Globally, about 192.1 million animals are used annually for experimental purposes. Iran has conducted animal-based research dating back to the time of Ibn Sina. Although, like many countries, Iran regulates the use and treatment of laboratory animals, it lacks sufficient enforcement. To ensure ethical treatment of research animals, Iran needs better data about their use, and institutions and individuals need to take responsibility for their care.
Iran’s Ministry of Health, which oversees animal testing, requires all animals are treated according to international ethical standards. However, some institutions that produce or use animals provide substandard treatment, disregarding the ministry’s guidelines. To facilitate better enforcement of established regulations, Iran needs clear, accurate and reliable information about the quantity of animals used in research. All Iranian research institutions that use animals should be required to collect and report annual data on the number of animals they use, the conditions in which the animals are kept, and the animals’ research purpose. Such data would allow Iran to track each institution’s adherence (遵守) to the “3Rs”of animal research: Replacing animal-based experiments with alternative strategies, reducing the number of animals used, and refining techniques to minimize the pain and discomfort research animals experience.
In addition to government enforcement, individual institutions should prioritize the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal use. Iran’s medical schools and research institutions should establish an accessible database with comprehensive experimental details to prevent excessive animal studies. Ethics committees shouldn’t approve experiments that use more animals than necessary or methods that require animals when alternative methods are available. In some cases, technical sampling (using a small sample size) can replace experimental sampling (using a relatively large sample size).
Individuals should also take an active role. All researchers must be trained to adhere to ethical principles and understand unnecessary pain or discomfort in animals could affect the interpretation of data.
Maintaining international ethical standards for animal treatment is vital for Iran to establish its global standing in the field of medical sciences. Iran’s government, institutions, individual scientists, and public can work together to ensure ethical animal research.
1. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?| A．The origin of Iran’s animal-based research. |
| B．The regulations of Iran’s research into animals. |
| C．The development of Iran’s animal-based research. |
| D．Moral concerns for Iran’s research animals’ welfare. |
| A．To follow the ministry’s guidelines. |
| B．To be in control of animal-based research. |
| C．To ensure the adherence to the “3Rs” in animal-based research. |
| D．To replace animal-based experiments with alternative strategies. |
| A．To follow government regulations. |
| B．To reduce unnecessary animal-based studies. |
| C．To make research more visible to the public. |
| D．To ensure the accuracy of experimental results. |
| A．To encourage cooperation for ethical animal-based research in Iran. |
| B．To promote the use of an accessible experimental database in Iran. |
| C．To highlight ethics committees’ role in animal-based research in Iran. |
| D．To stress international ethical standards in animal-based research in Iran. |
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【推荐1】Creighton is no stranger to the media. He was the face of a TV series, which remains popular for its behind-the-scenes look at the ups and downs of zoo life. He was often stopped on the street, and is regularly called “the man from the zoo”.
Creighton’s father and his brother also worked at Dublin Zoo. “I don’t ever remember not being in the zoo,” he said.
Creighton’s passion for animal welfare is clear, and not something that has reduced over the years — for him, or his father. Just a few hours earlier he was at the vet’s with his father where their 15-year-old German shepherd had to be put to sleep. “For any zookeeper, losing an animal is like losing a part of yourself,” said Creighton. He has been present for the euthanasia of an old lion, which reduced many zookeepers there to tears. He was present for the death of a chimpanzee in her 50s who both Creighton and his father had cared for over the years. He also described the death of a rhino, which escaped from a transport container in 1996, as something gut-wrenching.
In January 2021, he left Dublin Zoo and started his own consultancy agency, Global Elephant Care. He is working on developing elephant care and enclosures (围场) in France, the UK, the US, Israel, Australia and the United Arab Emirates, where elephants will have air conditioning to save them from the 50-degree heat. He is also working on projects to manage the gradual release of elephants back into the wild, but nevertheless talks straightly about their situation. There are about 40,000 Asian elephants left in the world. In an hour, there will probably be five or six African elephants killed for their ivory.
Despite the cruel reality for elephants around the world, with increasing human encroachment (侵占) on their natural habitat, Creighton faces it with a smile.
1. Why is Creighton familiar to media?| A．He was involved in a TV program. |
| B．He filmed a documentary on the people. |
| C．He posted his work life in the zoo online. |
| D．He was the zookeeper of the popular zoo. |
| A．Too proud. | B．Greatly cheerful. |
| C．Quite helpless. | D．Extremely upset. |
| A．To raise money to help elephants. |
| B．To guarantee the elephants’ welfare. |
| C．To manage the elephants in the wild. |
| D．To improve elephants’ living conditions. |
| A．Efficient and just. | B．Sociable and loyal. |
| C．Caring and optimistic. | D．Sensitive and mean. |
【推荐2】Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels（分贝）measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same effect.
Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that loud noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected（感染）.
Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
1. According to passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures?| A．The man-made noises. | B．The noises made by themselves. |
| C．The sound of earthquakes. | D．The sound of the ice-breaking. |
| A．Different places with different types of noises. |
| B．The very human ears sensitive to all types of noises. |
| C．The decibels measured differently on land and in the ocean. |
| D．The ocean animals' reaction to noises. |
| A．prevent them from doing their research work |
| B．benefit them a lot in their research work |
| C．do good to their health |
| D．increase the industrial output |
| A．They will try their best to decrease noise |
| B．They will work hard to cut down noise pollution. |
| C．They will study the effect of different noises. |
| D．They will protect animals from harmful noises. |
【推荐3】All living things need energy to move and grow. Energy can come in many different forms.
Where do plants get their energy? They get their energy from the sun. Plants absorb sunlight with their leaves.
Plants are called producers because they produce their own food. Producers form the base of every food chain in an ecosystem. Plants are eaten by animals, which are eaten by larger animals. For example, a plant takes in energy from the sun and turns it into plant food.
The food humans eat provides us with energy. When we chew and digest food, a chemical reaction takes place.
| A．The energy produced from this reaction fuels our bodies. |
| B．Eater, that plant might be eaten by a rabbit, giving the rabbit energy. |
| C．Notice how you feel when you eat whole foods like vegetables and fruits. |
| D．Through this process, energy from the sun is moved from one living thing to another. |
| E．They use the sun’s energy to change water and carbon dioxide into plant food and oxygen. |
| F．The amount of energy we get from food depends on which nutrients are in the food we eat. |
| G．For example, light energy, heat energy, and chemical energy are all different forms of energy. |
【推荐1】Food labels seem to provide all the information a thoughtful consumer needs, so counting calories should be simple.
Food-processing includes cooking, mixing and mashing (捣烂).
As a result, when we are losing weight, we should reject processed food. And to do so would be much easier if our food labels gave us some advice about how many calories we would save by eating less-processed food.
| A．Same calories, different outcomes. |
| B．Processed foods should be given more restrictions. |
| C．It can be done by the food industry before you buy. |
| D．Food labels fail to offer a specific number of calories. |
| E．So why do our nutrition advisers keep silent on the topic? |
| F．But things get tricky because food labels tell only half the story. |
| G．Our food labeling therefore faces a choice between two systems. |
【推荐2】There is always something that happens in the world that everyone fears will happen to their town, city or country: natural disasters. The scariest part of it is that no one will ever see it coming. Though technology helps us prepare, but it never actually tells the people what time it’s going to hit, It is always estimated, but the result is never 100% accurate.
However, that is not the point of this article. Two different natural disasters in two different parts of the world have happened in the past few weeks. One is a major flood that has hit Louisiana in the United States. The other was an earthquake that hit Amatrice, Italy. However. there is a major difference in the news coverage (新闻报道) of the two tragedies.
As for the flooding in Louisiana, it is reported that this disaster is the worst to hit the United States since super - storm Sandy and it’ll cost at least $ 30 million. In only the first couple of weeks, 13 people had died. However, like me, many people did not hear about this tragic event. I did not learn about it until about three weeks after it happened.
In Italy, however, it covered all media instantly. The earthquake in Italy happened on Tuesday morning. That same day, I was on Twitter and that was all that was over the news feed. Every other post was about the earthquake. Some would have the opinion that Amatrice, Italy was one of the most beautiful towns in that country. I got in deep sorrow because there were more people killed in this quake than the flooding. So far, they have a total of 73 dead and over one - hundred missing.
I understand that technically the earthquake in Italy was worse than the floods in Louisiana. However, I believe that if a natural disaster happens, they all should be equally covered and taken equally as serious. We are one world united and should be there for all of the people out there who are in need of help. We may not be able to accurately predict disasters, but we can surely lend a hand out for the needy.
1. What really concerns the author about the two natural disasters?| A．The death and the injured. | B．The media report. |
| C．The government’s responsibility. | D．Their economic loss. |
| A．He didn't care about the flood. | B．He felt nervous about the news. |
| C．The media didn't cover it in time. | D．The flood frightened the author a lot. |
| A．Proud. | B．Critical. | C．Pitiful. | D．Sad. |
| A．Italy isn’t good at predicting the natural disasters. |
| B．All natural disasters should be covered equally. |
| C．The world should be united into one instantly. |
| D．America should help Italy predict natural disasters. |
【推荐3】Lee hyun-seok grew up in South Korea addicted to Japanese manga (漫画) series such as “Dragon Ball” and “Slam Dunk”. As soon as he could, he migrated to Tokyo to build a successful career as a manga artist and editor. Then in the early 2000s came “webtoons”, a South Korean cartoon innovation optimized for smartphones. Mr. Lee was at first unimpressed. Compared with manga’s inventive graphic styles and profound plots, he found webtoons just the opposite.
Yet Japanese manga is being eclipsed by Korean webtoons. Last year the manga print market shrank by 2.3% to ¥265bn ($1.9bn). The size of the global webtoons market was meanwhile valued at $3.7bn. Manga is going digital slowly, in part because it is still designed for print, so awkward to read on smartphones. Seeing which way the wind was blowing, Mr. Lee abandoned manga for the webtoon industry in 2014.
Though webtoons such as “Itaewon Class” and “Solo Levelling” have become popular among Japanese consumers, most Japanese publishers have stuck stubbornly to manga. “The Japanese industry is very conservative,” sighs Mr. Lee. The manga industry’s business model, in which stories are first published in weekly magazines and then in books, has hardly changed since the 1960s. Webtoons have grown so fast, in part because they can be read more easily. Other recent South Korean exports, such as the Netflix sensation “Squid Game” and BTS, a boy band, have taken the world by storm thanks to the same combination of innovation and smart marketing behind webtoons.
Some are concerned about the future. Japan’s manga fans are, like all its population, ageing. The average reader of the Weekly Shonen Magazine, a manga for children launched in 1989, is now over 30. “Manga could end up as old people’s culture,” warns Mr Lee. “Children these days are viewing through webtoons on their smartphones. Why not make something that suits their taste?”
1. What did Mr Lee think of “webtoons” in the early 2000s?| A．He considered it as inventive. | B．He considered it as attractive. |
| C．He considered it as original. | D．He considered it as shallow. |
| A．Ruined. | B．Outweighed. | C．Replaced. | D．Copied. |
| A．Japanese manga can be read more easily. |
| B．Since the 1960s, the manga has grown so fast. |
| C．The manga industry is unwilling to transform. |
| D．“Squid Game” was adopted from Japanese manga. |
| A．Worried. | B．Aggressive. | C．Confident. | D．Annoyed. |
【推荐1】Water pollution is a serious problem in India. While the government usually plays the blame game as it fails to find an effective solution to such problems many times, the public has taken the matter into its hands and come up with a solution.
Aparna, a first-year college student, is beautifying Ashtamudi Kayal lakebed by reforming wasted plastic bottles. Aparna collected the pretty ones, brought them home and painted and drew on them. Later, when these bottles started piling up in Aparna’s backyard, she decided to sell them. Aparna’s artworks were so good that they created a hit online. What made her happier was the fact that the areas where she was picking these wasted bottles were slowly becoming cleaner.
Aparna also proved to be an inspiration to others. People started collecting wasted plastic materials from the lakebed and sending them to her. However, while collecting the waste materials was easy, Aparna had a difficult time cleaning the insides of the bottles. A lot of people joined her in this initiative and helped not just collect bottles, but also clean them. This motivated Aparna to conduct another programme in her city on World Water Day (March 22), which was attended by college students, teachers, and employees of the state health department. Aparna displayed a few of her artworks made from waste to show people about how objects can be cleaned, decorated and reused.
Talking about people’s view on waste materials, Aparna said, “We often spend much money buying craftworks from the shop. Instead, we can change such waste materials into something useful and beautiful. I was teased so much for collecting waste from the road. It is the attitude that should be changed.”
1. What does the government do with pollution?| A．It attempts but accomplishes nothing. |
| B．It makes and carries out practical plans. |
| C．It calls on and depends on common people. |
| D．It governs and succeeds by doing nothing. |
| A．By storing plastic materials. | B．By decorating the lakebed. |
| C．By buying much plastic waste. | D．By recycling plastic bottles. |
| A．The lack of hands to clean bottles. |
| B．The blame from the government. |
| C．Too much waste from the local people. |
| D．The shortage of space to store the waste. |
| A．Positive. | B．Uncaring. | C．Doubtful. | D．Disapproving. |
【推荐2】The Sister Rice Festival is held every year in Guizhou’s Taijiang County, where 97 percent of the 168,000 people are from the Miao ethnic (民族的) group. It is an ancient tradition, which brings men and women together through food, gifts and music.
In the days before the festival, young women gather leaves and wild flowers, which they use to dye (给……染色) sticky rice with bright colors. This brightly colored rice, known as Sister Rice, gives the festival its name. During the festival, the young women dress in beautiful traditional clothes with large amounts of silver jewelry (首饰).
The festival includes parades, horse races and musical performances. But the real focus is the interaction between the young women and the young men who visit from surrounding villages and sing songs. In one traditional type of song, a man and a woman take turns to sing to each other, and the first one to make a mistake loses the game. The loser must give the winner a gift, but the winner is expected to give a gift in return, too.
After meeting the men, the women send them home with a bamboo basket containing dyed rice and hidden objects with special meanings. For example, a pair of chopsticks indicates that she wants to marry the man, while garlic shows that she is not interested.
One of several stories about the festival’s origin is about a girl and a boy who fell in love. The girl’s parents wanted her to marry her uncle’s son. She refused, and the boy likewise refused to marry anyone else. For a time, they could only meet in a field and pass hidden messages to each other through rice in a bamboo basket. Finally, the pair overcame their parents’ opposition and were allowed to marry.
The Sister Rice Festival is perhaps the oldest festival in Asia that encourages love.
1. What is the purpose of young women collecting leaves and wild flowers?| A．To decorate their rooms. |
| B．To sell them and make money. |
| C．To give sticky rice different colors. |
| D．To cover some objects in a basket. |
| A．Water skiing. |
| B．Kicking balls. |
| C．Making food. |
| D．Singing songs. |
| A．A woman often loses the game. |
| B．A hidden pair of chopsticks suggests good things. |
| C．The winner need not send a gift. |
| D．Often a man needs to sing songs to a young woman. |
| A．The boy’s parents didn’t like the girl. |
| B．They were not married in the end. |
| C．The boy refused to marry the girl at first. |
| D．The rice in the bamboo basket carried their love. |
【推荐3】New Mexico has announced a plan to make public colleges and universities free for all people in the state, a Proposal considered one of the most ambitious attempts in education these years.
The plan, if approved, would allow students, regardless of household income, to attend any of the 29 states public colleges and universities. State officials estimate that the program, officially called the New Mexico Opportunity Scholarship, will help 55,000 students each year attend college.
Calling the plan “the moonshot for higher education,” New Mexico Gov. Michelle LujanGrisham announced it on Wednesday at the New Mexico Higher Education Summit in Albuquerque. “It means better enrollment (注册). It means better students' success. In the long run, it means economic growth, improved outcomes for New Mexico workers and thinkers and parents,” Lujan Grisham said, “It means a better trained workforce.”
Twenty other states have set up tuition free education programs for two-year community colleges. And New York created a scholarship program to allow students to go to public colleges and universities without paying tuition. But there are household income requirements and other rules, including that receivers live and work in New York for several years after graduating. The New Mexico proposal has no such restrictions. And some experts wonder if the lack of program regulations is one of its disadvantages.
Wil Del Pilar, the vice president for higher education at The Education Trust, said there is a risk that wealthier students will benefit the most in the program, since there are no income requirements. “When you have limited state dollars, I would argue that we should target those dollars toward those who struggle the most to pay,” Del Pilar told NPR.
Like the New York s scholarship program, New Mexico's covers just tuition, not other living costs. To Del Pilar that is a problem. He said the promise of free college takes more than eliminating (取消) tuition. Paying for housing, meals, books and transportation are still challenges for many low-income students, he said.
1. What's the purpose of the New Mexico plan?| A．To reform the system of education. |
| B．To improve the quality of education. |
| C．To attract more students around the world. |
| D．To make higher education more accessible. |
| A．A little doubtful. | B．A little confused. |
| C．Full of curiosity. | D．Full of confidence. |
| A．has fewer restrictions | B．benefits more students |
| C．has more requirements | D．covers more living costs |
| A．It is limited to tuition. | B．It doesn't include tuition. |
| C．It opens to all college students. | D．It's only available to poor students. |
