Robots have proved very useful in different situations. But those robots are small remote-controlled tanks with a mechanical (机械的) arm, and they can get stuck on narrow stairwells (楼梯井) and are stopped by ladders. “A lot of the places where you do disaster recovery are only accessible for people,” says Marc Raibert, the president of Boston Dynamics, which is providing advice and help for Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), to create the most advanced robots on earth. “If you have a humanoid (a machine or creature with the appearance and qualities of a human), access can be increased and you can use available tools.” In the future, DARPA hopes a humanoid robot will be able to drive trucks, and enter power plants.
That future is a long way off. Simple movements like squatting (蹲) are almost impossible for something with metal parts and skin that cannot bend, says Raibert. Still, recent progress is impressive enough that the military has begun to develop legged robots. The Office of Naval
Research is working with Virginia Tech on a humanoid firefighting robot, and Dynamics showed off its latest projects: Cheetah, a four•legged and headless robot able to run 28 miles per hour and do backflip. It can run with energy efficiency that could compete that of real running animals. “Half the land on earth is too rough, sandy, or rocky for wheeled things,” says Raibert. “Humans and animals can go to those places. However, they don’t have the capacity to carry heavy loads in all kinds of terrains (地形). Legged robots like cheetah are the only successful examples that do what we’re trying to do.”
None of the walking robots is meant to fight. They’re designed to put out fires and clean up industrial accidents. But they are all funded by the military. “I’m well aware of how the world works,” says Dennis Hong, founding director of Virginia Tech’s robotics lab. “Robots for me are tools to help society, not to fight in wars. But once a technology leaves our lab, there’s no way to control how people can use it.”
1. What is a humanoid robot designed to do according to Marc Raibert?A.To accomplish complex tasks. |
B.To be controlled efficiently. |
C.To appear friendly. |
D.To survive disasters. |
A. | B. | C. | D. |
A.It can run as fast as running animals. |
B.It can improve the energy efficiency. |
C.It can adapt to different surroundings. |
D.It can help human in tough situation. |
A.Supportive. | B.Careful. | C.Uninterested. | D.Disapproving. |
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【推荐1】To look inside an ant nest is to meet with an alien civilization. The boiling mass of worker ants beneath an upturned stone is both strangely reminiscent of (联想到) human society and strikingly different. There is an organization that fascinates us and a long line of myrmecophiles (or ant lovers) leads back all the way to King Solomon, who in fact advised people to “go to the ant, consider her ways and be wise”. This was exactly the inspiration behind Planet Ant, a TV program showcasing what we know about the kingdom of ants, and what ants can teach us about the human world.
Like us, ants build structures, find food, defend their societies and manage waste, and-also like us-they must be well organized. For example, the leaf-cutting ants of Planet Ant have special waste disposal areas for storing harmful waste and a team of “waste-disposal ants” dedicated to keeping the nest clean. But ants achieve this familiar final result in a very different way to humans. Human societies have centralized control. In other words, someone tells us what to do. Ants, on the other hand, have decentralized control and neither the queen nor any other ant directs work. Ant workers are the final self-starters, following specific, but potentially flexible, rules in certain situations.
Chemical trails underpin much of this self-organization. Foragers (觅食者) lay a mix of chemicals known as trail pheromone (信息素) behind them as they walk. Other ants follow the trail and if they find food they reinforce it, laying more pheromone as they return to the nest. Stronger trails are more likely to be followed, so trails leading to food become progressively reinforced, while trails with no food at the end fade away.
This combination of positive feedback and evaporation (蒸发) produces an effective foraging system that is very good at finding the quickest routes to food. This simple guiding principle, and others like it, have provided some useful solutions to the complex problems faced by engineers, computer scientists and businesses.
1. Why does the author mention King Solomon in the first paragraph?A.To provide a background. | B.To show admiration for him. |
C.To stress the wisdom of ants. | D.To explain an abstract theory. |
A.They get orders from their partners. | B.They choose to do only routine tasks. |
C.They strictly follow the queen’s orders. | D.They follow their own senses and certain rules. |
A.Decide. | B.Support. | C.Develop. | D.Calculate. |
A.It comes from the food resources. | B.It appears before ants’ self-organization. |
C.It leads the following ants to food. | D.It helps ants find their way back home. |
【推荐2】After a year of severe drought, California has seen an abundance of rain since late autumn. Abby Wines, a ranger (护林员) at Death Valley National Park in southern California, predicted that the heavy rainfall would bring us the opportunity to witness one of nature’s most spectacular displays of color and life — a superbloom — in 2023.
A superbloom refers to a large amount of wildflower growth that exceeds the average level for a typical spring. It is actually a rare phenomenon that usually takes place in exceptionally wet winters. Seeds that may have slept in desert soil for years finally receive enough water to blossom in more abundant numbers than you would see in a typical year.
The sight of the superbloom is truly breathtaking. Fields of gold, orange, and purple flowers stretch as far as the eye can see, creating a blanket of colors that can be seen from space.
However, climate change makes the phenomenon increasingly rare. In the distant past, these blooms were often excellent and enormous. As development pushes farther out, more landscapes have been changed to agriculture, and as invasive plants outcompetes the native seedlings, many of California’s spring flower fields are disappearing. In addition, thousands of tourists sometimes step on the flowers and soil, which harms the plant’s ability to adapt and thrive.
Naomi Fraga, director of conservation at the California Botanic Garden, points out that in promoting these locations where massive blooms take place, there isn’t a lot of additional information about how these are actually very fragile (脆弱的) ecosystems. Instead of promoting and sharing specific locations, it’s important to educate the public about the fragility of the ecosystems and the importance of staying on trails which people are allowed to enter.
1. What is the key to a superbloom according to Abby Wines?A.Desert soil. | B.Warm climate. |
C.Sufficient rainfall. | D.High-quality seeds. |
A.Equals to. | B.Goes beyond. |
C.Cuts down. | D.Sets up. |
A.Reasons for the superbloom being rare. |
B.Factors in plants’ adapting to the environment. |
C.The relationship between climate and plants growing. |
D.The effect of agricultural development on plants flowering. |
A.Promoting local tourism by advertising superblooms. |
B.Recommending tourists perfect trails to enjoy a superbloom. |
C.Strengthening the management of California Botanic Garden. |
D.Leading the public to focus more on the ecological environment. |
【推荐3】February 13, 2022, marked the 25th anniversary (纪念日) of the Great LEGO Spill — the worst toy-related environmental disaster of all time. On this important day in 1997, the Tokio Express was hit by a huge, 28-foot high wave off the United Kingdom’s southwestern coast, tilting the ship by 60 degrees and causing it to drop 62 containers into the sea. One was filled with about 5 million colorful LEGO bricks!
Shortly after the incident, LECO pieces began washing ashore the beautiful beaches of Cornwall and Devon in southwest England. Many locals rushed to hunt for the toys. Cornwall resident Tracey Williams was among the thousands of locals that searched the beaches regularly to find the little sea-themed pieces.
In 2010 Williams moved to Cornwall and came across some LEGO pieces on her first trip to the beach. Wondering where else they had been found, she created a Facebook group. Called “Lego Lost at Sea”, it allowed her and hundreds of other collectors to share their discoveries. As it turned out, the LEGO bricks were not just washing ashore English beaches. They had also been found in Wales, Ireland, the Channel Islands, France, Belgium, and Holland, showing just how far ocean currents had carried them.
“What we’re finding now are the pieces that sank as well as the pieces that floated,” Williams says. “It’s providing us with an insight into what happens to plastic in the ocean, how far it drifts (漂移) — both on the surface of the ocean and also along the seabed—and what happens to it as it breaks down.”
No one knows when the LEGO bricks will stop appearing on the beaches. But one thing is for sure, that is, the plastic pieces will be around for centuries. A 2020 study analyzing the structure of the washed-up LEGO bricks concluded that the five million pieces could take as long as 1,300 years to degrade (降解) completely. And like all plastic products, the iconic toys will never entirely disappear. Instead, they will break down into tiny “microplastics” and be eaten by ocean animals. They will make their way up the food chain to humans.
1. What does the underlined word “tilting” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.Speeding up. | B.Leading something to fall. |
C.Damaging seriously. | D.Making something not flat. |
A.It resulted in many deaths. |
B.It was caused by the pilot’s mistakes. |
C.It made many LEGO bricks lost. |
D.The ship dropped most containers. |
A.To exchange toy blocks. | B.To collect LEGO toys. |
C.To track the LEGO bricks. | D.To trade in toys worldwide. |
A.They will break down completely. |
B.They will influence human health. |
C.They will be recovered by the maker. |
D.They will soon disappear from the beaches. |
【推荐1】Thousands of years have passed since humans discovered silk, but scientists are still finding new uses for this remarkable material. Now researchers say it could help tackle a growing environmental and health concern: Micro-plastics.
Micro-plastics that are now found worldwide are increasingly recognized as a serious pollution threat, and have been found in the bloodstream of animals and people. Some of these micro plastics are intentionally added to a variety of products to generally protect some specific active components from being degraded by exposure to air. For example, vitamins are often delivered in the form of micro capsules packed into a pill or capsule,and herbicides(除草剂)are similarly enveloped. But the materials used today for such micro-encapsulation are plastics that stay in the environment for a long time. To date, there has been no practical, economical alternative available that would biodegrade naturally.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and chemical company BASF developed a silk-based biodegradable alternative to these capsules.
Silk is recognized as safe for food or medical use, as it degrades naturally in the body. The silk protein used in the new alternative material is widely available and inexpensive and the silk fibers can simply be dissolved(溶解), lead researcher Benedetto Marelli says. Besides, the processing is so simple and tun-able that the resulting material can be adapted to work on existing manufacturing equipment.
Replacing non-biodegradable micro-capsules with silk might not work in every case,but given the current and future challenges related to food insecurity, agricultural production, and a changing climate, the silk-based material is of great importance. Products using silk-based micro-capsules are expected to be commercially available in a few years. And the researchers will next try encapsulating active components that could require a different manufacturing approach, such as those that must remain in liquid or gas forms.
1. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?A.Removing plastic pollution is a piece of cake. |
B.Micro-plastics can degrade quickly and naturally. |
C.Micro-plastics have become a severe pollution threat. |
D.Developing an alternative for micro-plastics is urgent. |
A.It is economical. | B.It is biodegradable. |
C.It is widely available. | D.It is skin-friendly. |
A.Its promising future. | B.Its marketing method. |
C.Its existing limitations. | D.Its making approach. |
A.Climate. | B.Agriculture. |
C.Technology Advances. | D.Health Guidelines. |
【推荐2】Mushrooms (蘑菇) usually grow on dark, damp forest floors or fallen tree branches. Now a company in Abu Dhabi has found a way to grow them in the middle of the desert.
Below Farm is producing special mushrooms. Co-founder Bronte Weir says the indoor farm, about 45 minutes’ drive from downtown Abu Dhabi, is the first in the region to grow and sell high-end mushrooms. Below Farm’s offerings are better than imported mushrooms, she says, because mushrooms lose their freshness quickly.
Weir co-founded the company in 2021, in cooperation with Liliana Slowinska and Wojciech Slowinski. They mainly sell the mushrooms to restaurants and stores. Also, they sell mushrooms directly to customers.
Weir says that existing indoor mushroom-growing technology, developed mainly in Europe and the United States, isn’t designed for Abu Dhabi’s high daytime temperatures, which can top 40 degrees Celsius in summer.
Wojciech Slowinski took the lead in developing a solution. The farm consists of four special chambers (室) covered in a foot-deep layer of insulation (隔热材料) to help keep the space cool. “We can create the right conditions for each type of mushroom,” says Weir. Maintaining higher air pressure inside the rooms helps to protect the crops from Abu Dhabi’s winds and dust.
Raj Dagstanı, who runs a restaurant, is a fan of Below Farm. “The best-tasting pizza on the menu is the mushroom,” says Dagstani, adding that he created the dish after he tried out Below Farm’s mushrooms. He now orders 20 kilograms of mushrooms a week from the company. According to market intelligence experts, the global mushroom market grew by over 9% last year and continues to expand, partly due to the popularity of plant-based diets.
1. Where does Below Farm probably lie?A.In uptown Abu Dhabi. | B.In the center of Abu Dhabi. |
C.In a dark deep forest. | D.In the grassland of the desert. |
A.A partner in Below Farm. | B.A founder of Abu Dhabi. |
C.A manager of a restaurant. | D.A scientist in farming. |
A.It provides fresh air inside the rooms. |
B.It helps to keep the heat out of the chambers. |
C.It offers a new way to keep mushrooms fresh. |
D.It promotes the development of mushroom varieties. |
A.Plant-based diets becomes more popular. |
B.His restaurant sells the best-tasting pizza. |
C.The global mushroom market is promising. |
D.The Below Farm’s mushrooms are of high quality. |
【推荐3】Hot Technology Products at CES 2020
The consumer electronics show, or CES, presents new technology developments annually. Here are some latest products launched at CES 2020.
The Sero TV
Samsung introduced a TV that can be used to watch video designed for a smartphone. The Sero TV does this by turning itself from the normal TV position to an upright position that looks like the shape of a phone. The V can connect to mobile devices to play video directly from the phone.
Smart waste can
A company called TOWNEW presented; waste can designed for the home that does a lot of the dirty work on its own. When the can is full, the user touches a button to activate the machine's smart abilities. The device then completely closes off the waste bag inside, puts a new one in place, all by itself, and raises its top so the user can pick up and throw away the bag.
Invisible car hood(引擎盖)
Automobile industry company Continental showed off a new technology that seems to make the front end of a vehicle disappear. The technology, called "Transparent Hood," aims to make driving safer and easier. Cameras provide video of the area underneath the vehicle, permitting the driver to see objects and road conditions that might present danger.
Wearable air purifier
A company called Aō Air introduced a wearable air purifier. Designed to be a high-tech face covering to block pollution, the device pulls air through a filtration(过滤)system and then uses fans to create a small area of clean air at its front, allowing the air to be purified-without the need for a solid container.
1. Which company's product will appeal to video-loving mobile users?A.Samsung. | B.TOWNEW. | C.Continental. | D.Aō Air. |
A.It saves users the bother of packing waste. | B.It allows users to sort rubbish easily. |
C.It breaks down waste automatically. | D.It contains numerous waste bags. |
A.Complex. | B.Costly. | C.Waterproof. | D.Convenient. |
【推荐1】Imagine Hying over the city in an electric powered aircraft that has no pilot but can take you from point A to point B in minutes. Sounds like science fiction, right? Well, not anymore. China-based Ehang has become the world’s first company to receive official approval to fly passengers in its pilotless air taxis.
Ehang’s EH216-S air taxis are electric vertical (垂直的) takeoff and landing aircraft, also called eVToL for short. The air taris can carry up to wo passengers or about 270kg of goods. They can fly at speeds of up to 130kmb and distances of up to 28km. The air taris are controlled by a central command centre that monitor the light, routes and weather conditions.
Passengers can simply select their destination on a touchscreen inside the cabin and enjoy the ride without worrying about piloting the aircraft. The taxis do not require airports or runways. They can take off and land vertically from any flat surface.
The air taxis use electric power to reduce environmental harm caused by emissions. They can be fully charged in two hours and have bow nose levels. They also have backup batteries and emergency landing systems and parachutes in case anything goes wrong.
They could transform how we travel around big cities —imagine using them to avoid traffic jams, save time on the daily commute (通勤) to work or school, or get to places that are hard to reach by car or public transport. And beyond just moving people, the aircraft can be used for delivering goods, such as packages, medical supplies or food. During natural disasters such as bushfires or foods, air taxis could transport much-needed medical staff, equipment or medicines to the scene quickly and safely.
One big challenge will be gaining the trust of the public and convincing commuters they are safe while flying. To do this, Ehang will educate passengers about the benefits and risks of using its taxis while also addressing potential issues and concerns about noise levels, privacy and the environmental impact.
1. What do we know about EH216-S air taxis?A.They don’t make any noise. | B.They are environment-friendly. |
C.They are controlled by eVTOL. | D.They can carry 270kg of goods and two persons. |
A.A swimming pool. | B.An empty street. |
C.A crowded car park. | D.A woody valley. |
A.Where air taxis can work. | B.When air taxis function well. |
C.Why air taxis are needed. | D.How air taxis can be used. |
A.By providing a free tip for brave passengers. |
B.By rewarding the most reliable passengers. |
C.By explaining is taxis advantages and disadvantages. |
D.By stressing the importance of environmental protection. |
【推荐2】The Kirtland’s warbler(莺)has required protections since the foundation of Endangered Species Act (ESA), but that’s about to change. The Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS)today announced it is removing the songbird from the endangered species list
“The effort to recover the Kirtland's warbler is a successful example of how to save endangered species,” said Margaret Everson, director of FWS. “The Kirtland's warbler has responded well to active management over the half century.” In 1971, the Kirtland’s warbler population declined to approximately 201 singing males and was restricted to six counties. By 2015, the population reached 2,383 singing males and had spread geographically. FWS noted the frequent and persistent singing of male warblers during the breeding season made counting possible.
“The primary threats identified at listing and during development of the recovery plan have been managed,” said FWS. Modern wildfire suppression(扑灭)practices greatly altered the natural disturbance system, which enabled the growth of the jack pine forests favored by the species, FWS noted. Michigan state has replanted approximately 90,000 acres of Kirtland's warbler habitat over the past 30 years. Timber (木材)incomes offset the cost of replanting jack pine needed to support a survivable bird population.
But while the bird is falling off the ESA list, officials note that it remains a “conservation-dependent species." Conservation of the Kirtland's warbler will continue to require a harmonious approach for carrying out future conservation work, like partnerships and sufficient funding, FWS stated. Under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966, the Kirtland's warbler was federally listed as an endangered species in 1967.
“This remarkable bird has a most impressive, exemplary success story that illustrates effective conservation and cooperation at work,” added Heather Good, executive director of Michigan Audubon. Shawn Graff, vice president of American Bird Conservancy's Great Lakes program, pointed out the delisting (除名)is “cause for celebration and proof that the Endangered Species Act works.”
1. The passage is probably taken from_____.A.a science fiction | B.a news report |
C.a biography | D.a novel |
A.Make up for. | B.Add to. |
C.Fix. | D.Estimate. |
A.Ample funding. | B.Cooperative work. |
C.The foundation of FWS. | D.The control of wildfire. |
A.The male Kirtland's warblers seldom sing in the breeding season. |
B.Heather Good was not very satisfied with the conservation work. |
C.The Kirtland's warbler was listed as an endangered species only in one state. |
D.Margaret Everson thought highly of the conservation of the Kirtland's warbler. |
【推荐3】If you read the news about honeybee survival, it’s all very confusing.
The Hoover Institution’s Dr. Henry Miller notes, “The reality is that honeybee populations are not declining. According to the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, the world’s honeybee population rose to 80 million colonies (群落) in 2011 from 50 million in 1960.”Meanwhile, Jennifer Sass of the Natural Resources Defense Council points out. “The number of managed honeybee colonies in the U.S. has dropped from 4 million hives (蜂群) in 1970 to 2.5 million today”
Surprisingly, both of these claims are correct. Miller points to the “global” commercial honeybee hive count, which has grown considerably. Sass points to domestic colony numbers only, which have in fact declined.
Far more bees are farmed for making honey than for pollination (传粉) services. Since more honey is now made overseas than it was in the past, more hives are kept overseas, and fewer in the United States and Europe. And the global number of commercial hives and the amount of honey they produce have grown to meet the demands of an expanding world population. Such shifts offer no evidence of a honeybee hive “crisis”. They simply represent the market forces of supply and demand.
The FAO data also clarifies that national or even regional declines in the size of the managed honeybee population cannot prove claims of a global pollinator decline or a pollination crisis. However, it emphasizes that solutions to those problems must be motivated locally, rather than globally.
Solutions will follow only if we take a non-subjective look at the issues, so we can address them appropriately rather than have a crisis mentality. As I highlight in a recent post for TheHill, a big part of the solution lies at the very local level: with the beekeepers, farmers, and communities that surround them.
1. What makes the news confusing?A.Various species. | B.Contradictory conclusions. |
C.Complicated statistics. | D.Different effects. |
A.The claims of the FAO. | B.The shift of honey export. |
C.The more services of pollination. | D.The increasing demands for honey. |
A.Objective. | B.Supportive. |
C.Confused. | D.Doubtful. |
A.It lies at the global motivation. |
B.It causes a crisis mentality. |
C.It arises with a non- subjective view on the problem. |
D.It highlights the communities of the local farmers. |