer from depression, suggesting that early bedtimes could have a protective effect by lengthening sleep.
Results show that adolescents with parental set bedtimes of midnight or later were 24% more likely to suffer from depression than adolescents with parental set bedtimes of 10 pm or earlier. Adolescents who reported that they usually sleep for five or fewer hours per night were more likely to suffer from acute muscle pains, dizziness, nausea and headaches than those who reported getting eight hours of nightly sleep. Participants who reported that they “usually get enough sleep” were less irritable than those who didn't.①
James E. Gangwisch, assistant professor at Columbia University Medical Center, said that the results strengthen the argument that short sleep duration could play a role in the study of depression causes. “Our results are consistent with the theory that inadequate sleep is a risk factor for depression, working with other risk and protective factors through multiple possible causal pathways to the development of this mood disorder,” said Gangwisch, “Adequate quality sleep could therefore be a preventative measure against depression.”②
From the data collected, it was found that some participants suffered from memory loss and hallucinations.③These were associated with later parental set bedtime, shorter sleep duration, and self-perception of not getting enough sleep.
The average adolescent—reported sleep duration was
The authors of the study reported that there are a number of potential methods by which constant partial sleep deprivation could contribute to depression. Lack of sleep may produce moodiness that hinders the ability to cope with daily stresses, damage relationships with peers and adults, and affect judgment, concentration and impulse control. They also suggested that behavioral interventions that involve educating adolescents and their parents about healthier sleep practices and helping them modify sleep habits could serve as the main preventative measures against depression.
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Not long enough sleep duration is a risk factor for depression. |
B.Sleep deprivation is a direct cause of depression. |
C.Adolescents are advised to get eight hours of nightly sleep per day. |
D.Educating parents alone can be a precautionary measure against depression. |
A.① | B.② | C.③ | D.④ |
A.strong attachment to friends |
B.being distracted easily in class time |
C.reacting slowly to the change of traffic lights |
D.poor performance in memorizing English vocabulary |
【推荐1】It was a warm evening in August in 1995. Robert Blocker was driving to Yale University after being appointed as the university’s Dean (院长) of Music. He didn’t expect to see many people, but a couple of students met him and showed him around.
“When I looked at the history of the university and how people are devoted to the school’s art programs, I was honored by the chance to work there. I could not wait for the next day to start my job. And that excitement never changed because every day was different. My job as dean was not scheduled. I walked around the campus and students talked to me. I went to rehearsals (排演) by the students and teachers and got inspired by them,” he adds.
After nearly three decades as the Dean of Music at Yale, the 77-year-old retired from the position on Aug 31. Also an expert pianist, he remains a professor of piano at the music school, as well as professor of leadership strategies at Yale School of Management. Among his countless contributions as dean, Blocker developed long-term relationships with fellow musicians in China. He once toured cities, including Shenzhen, Shanghai and Hangzhou, giving lectures to the youngsters.
“China is a very special place for me. I am very happy to be back after the pandemic (疫情) to meet my friends and colleagues,” Blocker says, adding that he is particularly excited about being with young students.
Yang Suxian, director of the Shenzhen Piano Music Festival, says, “He has been very supportive and has participated in the Shenzhen Piano Music Festival for years, even during the pandemic.”
Blocker’s vision of a more hopeful world is reflected in his belief that music bridges the understanding between people.
“Music brings hope. People may speak different languages and have different ideas but music speaks to each other’s heart, and that’s why we keep this work going on and why the work never ends,” he says, “Our job is to let music heal the world by allowing us to understand and find a common place in our hearts.”
1. How did Robert Blocker feel after being appointed as the university’s Dean?A.Anxious. | B.Thrilled. | C.Terrified. | D.Challenged. |
A.Teaching leadership skills. | B.Reviving art programs of the school. |
C.Giving concerts when touring cities in China. | D.Organizing rehearsals for students and teachers. |
A.To advertise the festival in Shenzhen. | B.To stress Robert’s preference for music. |
C.To review the hardships during the pandemic. | D.To show Robert’s care about Chinese musicians. |
A.Spreading music to the whole world. |
B.Translating music into a common language. |
C.Helping people to reach an agreement on music. |
D.Guiding people to know themselves better through music. |
【推荐2】If dropping two studio albums within five months in 2020 wasn't enough of a surprise, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift is now serving her fans a third one. Fearless (Taylor's Version), released on April 9th, is a remake of her 2008 country album Fearless, which follows in the wake of the singer's contract battle with her former label Big Machines back in 2019. Upon its release, the album sold 205,000 digital copies in China in less than five minutes and instantly topped the charts on Chinese song streaming platforms, including QQ Music and NetEase Music.
The re-recorded Fearless, a composition of 19 tracks from the songwriter's original album and 6 additional “From the Vault" songs, represents a retrieval of her past memories and love stories. The same brisk (轻快的)and bright lyrics and melodies are presented in a mellower (醇 美的)and warmer voice and have received tons of praise and celebration among Chinese Swifties-the nickname for Taylor's fans in the country.
“A break with the past to start all over again-that needs good faith and a strong heart,” read one comment on Tencent's QQ Music. “So dulcet and ear-catching. If you missed the 19-year-old Taylor, the 31-year-old Taylor will guide you to begin again,” a fan declared boisterously in NetEase Music's comments section.
Taylor Swift has now taken the crown as the best-selling artist of all time on major Chinese music streaming platforms, with her studio recordings earning more than a combined 159 million RMB ($24.3 million) as of April 14, outselling many famous Chinese singers including Jay Chou, Lay Zhang, and Li Yuchun.
The American singer's huge success in China is derived from her never — go — out — of — style artistry and inexhaustible creativity, while also being a product of her enormous fan base, which has succeeded with China's booming music industry. Taylor boasts about 10 million followers on China's Weibo, a microblogging platform, and has more than 9.3 million and 4.9 million followers on QQ Music and NetEase Music, respectively. Apart from their frequent trending on social media platforms, her songs have also repeatedly appeared in music competition shows and in the promos (预告片)for popular films, such as Detective Chinatown, a Chinese comedy-mystery series.
1. What can we learn about Fearless released on April 9th?A.It's a 2008 country album. |
B.It's labelled Big Machines. |
C.It's a composition of 19 songs. |
D.It's an album of 25 songs. |
A.Fashionable. | B.Productive. |
C.Creative. | D.Determined. |
A.They are full of artistry and creativity. |
B.They are dulcet and ear-catching. |
C.They have brisk and bright melodies. |
D.They are popular in Weibo platform. |
A.Taylor took part in the music competition in China. |
B.Taylor's fans made China's boom music industry. |
C.Taylor benefits from China's music industry. |
D.Taylor starred in Detective Chinatown, |
【推荐3】Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published on Monday.
While the decline(下降) over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children’s lives,and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion(比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively(分别地) today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each passage has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per passage.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to suggest parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home,more books purchased for them, parents who read more often,and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading lists and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
1. What’s the proportion of 17-year-olds who rarely read for fun today?A.8%. | B.9%. | C.22%. | D.27%. |
A.Buying e-books costs too much. | B.Children are addicted to e-books. |
C.It is a waste of time to read e-books. | D.It may be harmful to children’s health. |
A.Parents | B.teachers | C.interests | D.environment |
A.Health. | B.Education. | C.Science. | D.Entertainment. |
【推荐1】Some businesses are working on technology to determine customer satisfaction through facial expressions. But facial expressions might not be reliable indicators of emotion, research indicates.
“Some claim they can detect whether someone is guilty of a crime or not, or whether a student is paying attention in class, or whether a customer is satisfied after buying something,” Professor Aleix Martinez said. “What our research showed is that those claims are completely ridiculous.
The danger, Martinez said, lies in the possibility of missing the real emotion in another person, and then making decisions about that person’s future or abilities. For example, a teacher might expect a student to smile if the student is paying attention.
The research team concluded that it takes more than expressions to correctly detect emotion.
Facial color can help provide clues. “When you experience emotion, your brain gives out hormones (激素)that change the blood flow and the face changes color,” Martinez said.
Context plays a key role as well. In one experiment, Martinez showed participants a picture cut to display just a man’s face. The man’s mouth is open in a scream; his face is bright red. Martinez said, “
A.And worse, they can be dangerous. |
B.Cultural background plays a role, too. |
C.Participants think the man is delighted. |
D.We can judge another person just by a facial expression. |
E.When people looked at it, they would think this man was angry. |
F.In fact, it might be more accurate to say we should never trust a person’s face. |
G.But maybe that student, for some reason, is listening carefully, but not smiling at all. |
【推荐2】Why is pink or purple a color for girls and blue or brown for boys?
The answer depends largely on cultural values as well as personal experiences. To the Egyptians, green was a color that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven. Red is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. In China, children are given money in a red envelope to bring good fortune in the New Year. For many nations, blue is a symbol of protection and religious beliefs. Greek people often wear a blue necklace hoping to protect themselves against evils (灾祸).
People’s choice of colors is also influenced by their bodies’ reactions toward them. Green is said to be the most restful color. It has the ability to reduce pain and relax people both mentally and physically. People who work in green environments have been found to have fewer stomachaches.
Red can cause a person’s blood pressure to rise and increase people’s appetites (食欲). Many decorators will include different shades of red in the restaurant. Similarly, many commercial websites will have a red “Buy Now” button because red is a color that easily catches a person’s eye.
Blue is another calming color. Unlike red, blue can cause people to lose appetite. So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates can help.
The next time you are deciding on what to wear or what color to decorate your room, think about the color carefully.
1. Why do Muslims regard green as a symbol of heaven?A.Because of their cultural values. |
B.Because of their commercial purposes. |
C.Because of their personal experiences. |
D.Because of their physical reactions to the color. |
A.To relax people physically. |
B.To increase people’s appetites. |
C.To encourage people to make a purchase. |
D.To cause a person’s blood pressure to rise. |
A.Red. | B.Blue. |
C.Green. | D.Purple. |
A.Colors and Human Beings | B.The Cultural Meaning of Color |
C.Colors and Personal Experiences | D.The Meaning and Function of Color |
【推荐3】Would you rather be an impressive employee in an ordinary firm, or land a role at the most well-known company in your industry?
The answer to that question might seem highly personal, based on factors like whether or not you are a competitive person and how much you enjoy a challenge. In fact, there’s another strong factor at play: People from different cultures react very differently to that question. The psychologists from the University of Michigan asked people theoretical questions about the decisions they take. Specifically, the researchers compared people with East Asian backgrounds and European American backgrounds. They found that Americans are much more likely to favor being a big fish in a small pond. East Asians, and specifically Chinese people, are much more likely than Americans to lean towards being a smaller fish in a bigger pond.
Researchers first asked 270 students at a large American university whether they would rather be a “big fish in a small pond” or the opposite. Of the students with East Asian American backgrounds, three quarters said they’d rather be a small fish, compared with just under 60% of students with European American backgrounds who said the same.
The researchers then compared American and Chinese adults. They asked the participants whether they would rather attend a top university but perform below average, and whether they would rather work for a top global company but do less well in comparison to their peers. Over half the Chinese adults chose the famous university, compared with just a third of Americans. In the case of the firms, well over half of people from both groups chose to do better at a less well-known firm, but Chinese people were still more likely to choose being a “small fish” than were Americans.
The final experiment sought to discover how American and Chinese people made judgments about whether they were succeeding. They found that Chinese people were more likely to compare their performance to the performance of people in other groups. Americans, meanwhile, were more likely to compare themselves to people within the same group, to judge whether or not they were doing well.
In East Asian cultures, it’s “not enough that you know you’re doing well in your school,” said Kaidi Wu, a PhD student in psychology who led the research. “It is much more important that other people — an outsider, a family relative, a future employer who has five seconds to glance through your resume — also recognize your academic excellence.”
America is the opposite: “Think about how many times themes like ‘You are your own person’ or ‘Stop worrying about what other people think’ course through song lyrics and self-help books,” Wu said, concluding: “The choices we make are the products of our culture.”
1. The psychologists from the University of Michigan find that ______.A.Americans tend to achieve success in a big company |
B.Chinese are likely to perform better in a big company |
C.Americans prefer to shine in a relatively small company |
D.Chinese are comfortable with working in a small company |
A.compare different attitudes towards competition | B.find different views about personal success |
C.judge performances of different groups | D.confirm which culture is better |
A.his neighbors | B.his classmates | C.his teachers | D.his parents |
A.plays a key role in people’s choice making | B.shows who we grow up to be in the future |
C.is the most important factor behind success | D.determines students’ academic performance |