A study of six big-city Ohio public schools showed students who were required to wear uniforms had improved graduation, behavior and attendance rates. Academic performance was unchanged.
Some high schools in Texas have also joined in the movement. Yet studies find mixed results from requiring uniforms. And some schools have turned away from such policies.
Supporters believe dressing the same creates a better learning environment and safer schools. The school district in Long Beach, California, was the first in the country to require uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. The example helped build national interest in uniforms as a way to deal with school violence and improve learning.
Findings in Long Beach suggested that the policy resulted in fewer behavior problems and better attendance. But researcher Viktoria, who has looked at those findings, says they were based only on opinions about the effects of uniforms.
She says other steps taken at the same time to improve schools in Long Beach and statewide could have influenced the findings. The district (the area marked by government) increased punishments for misbehavior. And California passed a law to reduce class sizes.
In Florida, for example, researcher Sharon found that uniforms seemed to improve behavior and reduce violence. In Texas, Eloise found fewer discipline problems among students required to wear uniforms, but no effect on attendance.
Sociologist David has studied school uniform policies since1998.He collected the reports in the book. In his own study, he found that reading and mathematics performance dropped after a school in Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚州) required uniforms.
Political and community pressures may persuade schools to go to uniforms to improve learning. But David and others believe there is not enough evidence of a direct relationship. In fact, he says requiring uniforms may even increase discipline problems.
1. Which of the following researchers are NOT supporters of school uniform policies?
A.Viktoria and Sharon. | B.Sharon and David. |
C.Eloise and Sharon. | D.Viktoria and David. |
A.serious crime | B.bad performance |
C.absence for class | D.action against wearing uniforms |
A.More work is needed to get better information about uniform’s effect. |
B.The number of schools requiring uniforms in the U.S. will become less sharply. |
C.Wearing uniforms has little to do with behavior and learning. |
D.Politicians and communities won’t vote for uniform policies. |
A.More and more students are required to wear uniforms in the U.S. |
B.Wearing uniforms contributes to good academic performance. |
C.Researchers in the U.S. argue for school uniform policies. |
D.Evidence for school uniform polices in the U.S. is seen as weak. |
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【推荐1】In recent years, many students from China have gone to the UK to attend school. Over 4,000 new students went in 2018 alone. Quite a few decide to apply to a UK university after attending British secondary schools.
Studying in the UK is a unique and enjoyable experience.
Life for a student studying in the UK can be very exciting.
Children do not just learn from books or a screen, but enjoy a range of sports as part of their normal day, such as soccer, rugby, field hockey (曲棍球) and cricket (板球).
A.It’s possible to see many great cities in a short time |
B.Besides, they can attend many other kinds of clubs after school |
C.It’s a wonderful opportunity for them to improve their written and spoken English |
D.Schools in the UK are known for their high education quality |
E.Unlike China, the UK isn’t a large country |
F.Students have many language classes in the UK |
G.Children start school at the age of 4 |
【推荐2】The growth mindset is the belief that intellectual abilities can be developed and are not fixed, which have received a great deal of attention in schools and among researchers.
According to a study, a teacher’s growth mindset acts as a “support” that can draw out a student's growth mindset at the very beginning and make it maintainable and actionable in the classroom. These teachers may convey how, in their classes, mistakes are learning opportunities, not signs of low ability, and back up this view with assignments and evaluations that reward continual improvement. This could encourage a student to continue acting on their growth mindset.
The study analyzed data from the National Study of Learning Mindset, which was an intervention experiment conducted with a sample of ninth-grade students’ math grades. The present focus on math grades is motivated by the fact that students tend to find math challenging and anxiety inducing, and therefore, a growth mindset might help students face those challenges productively.
In the study, researchers show that the positive effect of a short growth-mindset intervention on ninth-grade students’ math grades was concentrated among students whose teachers themselves had growth mindset. They also found that baseline students — serve as a benchmark (基准点) for comparing and evaluating the progress of other students — who reported more fixed mindset in classrooms showed a significantly positive effect on math grades.
Successfully teaching a growth mindset to students lifted math grades overall, but this was not enough for all students to reap the benefits of a growth-mindset intervention. Supportive classroom contexts also mattered.Students who were in classrooms with teachers who approved of more of a fixed mindset did not show gains in their math grades over ninth grade, whereas the same kind of students in classrooms with more growth-mind set teachers showed meaningful gains.
In general, they view the testing and understanding of the causal effect of teacher mindset as the next step for mindset science. Such research will be challenging to carry out, however.
1. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.How a student's growth-mindset is inspired. |
B.Why a teacher's growth mindset is important. |
C.How mistakes turn into learning opportunities. |
D.Why a student continues acting on growth mindset. |
A.Students were unable to overcome maths challenge. |
B.The positive effect was concentrated on all students. |
C.The sample size of the experiment was insufficient. |
D.Students at baseline were influenced considerably. |
A.has an influence on the effectiveness |
B.is determined by supportive classroom |
C.always brings meaningful gains to students |
D.plays a decisive role in students' significant gains |
A.The Academic Performance: The Influence of Students’ Mindset |
B.Students’ Learning Motivation: The Impact of Teachers’ Mindset |
C.Encouraging a Growth Mindset: The Role of Teachers |
D.Fixed and Growth Mindset: Their Relationship and Impact |
【推荐3】The Importance of Handwriting is Becoming Better Understood
As primary-school pupils and PhD hopefuls return for a new school year, many will study with reliance on computers to take notes and write papers.
The benefits of using a pen or pencil lie in how the motor and sensory memory of putting words on paper reinforces that material. The arrangement of squiggles (涂鸦) on a page feeds into visual memory.
One of the best-demonstrated advantages of writing by hand seems to be in superior note-taking.When primary-school pupils and PhD hopefuls take notes, handwriting forces students to synthesise (合成) ideas into their own words. This aids conceptual understanding at the moment of writing.
Many studies have confirmed handwriting’s benefits, and policymakers have taken note. Though America’s “Common Core” curriculum from 2010 does not require handwriting instruction past first grade (roughly age six), about half the states since then have required more teaching of it, thanks to campaigning by researchers and handwriting supporters.
A.However, note-taking by hand takes longer time. |
B.One solution to the complaints may be handwriting. |
C.A line of research shows the benefits of computers replacing handwriting. |
D.Some parents are disturbed that their children are playing games on laptops in class. |
E.And those taking notes by hand also perform better on tests when they review notes. |
F.In Sweden there is a push for more handwriting and printed books and fewer devices. |
G.People might remember a word they wrote down in class as being at the bottom-left on a page. |
【推荐1】Fashion and Identity
For hundreds of years people have put some message in the type of clothing they wore. Long ago people started wanting to stand out from the “crowd” and be different from other people by means of changing their clothing. Some examples of these “standing out” became very popular and were followed by more people.
The type of clothing completely depends on the person wearing it and becomes a reflection of personal identity. Lately, a lot is being heard about its meaning in the life of every single person on the planet. The choice of clothing is as important as identification through the color of hair, skin and gender. As every piece of clothing carries a strong message about its owner, every owner “nests” a certain value in it depending on his mindset or today’s mood. Therefore, the clothing of a person is a means of communication with the outside world.
Clothes have a significant impact on the understanding of the people nearby as well as the person wearing them. For instance, a suit can make a person feel more confident and organized, which would eventually change even the gestures of the person.
A.Fashion helps us realize our dreams. |
B.This was the moment when fashion appeared. |
C.Fashion and identity are inseparable companions. |
D.Clothing was designed to serve people in their daily life. |
E.The preference is always given to people dressed in “business style”. |
F.It is the way of telling people about the “state” and the “status” of its owner. |
G.Wearing jeans after a suit may change the conduct of a person to a very casual one. |
【推荐2】As Americans slowly return to the office, they are rethinking their clothing choices at work. After two years of working from home in exercise clothes, many people now want to be comfortable while looking professional in the office. And companies are trying to keep up with the demand for “business comfort” clothing.
Kay Martin-Pence, who works for a drug company, used to wear structured business clothes, like dress pants and blazers (统一服装), and high-heel shoes to work before the pandemic, but now wears comfortable clothes, including stylish jeans and flowing shirts, along with lower-heel shoes.
Adam Galinsky, a social psychologist at Columbia Business School, who studies the connection between what people wear and how they think, said that people will knowingly think about what they will wear to the office. They may compare themselves to others and think about the situation they are in.
Clothing companies also witnessed the changing demand. From January to March of 2022, money from sales of sports pants for office wears increased three times. There is a high demand for comfortable shirts and pull-on pants. The most common kind of shoe for the workplace is sneakers. And sales of dress shoes are 34 percent lower than in 2019.
As more workers want to feel comfortable in their work clothes, some are excited to trick themselves up again. One such worker is 42-year-old Emily Kirchner of Stevensville, Michigan. She said she is spending money on new clothes including blue jeans, shirts, and even blazers. As a mother of a young child, she wants to feel her best when she leaves the house. "It's kind of fun to trick up," Kirchner said. "It's kind of like that back-to-school feeling."
1. What leads to the changes in clothing choice at work?A.Demand of business. | B.Influence of pandemic. |
C.Following the trend. | D.Dressing in comfort long. |
A.People judge by feelings. | B.People like to be unique. |
C.People consult others in wear. | D.People care about their wear. |
A.She differs from others. | B.She prefers professional clothes. |
C.She is fond of dressing up. | D.She overspends on new clothes. |
A.Comfortable Changes to Office Wear | B.Urgent Demand for Comfortable Clothing |
C.Increased Sales in Sports Jeans Globally | D.Connection between Wear and Concept |
【推荐3】A lot of students around the world have to wear uniforms every day, but dress codes are not the same in every country.
Not all children like to wear uniforms in their everyday life. When I was a school girl, I had to wear a uniform. It was a dark brown dress with a black apron. I couldn’t wear anything else. All the girls in my country had to wear this uniform.
I remember how I hated to put on my uniform every morning. I couldn’t even use colorful hairpins because colorful things were prohibited. All the pupils looked the same, and nobody liked that uniform.
My friends and I talked about it very often.
Nowadays, the dress code in my country has changed. There are no more uniforms.
However, the government now wants to make a new dress for schools and require uniforms again. Fortunately, the new uniform is supposed to be less formal than the old one.
A.For boys, it was a dark blue suit. |
B.Wearing a uniform has a special meaning for students. |
C.They depend on the culture and traditions of each country. |
D.Caring too much about how they dress shouldn’t be a big concern for students. |
E.We imagined how we would dress if there were no uniforms. |
F.Children can dress whatever they like. |
G.In my opinion, it is good idea to have a freestyle dress code. |
【推荐1】Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading up on snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $3.50 and the large is $5.50. It’s tough decision: The small size may not last yon through the whole movie, but $5.50 for some sugary drink seems ridiculous. But there’s a third option, a medium soda for $5.25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more. If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large.
If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost no one. In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy (诱饵), making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small.
I have written about this unique human nature before with my friend Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing pricing for subscription (订阅) to Geography. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price, so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two “real” choices were offered, more people chose the less-expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option.
Brain scientist call this effect “asymmetric dominance” and it means that people are attracted toward the choice nearest a clearly inferior (较差的) option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect, which is certainly easier to remember. It works because of the way our brains assign value when making choices. Value is almost never absolute; rather, we decide an object’s value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation (方程) changes.
1. what’s the function of the example in paragraph 1?A.To offer background information. |
B.To explain an economical phenomenon. |
C.To clarify a rule when buying drinks. |
D.To arouse the readers’ interest in the topic. |
A.Because they’re confused by the various offered prices. |
B.Because they believe they’ve made the best choice. |
C.Because they are easily influenced by other buyers. |
D.Because they have studied this phenomenon extensively. |
A.pay little attention to price |
B.focus on objects’ actual value |
C.think about the value equation |
D.face a less-than-best choice |
A.https://www.lifestyle.com/health |
B.https://www.what-is-on.com/local |
C.https://www.consumers.com/money |
D.https://www.education.com/science |
【推荐2】As the world’s population grows, farmers will need to produce more and more food. And large farms are increasingly using precision farming to increase yields (产量), reduce waste, and reduce the economic and security risks that inevitably accompany agricultural uncertainty.
Traditional farming relies on managing entire fields—making decisions related to planting, harvesting, irrigating, and applying pesticides and fertilizer (农药和化肥)—based on regional conditions and historical data. Precision farming, by contrast, combines sensors, robots, GPS, mapping tools and data-analytics software to customize(量身定制)the care that plants receive without increasing labor. Robot-mounted sensors and camera-equipped drones (无人机) wirelessly send images and data on individual plants to a computer, which looks for signs of health and stress. Farmers receive the feedback in real time and then deliver water, pesticide or fertilizer in adjusted doses(剂量)to only the areas that need it. The technology can also help farmers decide when to plant and harvest crops.
As a result, precision farming can improve time management, reduce water and chemical use, and produce healthier crops and higher yields—all of which benefit farmers’ bottom lines and conserve resources while reducing chemical runoff.
Many small businesses are developing new software, sensors, and other tools for precision farming, as are large companies such as Monsanto, John Deere, Bayer, Dow and DuPont. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all support precision farming, and many colleges now offer course work on the topic.
In a related development, seed producers are applying technology to improve plant characteristics. By following individual plants over time and analyzing which ones flourish in different conditions, companies can relate the plants’ response to their environments with their genomics (基因组学). That information, in turn, allows the companies to produce seed varieties that will grow well in specific soil and weather conditions. This advanced technology may also help to improve crop nutrition.
Farmers do not universally welcome precision agriculture for various reasons, such as high equipment costs and lack of access to the Internet. The technology may bring great challenges to experienced farmers who are not good at computers. And large systems will also be beyond the reach of many small farming operations in developing nations. But less expensive, simpler systems could potentially be applied. For others, though, cost savings in the long run may reduce the financial concerns. And however reticent some farmers may be to adopt new technology, the next generation of farmers are likely to warm to the approach.
1. Precision farming differs from traditional farming partly because it ________.A.guarantees high yields with more labor |
B.relies on regional conditions and historical data |
C.offers plenty of water, pesticides and fertilizer |
D.provides real time information about target crops |
A.the government holds a cautious attitude |
B.it draws positive responses from businesses |
C.seed producers have already made huge profits |
D.large systems will soon be built in developing nations |
A.disappointed | B.confused |
C.unwilling | D.shocked |
A.Precision Farming Increases Crop Yields |
B.More Challenges Faced by Modern Farmers |
C.Development of Farming Systems in the U.S. |
D.Traditional Farming is Gradually Disappearing |
【推荐3】Search “toxic parents”, and you’ll find more than 38, 000 posts, largely urging young adults to cut ties with their families. The idea is to safeguard one’s mental health from offensive parents. However, as a psychoanalyst (精神分析学家), I’ve seen that trend in recent years become a way to manage conflicts in the family, and I have seen the severe impacts estrangement (疏远) has on both sides of the divide. This is a self-help trend that creates much harm.
“Canceling” your parent can be seen as an extension of a cultural trend aimed at correcting imbalances in power and systemic inequality. Today’s social justice values respond to this reality, calling on us to criticize oppressive and harmful figures and to gain power for those who have been powerless. But when adult children use the most effective tool they have—themselves—to gain a sense of security and ban their parents from their lives, the roles are simply switched, and the pain only deepens.
Often, what I see in my practice are cases of family conflict mismanaged, power dynamics turned upside down rather than negotiated. I see the terrible effect of that trend: situations with no winners, only isolated humans who long to be known and feel safe in the presence of the other.
The catch is that after estrangement, adult children are not suddenly less dependent. In fact, they feel abandoned and betrayed, because in the unconscious, it doesn’t matter who is doing the leaving; the feeling that remains is “being left”. They carry the ghosts of their childhood, tackling the emotional reality that those who raised us can never truly be left behind, no matter how hard we try.
What I have found is that most of these families need repair, not permanent break-up. How can one learn how to negotiate needs, to create boundaries and to trust? How can we love others, and ourselves, if not through accepting the limitations that come with being human? Good relationships are not the result of a perfect level of harmony but rather of successful adjustments.
To pursue dialogue instead of estrangement will be hard and painful work. It can’t be a single project of “self-help”, because at the end of the day, real intimacy (亲密关系) is achieved by working through the injuries of the past together. In most cases of family conflict, repair is possible and preferable to estrangement—and it’s worth the work.
1. Why do young people cut ties with the family?A.To gain an independent life. | B.To follow a tendency towards social justice. |
C.To restore harmony in the family. | D.To protect their psychological well-being. |
A.Response. | B.Problem. | C.Bond. | D.Division. |
A.Break down boundaries. | B.Accept imperfection of family members. |
C.Live up to their parents’ expectations. | D.Repair a family item that has broken up. |
A.To advocate a self-help trend. | B.To justify a common social value. |
C.To argue against a current practice. | D.To discuss a means of communication. |
【推荐1】China’s Tianwen 1 Mars probe (探测器) conducted its fourth orbital correction on Friday evening, as the spacecraft makes ready for its arrival in orbit around Feb. 10, according to the China National Space Administration.
The name comes from the long poem Tianwen, meaning Heavenly Questions or Questions to Heaven, written by Qu Yuan, one of the greatest poets of ancient China. In Tianwen, this name conveys the Chinese nation’s steady effort in pursuing truth and culture of exploring nature and the universe. CNSA also unveiled ( 发 布 ) the logo of China’s planetary exploration missions, featuring the letter C, signifying China, international cooperation and capacity of entering space.
Tianwen I has flown for 197 days and more than 465 million kilometers on its journey to the planet. It is now around 184 million km from Earth and I. 1 million km from Mars. Depending on the two planets’ orbits, Mars is between 55 and 400 million km from Earth. Mars probe Tianwen I is seen in its first selfies in space on Oct. 1, 2020. The administration also published a black-and-white picture of Mars taken by Tianwen I, the first snapshot (抓拍的照片) from the Chinese craft.
Tianwen I, the country’s first independent Mars mission, was launched by a Long March 5 heavy-lift carrier rocket on July 23 from the Wenchang Space Launch Center in Hainan province, kicking off the nation’s planetary exploration program.
A successful landing would make China only the second nation to place a spacecraft on the Martian planet. China would also be the first to successfully orbit, land and deploy ( 部署) a vehicle in the same mission. According to experts, searching for signs of life on Mars will be the first and foremost scientific goal. China is open and inclusive in the development of its space technology not least because it believes that the exploration of outer space should help build a community with a shared future for mankind.
1. Why is Qu Yuan’s poem mentioned in the text?A.To tell the origin of space exploration. |
B.To describe space exploration vividly. |
C.To highlight the importance of space exploration. |
D.To show Chinese continuous struggle in space exploration. |
A.function | B.development | C.operation | D.structure |
A.To build a common future for man. | B.To prove our achievement in space research. |
C.To discover signs of life on this planet. | D.To expand the understanding of the space. |
A.Letter C Logo symbolizes creation between countries. |
B.China was the first nation to land a spacecraft on Mars. |
C.Tianwen I made its fifth orbital correction around Feb. 10. |
D.Tianwen I started a new chapter in Chinese planetary exploration. |
【推荐2】Russia’s Soyuz spacecraft, which has been transporting all astronauts to and from the International Space Station(ISS)since 2011, typically carries a crew of three. However, the MS-14 capsule launched(发射)from a Russian spaceport in southern Kazakhstan on August 22, 2019, had just one passenger—a human-like robot named Skybot F-850.
The robot is the latest version of Russia’s FEDOR robots, which were initially designed to help with search and rescue efforts. Skybot is good at many human skills, including driving a car, having short conversations, and even telling jokes. But since it lacks some special sills, the spacecraft to the ISS was piloted from the ground by scientists from Russia’s space Agency. Roscosmos.
The six-foot-tall, 350-pound robot had another important task while on board. Without risking the lives of human astronauts, it helped Roscosmos researchers test the safety and flight experience of the new Soyuz-2.1, a carrier rocket, which carried the spacecraft into orbit. The feedback(反馈)will be important in determining if the rocket is safe to transport future human crews to space.
Though the launch into orbit went smoothly, Skybot’s arrival at the ISS was delayed by three days, from August 24 to August 27. The delay didn’t seem to bother the robot, which announced its arrival, “Sorry about the delay. Met with traffic. Ready to work now.”
Skybot’s two-week task is largely a test to measure its ability to work effectively in microgravity, and includes simple tasks like using tools. If all goes well, Russia hopes to send more advanced versions of the FEDOR robots to help astronauts with special tasks.
Earlier this year, the US space agency launched two little robots called Astrobees to help astronauts with daily chores, like finding lost pieces of equipment. Meanwhile, the European Space Agency’s social AI-powered CIMON spent a year assisting astronauts, before returning to Earth on August 27, 2019.
1. What is Skybot F-850 unable to do?A.Drive a vehicle like humans. | B.Conduct short conversations. |
C.Say something funny to people. | D.Pilot the spacecraft to the ISS. |
A.Two days. | B.Three days. |
C.Five days. | D.Fourteen days. |
A.is bound to take the place of human crews |
B.isn’t the first robot to help at the space station |
C.worked with two other robots to assist astronauts |
D.was launched to measure its security and flexibility |
A.A science experiment. | B.A news report. |
C.A technology guidebook. | D.A research paper. |
【推荐3】This year’s flu season is pretty scary. To try to minimize the effects, public officials are still urging anyone who hasn’t yet gotten their flu shot to get one as soon as possible. However, even if every single person got a shot in the arm, the vaccine(疫 苗)—with its excellent 36 percent effectiveness—would not prevent everyone from getting infected with the annoying virus. Knowledge is power, so here's what goes on in your body when you come down with the flu.
The influenza virus primarily attacks your nose, throat, and the tubes that lead to your lungs. But the flu is so much more than that. Your muscles ache, your head hurts, and your appetite goes down, among other things. To our surprise, almost all of these symptoms have less to do with the virus itself than with your immune( 免 疫 的)response to them. Unfortunately, the very defense you have in place to get rid of the flu is the reason you feel so painful when you recover.
The virus usually enters through your mouth, typically by way of your hands . But it takes a few days for symptoms to set in. While this process might cause some harm to your nose and throat, it's nothing major, and nothing like the symptoms that typically accompany a bad or even mild case of the flu.
The real fun starts when your immune system begins to fight. Your immune system comes in two parts: the innate system and the adaptive. The innate immune system is essentially an all-purpose tool. As soon as your body senses the presence of any injury or invader , the innate immune system launches into action by producing tiny proteins called cytokines and chemokines. The cytokines reproduce almost immediately and start to attack the virus. This increase in immune cells creates a serious inflammation( 炎 症 ) throughout the body. But the worst is still to come.
Meanwhile, the chemokines work with the adaptive immune system to help create T cells. These cells are a special type of white blood cell that works in a much more specific way: They find the influenza virus, identify what's special about it, and create something unique on their surface that finds and destroys similar invaders.
1. What can we infer from Paragraph 1?A.All the vaccine is not effective. |
B.No one can avoid catching this year's flu. |
C.This year's flu is the most serious one in recent years. |
D.Public health officials have to use a gun when necessary. |
A.Because recovery from illness is painful. |
B.Because your immune system is working against your defense system. |
C.Because your body is fighting hard against the flu. |
D.Because the influenza virus attacks your nose, throat and other parts. |
A.joy | B.battle |
C.action | D.program |
A.The fight between innate immune system and the adaptive. |
B.The categories of immune system. |
C.The way immune system works. |
D.The process of the development of immune system. |