Have you ever imagined what it would be like to see the world through an animal's eyes? For example, what a chimpanzee sees as it sits at the top of a tree, or a penguin;s view as it dives into the sea to catch its dinner?
These questions are answered in the nature documentary Animals with Cameras, produced by the BBC. The three-part series was first aired in the UK last month. To explore animal stories "told” by the animals themselves, the documentary's filmmakers worked with scientists to develop cameras that wild animals could wear.
"Never before have we seen such high-quality footage （连续镜头）directly from the animal's point of view, ” BBC Nature executive producer Fred Kaufman told PBS. “ This miniseries greatly expands our comprehension of animal behavior and this camera technology opens up new possibilities for discovering so much more."
Indeed, the groundbreaking technology provides a new viewpoint of the animal kingdom. New cameras with enough battery life to shoot for hours at a time were designed to be comfortable enough for animals to wear, according to the documentary's camera designer Chris Watts.
The technical challenges didn't stop there. Some animals were very curious about the equipment, with some even fighting each other for the chance to wear a camera. In the case of chimpanzees, "we had to create dummy （仿造的）cameras, so that every chimpanzee could get one" , the miniseries' wildlife cameraman Gordon Buchanan told Live Science.
For animals that were comfortable enough to be with human beings, the cameras could be fitted and removed by hand. But for others, the cameras came off automatically using a timed release and were collected afterward. This meant that the cameras needed to be as tough as possible.
To avoid disturbing the animals, scientists who were good at dealing with wildlife came to help by putting the cameras on the animals. " The last thing we want to do is cause them distress." the documentary's producer Dan Rees told the BBC. “To follow an animal in the first place, there had to be a clear benefit in terms of knowledge about it that might be useful to protecting a species in the future.
Their efforts certainly paid off. “ Footage that captures （捕 捉）these rare and exciting glimpses of animals bidden habits is important to scientists, but documentaries like Animals with Cameras also resonate with （引 起共鸣）audiences, connecting them with the beauty - and danger - of wildlife in their natural environments," Live Science noted.
1. According to the text, Animals with Cameras .| A．is a documentary made by wildlife experts |
| B．presents high-quality footage of animals for the first time |
| C．shows wildlife from the unique viewpoint of animals |
| D．mainly records the life of chimpanzees and penguins |
| A．reflect the weakness of the camera technology |
| B．present how filmmakers put cameras on chimpanzees |
| C．explain why chimpanzees were attracted by the equipment |
| D．show how filmmakers dealt with the challenges in shooting |
| A．set up a protected area for them to live in |
| B．invited scientists to help equip them with cameras |
| C．made the cameras look like animals in disguise |
| D．fitted and removed the cameras by hand |
| A．changing | B．supportive |
| C．cautious | D．pessimistic |
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【推荐1】The biggest and the smallest of the world’s animals are most at risk of dying out, according to a new analysis, with vertebrates (脊椎动物) in the so-called “Goldilocks zone”—not too big and not too small—winning out. Action is needed to protect animals at both ends of the scale, they say. The research adds to evidence that animals are dying out on such a scale that a sixth extinction is considered under way.
One clue is body size. Research on birds and mammals has shown that those with larger bodies are more likely to go extinct. Yet, when the researchers made a database of thousands of birds, mammals, fish, amphibians (两栖动物) and reptiles (爬行动物) at risk of extinction, they found disproportionate (不成比例的) losses at the large and small ends of the scale.
“Surprisingly, we found that not only the largest of all vertebrate animal species are most threatened, but the very tiniest ones are also highly threatened with extinction,” Prof. Ripple told BBC News.
Large animals, such as elephants, rhinos (犀牛) and lions have long been the target of protection efforts. However, fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians that are the giants of their kind, such as the whale shark, Somali ostrich (鸵鸟) and the Chinese giant salamander (蝾螈), tend to be overlooked. Meanwhile, small species at risk--such as frogs and shrews (鼩鼱)--receive very little attention.
“I think, for the smallest species, first of all we need to bring higher awareness to them, because the larger ones get a lot of attention, but the smaller ones get very little,” said Prof. Ripple.
In the study, vertebrates with the smallest and the largest bodies were found to be most at risk of disappearing, whether they were on land or living in oceans, streams or rivers.
Heavyweights are threatened mainly by hunting, while featherweights are losing out to pollution and cutting down forests. “Ultimately, reducing global consumption of wild meat is a key step to reduce negative impacts of hunting, fishing, and trapping on the world’s vertebrates,” they write in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
1. What made the researchers feel surprised?| A．A sixth of animals are dying out. |
| B．Small animals are in great danger. |
| C．Great losses of birds and mammals. |
| D．Big animals are at risk of disappearing. |
| A．Transform our habits. | B．Change our concepts. |
| C．Find ways to save small animals. | D．Take measures to stop pollution. |
| A．Loss of forests. | B．Climate change. |
| C．Human activities. | D．Environmental pollution. |
| A．Size Matters When It Comes to Extinction Risk |
| B．Large Animals Are Badly in Need of Protection |
| C．Why a Great Number of Animals Are Dying out |
| D．What We Should Do to Protect Endangered Species |
Everybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world—Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey—rats will soon be man's new best friends.
What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can't get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.
How does it work? First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat's brain gives a signal (信号). This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat's brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.
Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. Christian Linster at Cornell University, New York, says, "Robots' noses don't work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that." Rats can also see in the dark. They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don't need electricity!
The "rat project" is not finished, but Julie Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says, "It would be fantastic. A rat could get into spaces we couldn't get to, and a rat would get out if it wasn't safe." Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).
1. In the world earthquake capitals, rats will become man's best friends because they can ________.| A．take the place of man's rescue jobs |
| B．find the position of people alive who are trapped in buildings |
| C．serve as food for people alive who are trapped in buildings |
| D．get into small spaces |
| A．the noise made by the rat |
| B．the rat's unusual behaviour |
| C．the signal sent by the radio on the rat's back |
| D．the smell given off by the person |
| A．at present rats have taken the place of dogs in searching for people |
| B．the "rat project" has been completed |
| C．people are now happy to see a rat in a building |
| D．now people still use dogs and robots in performing rescues |
【推荐3】The words “protect animals” appear everywhere in books and on screens, because some animals are even in danger of dying out. But sometimes the reality can be a little different from what people read or watch.
About 300 black bears were killed in Florida, the US, in October, 2015. It’s been the first bear hunt in the state since 1994. Local officers explained that the black bear population had grown to 3,500 and become a menace to local people. In the past two years, bears have hurt at least four people in Florida.
Months ago, the Swiss government allowed locals to kill a wolf. This was because the wolf killed 38 sheep, and it was a great loss to some local farmers. Days ago in China, three old men were caught by the police for killing a serow (鬣羚), a kind of protected animal. They said they killed the animal because it ate the plants they grew.
However, these stories don’t always mean that animal protection stops because of human interests especially when it is related to economic development. A man named Zhou Weisen set up a wild animal base in Guilin, Guangxi. He saved over 170 tigers and about 300 bears. His base also offered jobs to local people.
“There may never be a standard answer to the question of whether we should give more attention to the environment or human development,” said Robert May, a British expert at Oxford University. “But we shouldn’t push either one to the side, as the future is uncertain.”
1. In October, 2015, Florida held its first bear hunt after about ___________.| A．five years | B．ten years |
| C．fourteen years | D．twenty-one years |
| A．threat | B．chance |
| C．bargain | D．treasure |
| A．Protecting animals needs hard work. |
| B．Zhou was good at feeding wild animal. |
| C．Zhou had a good relationship with local people. |
| D．Protecting animals can bring economic development. |
| A．Human development should be considered first. |
| B．We should pay more attention to animal protection. |
| C．We should consider both the environment and human interests. |
| D．It’s difficult to find proper ways to solve environmental problems. |
【推荐1】Whether they’re speeding in to deliver packages or spotting victims in disaster zones, clouds of flying robots could have a range of important functions in the future, a new study found. The robots can change from driving to flying without hitting each other and could offer benefits beyond the traditional flying-car concepts of science fiction, the study said.
The ability to both fly and walk is common in nature. For instance, many birds, insects and other animals can do both. Robots with similar features could fly over obstacles on the ground or drive under overhead obstacles. But currently, robots that are good at one mode(模式) of transportation are usually bad at others, study lead author Brandon Araki and his colleagues said in their new study. The researchers previously developed a robot named the “flying monkey” that could run and fly, as well as grasp items. However, the researchers had to program the paths the flying monkey would take; in other words, it could not find safe routes by itself.
Now, these scientists have developed flying cars that can both fly and drive through a simulated(模拟) city-like setting that has parking spots, landing pads and no-fly zones. Moreover, these drones(无人机) can move autonomously without hitting each other, the researchers said. “Our vehicles can find their own safe paths”, Araki told Live Science.
“The most important meaning of our research is that vehicles that combine flying and driving have the potential to be both much more efficient and much more useful than vehicles that can only drive or only fly”, Araki said.
The scientists warned that automated flying taxis are likely not coming anytime soon. “Our current system of drones certainly isn’t powerful enough to actually carry people right now.” The scientists detailed their findings on June I at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ International Conference on Robotics and Automation in Singapore.
1. Which of the following is true about the research on flying vehicles?| A．It focuses on two- mode creatures. |
| B．It has made functional breakthroughs. |
| C．It will come to an end in vain. |
| D．It is based on the traditional concepts. |
| A．It could avoid obstacles. | B．It could both run and fly. |
| C．It knew how to catch things. | D．It followed the set routes. |
| A．No More Flying Robots. |
| B．Let Go Of Flying Monkey. |
| C．Here Come Autonomous Flying Cars. |
| D．No Flying Taxi on The Way. |
【推荐2】Tired of dealing with those slow, dumb, and unfriendly hotel staff? How about a hotel that provides chance for minimal interaction with the" people" running the hotel? In the Henn Na Hotel in Japan, there aren’t any!
Being called “Weird Hotel” by locals, the Henn Na Hotel opened in 2016 in the town of Sasebo, is staffed almost by robots. The robots are not just for fun. They do a large amount of work, saving time and money as well. They can greet you when you enter. Also, they play music in the lounge, inform you of the breakfast menu, and control the lights in your hotel room, etc.
Thinking that the hotel should be unique and appealing, the owners made each robot different from each other with a variety of shapes and sizes. One of the robots behind the front desk is designed to look like a dinosaur, “If you want to check in, push one.” the dinosaur says. Then the guest can type the information on a touch panel screen. Inside the room, there’s a small robot called Tuly in the shape of a pink tulip (郁金香). Tuly can answer simple questions like "what time is it?" and "What will the weather be like tomorrow?" With no switches on the wall, Tuly can also turn the room lights on or off if it's told to.
But how do things like check-in and room access work? Well, the screen at the reception captures and registers a digital image of the guest's face during check-in which is used to get access 10 rooms instead of traditional keys. However. the reception shall also provide you card keys on request in case you wish to keep it subtle!
If you're wondering what happens in the case of an emergency, you need not worry. Humans do step in when it's of great importance. According to the hotels website, there are a few human staff members who are available on-call 24X7 and help guests in the case of an emergency.
1. The robots in the Henn Na Hotel can do the following things for the guests EXCEPT______.| A．tell the breakfast menu | B．control the lights in the room |
| C．play music in the lounge | D．respond to all the requirements |
| A．The Hern Na Hotel is managed all by robots. |
| B．A dinosaur-like robot will guide guests to check. |
| C．No human staff can be connected even in an emergency. |
| D．Guests can have access to rooms by using traditional keys. |
| A．entertain the guests all the time in person |
| B．are imaginative and have creative thinking |
| C．are knowledgeable and acquire advanced technology |
| D．attach great importance to the social image of the hotel |
| A．It advocates people to promote hotel equipment |
| B．It compares the robots with human staff in a hotel. |
| C．It introduces a new hotel staffed by intelligent robots |
| D．It describes how wonderful artificial intelligence is |
【推荐3】AI agents are prediction engines using the web as their memory. They do no more than predict which words are more likely to follow any other word or group of words in a given language. When you ask ChatGPT a question, it analyzes it into words and their sequence, returning answers that match those sequences opposite. It might sound like a simple trick, and it is, yet the secret sauce is the size of the database the AIs use to perform it.
Of the very various mix of content used to train ChatGPT, 60 percent was information collected from websites, blogs or social media. Another 20 percent was content shared on Reddit and evaluated relatively highly by the users. The rest was books typically found in the public field (mostly older and general purpose), with a bit of Wikipedia (3 percent) mixed in for good measure.
AI’s store for each word the probability that any other word will follow it. The quality and value of these predictions depend very much on how often and on how many circum- stances the software encounters any two (or more words) in the neighborhood, how long a sentence goes, and which sentence might follow another. When put together, these predictions favour the most influential texts of a given culture, which shaped generations upon generations of English language teachers and the students they educated.
ChatGPT speaks like a parrot because its delivery is not automatically adjusted. More re- search and engineering are needed to adjust the tool to each request’s real-life intentions and consequences. In academic learning, these situations should be the pre- and post-stages of the research process: finding arguments and packaging them for public consumption.
In their current forms, ChatGPT and its siblings (姐弟) are like those three-year-olds who can recite entire stories read to them only once. But turning a three-year-old into a learned Person takes 20 years of labour—some, structured education. It is time to stop reading Al agents stories and send them to a real school.
1. Which determines the accuracy of AI predictions?| A．Words. | B．Network. | C．Database. | D．Questions. |
| A．By listing data. | B．By giving examples. |
| C．By making comparisons. | D．By quoting experts’ arguments. |
| A．Users of AI. | B．Words’ frequency. |
| C．AI’s cultural nature. | D．The length of a sentence. |
| A．How a ChatGPT works | B．Where a ChatGPT is found |
| C．A ChatGPT needs packaging | D．A ChatGPT has a long way to go |
【推荐1】We all know the hard work that filmmakers and actors put in to provide us with entertainment, but it seems that even regular moviegoers like us have a big impact on how a movie turns out too. For decades now, film studios have used so-called test screenings (试映) to get feedback from members of the public before a movie comes out.
While test audience members are usually asked to fill in a questionnaire after a screening, telling the film studio what they liked and didn’t like, media giant Disney has come up with a more high-tech solution.
According to a paper published this summer by the company’s researchers, Disney is measuring test audiences’ reactions (反应) by using special cameras placed inside cinemas. Pairing the cameras with custom (定制的) software, the company can track what each audience member is feeling at any point in the movie, from anger to joy. This works by mapping 68 different points on each audience member’s face. The cameras can see in the dark, and the software can figure out a person’s mood based on the slightest of facial expressions.
It is hoped that this new method will allow more detailed feedback from test audiences. Rather than relying on audience members to recall their feelings after the movie’s over, it can accurately read their reactions in real-time.
Test screenings are highly valued in the movie industry, and several well- known movies have been greatly altered following feedback. Viewers of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) would have left the cinema feeling a whole lot differently if it weren’t for its test audience’s feedback.
“In one cut of the film that was tested, E.T. died instead of going home in his spaceship. You won’t be surprised to hear that the test audience in question didn’t warm to this ending at all,” wrote media website Den of Geek.
But for those of us who are concerned about privacy, the cameras won’t be installed in public cinemas. After all, unless you’re part of a test audience, being in front of the cam era is best left to the movie stars.
1. What is the main advantage that the cameras have over questionnaires?| A．They protect the audience’s privacy better. |
| B．They allow the audience to recall their feelings more easily. |
| C．They are able to record the audience’s mood accurately on the spot. |
| D．They can help audience members adjust their mood with custom software. |
| A．show the significance of test screenings |
| B．emphasize the importance of altering a movie |
| C．show what kind of endings are better received by viewers |
| D．explain what kind of feedback could be accepted in test screenings |
| A．Prefer. | B．Change. |
| C．Predict. | D．Adopt. |
| A．Positive. | B．Indifferent |
| C．Negative. | D．Neutral. |
【推荐2】Arguably, the biggest science development of the year to date has been the images of the very depths of the universe taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Those images beg a comparison between the external and internal universes that science is bent on observing and understanding.
Decades ago, astrophysicist Carl Sagan famously said, “The universe is also within is. We’re made of star-stuff. We are a way for the universe to know itself. ” He was commenting then on the reality that our internal universe was as complex and as fantastic as the outer space.
There are many similarities between the progress we’ve made in understanding the universe and in piecing together life’s inner workings. Like the technological developments that took us from Galileo’s telescope to the Hubble to the JWST, life science tools have also improved rapidly. From early light microscopes to modern super-resolution ones, these developments have afforded researchers a deep look into biology’s infinitesimal (无限小的) landscape. Learning that living things were composed of cells was, not a terribly long time ago, a revolutionary observation. Since then, scientists have been able to dive ever deeper into the components of life.
Going beyond merely observing the complicated makeup of organisms, life scientists can now discover the workings of molecules (分子). And that is where scanning the universe differs from peering into biology. Understanding the universe, especially from a functional standpoint, is not necessarily an immediate urgency. Understanding biology on that level is. Simply observing the amazing internal structure of cells is not enough. Biologists must also characterize how all those parts interact and change in different environments and when faced with various challenges. Being able to image a virus or bacterium is nice at the level of basic science. But knowing how viruses gain entry into cells and spread, infect, and disable can literally save lives. Through time, biology has risen to this mechanistic challenge. Not only can life science tools produce images of cell components, even more importantly, they can help predict the effects of drugs on receptors, of immune cells on foreign invaders (入侵者), and of genetic perturbations (基因干扰) on development and aging.
This is not to belittle the work of scientists researching into universe. They should rightly be praised for delivering views of impossibly distant, impossibly massive phenomena. My aim is to celebrate these accomplishments while at the same time recognizing that science’s inward search for detail and insight is equally impressive and, in my view, more urgent. The output of both the outward and inward explorations should stimulate wonder in everyone. After all, it’s all star-stuff.
1. Why does the author quote Carl Sagan’s comment in Paragraph 2?| A．To introduce the background. | B．To prove an assumption. |
| C．To make a comparison. | D．To present an idea. |
| A．study approaches | B．system management |
| C．research facilities | D．technology integration |
| A．practical | B．risky | C．flexible | D．popular |
| A．It has received universal recognition. | B．It should enjoy priority in development. |
| C．It can be applied in the majority of areas. | D．It is more complicated than space science. |
【推荐3】Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked.
Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup (基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.
Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects.
Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments in space.
While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human beings to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.
While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.
1. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?| A．To express his doubts. | B．To compare different ideas. |
| C．To describe the conditions on Earth. | D．To introduce points for discussion. |
| A．survival chances | B．potential resources |
| C．unexpected benefits | D．physical possessions |
| A．Our genetic makeup. | B．Resources on the earth. |
| C．The adaptive ability of humans. | D．By-products in space exploration. |
| A．Space exploration has created many wonders. |
| B．Space exploration provided the best value for money. |
| C．Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth. |
| D．Space exploration can benefit science and technology. |
【推荐1】A new study argues that people's instinct to treat probabilities as evenly split when they are uncertain is widespread.
In a working paper Benjamin Enke and Thomas Graeber, both of Harvard University, argue that the bias towards 50:50 has shown up in many contexts. One is decision-making under known risks, such as gambling at a slot machine(老虎机). Economists have long realized that people are more sensitive to changes in probabilities the nearer they are to the boundaries of 0% and 100% For example, the chance of a big win of, say, $1 million rising from 0% to 1% seems much more significant than the chance of the same win rising from 20% to 21%. At the extremes, there is a tendency to compress(压缩) odds to evens.
Other researchers have found that ambiguous risks have a similar compression effect: it can make people act as if they are facing known odds that are closer to 50:50 than might seem rational, given the information on offer. Messrs Enke and Graeber argue that this tendency even shows up in surveys of expectations about the performance of the economy and the stockmarket.
The authors suggest a new theory to explain this behavior: “cognitive uncertainty". It could be described as a simple lack of confidence. If people know that they may not be doing the sums right, or that their memory may be falling them, or that they are not sure what their own preference are, then their choices depend on the information they are presented and more on a “mental default" of equal probabilities.
In a series of online gambling experiments Mr. Enke and Mr. Graeber show that the more uncertain people are in their judgements, the more likely they are to hedge their bets (几面下注)----even when they have access to information that should, in theory, be useful.
Researchers have in the past suggested that odds of 50:50 are really code for “I don't know". Forecasters put odds on evens because words like "probable" and "likely" are interpreted very differently by different people. But numbers mean nothing without confidence.
1. People tend to treat probabilities as evenly split when| A．they are gambling at a fair slot machine. |
| B．the economists have realized people's sensitivity. |
| C．they are trying to earn more money in the boundaries. |
| D．they follow their instinct for widespread uncertainty. |
| A．is considered very unique in extreme situations. |
| B．applies when people make predictions for economic performance. |
| C．enables ambiguous risks to be clearer and more obvious. |
| D．affects people's answers on surveys of the stockmarket. |
| A．depend on equality | B．miss useful information |
| C．forget things more easily | D．make mistakes in their calculations |
| A．To explain the application of odds and evens. |
| B．To offer tips on promoting people's confidence. |
| C．To introduce a new study about odds and evens. |
| D．To propose a new theory about cognitive uncertainty. |
【推荐2】It has become a habit for many of us. When you're tired of online shopping, you head to the bathroom to do your best makeup for the perfect selfie(自拍)for Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat or all of the above. When you're ready, you hold up your phone and, in an instant, snap(拍照)。
But have you ever wondered what's behind your burning desire to self-document?Most people would say that this is a way to express themselves and perhaps make them become more confident of themselves. But the moment you upload that picture, it's no longer yours to judge. Instead, you pass on that power to the online world.
While you may think that your growing collection of selfies attracts people, quite the opposite may be true. A recent study was conducted on a total of 238 people in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. 77%of the people surveyed admitted to regularly taking selfies. Interestingly, 82% of people said that they would rather see fewer selfies on social media. In other words, we like taking selfies but seriously dislike looking at other people's selfies online.
This research finds that there is a big difference between how we see our own selfies and how we judge other people's pictures. It suggests that we are comfortable with the selfies we post since we believe they are obviously not serious or vain, but we think everyone else is an egoist(自我主义者)for doing the very same thing. After all, we are able to separate our own selfies from the sea of them online and naturally think that ours are the only authentic ones.
So, the next time you reach for your phone and take a selfie picture, consider this: The people around you may not need another carefully planned snap of your face. Instead, you might be better off, giving it a break and calling off the selfie photo today. While you're at it, make sure you never post these pictures on social media either.
1. What is most people's idea on taking their own selfies according to the text?| A．It's a good way to keep others informed of their life. |
| B．It costs less money than shopping online for makeup. |
| C．It's a way of self-expression and building confidence. |
| D．It can help them keep a record of their daily routines. |
| A．They actually take great interest in them. |
| B．They envy our life after appreciating them. |
| C．They are likely unwilling to see them online. |
| D．They hardly make annoying reviews on them. |
| A．They are not serious but vain in nature. |
| B．We don't think their selfies are authentic. |
| C．We are too proud to acknowledge others. |
| D．They hate getting their selfies polished. |
| A．Approaches to resisting taking selfies. |
| B．Concerns over posting selfies online. |
| C．Doubts about contradictory thoughts. |
| D．Suggestions on dealing with selfies. |
【推荐3】A study has shown that severe stress lasting weeks or months can damage cell communications in the brain’s memory areas. Recently, researchers from University of California, Irvine, have provided the first evidence that short-term stress lasting for a few hours has the same effect.
“Stress does exist in our lives and cannot be avoided,” said Dr. Baram, leader of the UC Irvine School. “Our findings can play an important role in the present development of medicine that might prevent these undesirable effects and offer understanding of why some people are forgetful or have difficulty keeping the memories.”
In their study, Baram and her UC Irvine colleagues identified a novel process in which stress caused these effects. They found that, severe stress activated(激活) Corticotropin Releasing Hormones(CRH), which prevented the brain from keeping memory.
Memory takes place at synapses, where there are connections through which brain cells communicate. These synapses lie on dendritic spines(神经元). In rat and mouse studies, Baram’s group saw that the release(释放) of CRH in the brain’s primary memory center led to the rapid breakup of these dendritic spines, which in turn limited the ability of synapses to collect and store memories.
In addition, the researchers reproduced the effects of stress on dendritic spines by keeping low levels of CRH, and watching how the spines ruptured over minutes. “Fortunately, once we removed the CRH, the spines seemed to grow back again, ” Baram said. “And this study can play a role in the creation of treatments to address stress-related memory loss.”
1. According to the text, short-term stress can lead to ________.| A．memory loss | B．cell decrease |
| C．head damage | D．thought disorder |
| A．came into being | B．built up |
| C．broke apart | D．died away |
| A．To discuss the main stages of stress. |
| B．To show the primary cause of stress. |
| C．To introduce a new finding about stress. |
| D．To promote an effective treatment for stress. |
