At the end of 1978, China put forward a package of new thoughts on national development. The most important of them was to shift the priority of the nation to economic development, which has since become the central task of CPC organizations and governments at all levels. Economic growth was the primary measurement of the development of a region and performance of an official. It became national agreement that economic growth offered the solution to the problems facing China.
Seeing that manufacturing was a strong promoter of economic growth, China's central and local governments put great emphasis on it. But in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s the country was short of money to build up this capital-intensive (资本密集) sector, which requires buying equipment and land, building factories, and hiring workers. It therefore looked to foreign investors who were looking for opportunities in the Chinese market.
Foreseeing the multiple benefits of foreign investment including tax contribution, job creation, raise in local income, local governments raced to look for foreign capital. To compete against their peers, some regions offered extra favorable policies like tax cuts or breaks, discounted land prices or even free land. Some even went to the extent of lowering or abandoning environmental protection requirements.
While going after foreign investors, regional governments also struggled to seek domestic banks for loans to local enterprises. Meanwhile, they set up their own financing platforms to raise funds for local manufacturing and infrastructure (基础设施) to stimulate economic growth.
These efforts paid off. The economy rose rapidly all over the country, with few regions reporting GDP growth rate below 10 percent. A series of new infrastructure was completed, and manufacturing sprang in both rural and urban areas. But the side effects soon came up. The supply of low-priced or even free land to foreign investors led to a sharp rise in land development for industrial projects and a steep fall in farmlands. Realizing these problems, China began to correct its neglect of other aspects during the pursuit of economic growth.
1. What central task did the Chinese government advocate in 1978?| A．Environmental protection. | B．Economic growth. |
| C．Manufacture promotion. | D．Capital accumulation. |
| A．By loaning money from foreign banks. | B．By selling equipment and land. |
| C．By seeking foreign investors. | D．By raising funds from the public. |
| A．China's economy experienced ups and downs. |
| B．Foreign investment was a win-win policy. |
| C．GDP growth in many regions was below 10 %. |
| D．Policies were adopted for better environment. |
| A．China's Problems in Promoting Economy |
| B．China's Policy in Foreign Investment |
| C．China's Success in Fighting Against Poverty |
| D．China's Efforts in Economic Development |
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【推荐1】Most economists were against the idea of Britain leaving the European Union, but perhaps few felt so strongly about it. However, in a poll conducted prior to the vote by Times Higher Education, a trade paper, nine in ten university staff said they would vote to Remain. At University College London (UCL), where one in ten students comes from the EU, the mood after the result was one of “deep shock, grief and then concern,” says Michael Arthur, the university’s president.
British universities are home to students from all corners: Europeans make up 6% of the total; another 14% come from the rest of the world. As a result of EU rules, the former are treated like home students, meaning that in England their fees are capped at £9,000 a year and they have access to state-provided loans. By contrast, there are no limits on fees for students from the rest of the world. A geography degree at Oxford costs non-EU students £22,430 a year.
But life will soon get trickier for universities. The big issue is whether EU students will continue to have access to loans, says Mr. Mian. Withdrawing the loans from EU students, however, would risk a big drop in their number, which could cause a 50-75% fall in the number of EU students at UCL.
Others point out that under such a situation universities probably would be free to charge higher fees to EU students, as they currently do for non-Europeans. That may help, says Richard Shaw, head of education at Grant Thornton, an accounting firm, but it seems unlikely that any increase in fees would be sufficient to make up for the fall in student numbers. Those numbers could drop further if foreign students are put off by the referendum (公民投票) result, which some have interpreted as a sign of hostility towards migrants in general.
Brexit (脱欧) comes at an awkward time for universities. Many have borrowed money to fund expansion, following the government’s decision in 2013 to lift the cap on the number of students that English universities were able to accept. Some might now find their new lecture halls less full than they had hoped.
Most countries do all they can to lure students from around the world, including seeking to attract the best lecturers. That is sensible: some students stick around, boosting the economy; others return home with fond memories of the country where they spent their early adulthood. All of them pay for the privilege. Immigration restrictions on non-EU students have already done considerable harm to higher education. It is likely that British universities will suffer once again.
1. What does the underlined word “capped” in Paragraph 2 mean?| A．Restricted. | B．Imposed. |
| C．Covered. | D．Overlooked. |
| A．The fall in the number of EU students. |
| B．The negative emotions from foreign students. |
| C．The waste of the expansion of the universities. |
| D．The inevitably rising fees the universities will charge. |
| A．Owing to the EU rules, non-EU students are charged more than EU students. |
| B．Studying abroad makes no difference to the students who return home at last. |
| C．Compared with the loss of students, British universities will suffer more from the decline in fees. |
| D．Britain’s foreign policy didn’t take the long-term development of its universities into consideration. |
| A．Universities’ tricks in drawing foreign students. |
| B．Brexit, the worst decision made by the government. |
| C．Academics’ fear of a drying up of students and money. |
| D．The urgent measures to balance education and politics. |
Sparrow failed to grow for another two years. Until a new CEO, Carl Pearson, decided to build up its market share. He did a survey, which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them. Sparrow had to develop a new promotional campaign.
Pearson faced a battle over the future of the Sparrow brand. The chain’s owner now favored rebranding Sparrow as Marcy’s restaurants. Pearson resisted, arguing for an advertising campaign designed to convince customers that visits to Sparrow restaurants were fun. Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the general public was unusual for that time. Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the key to success, rather than customers’ speeding power. Finally, the owner accepted his idea.
The campaign itself changed the traditional advertising style of the fast-food industry. The TV ads of Sparrow focused on entertainment and featured original songs performed by a variety of stars. Instead of showing the superiority of a specific product, the intention was to put Sparrow in the hearts of potential customers.
Pearson also made other decisions which he believed would contribute to the new Sparrow image. For example, he offered to lower the rent of any restaurants which achieved a certain increase in their turnover (营业额) .
These efforts paid off, and Sparrow soon became one of the most successful fast-food chains in the regions where it operated.
1. Which was one of the problems Sparrow faced before Pearson became CEO?
| A．The number of its customers was declining |
| B．Its customers found the food unhealthy |
| C．It was in need of financial support |
| D．Most of its restaurants were closed |
| A．Customers of Sparrow restaurants | B．Sparrow restaurants |
| C．Customers of other fast-food chains | D．other fast-food chains |
| A．To build a good relationship with the public |
| B．To stress the unusual tradition of Sparrow |
| C．To lean about customers’ spending power. |
| D．To meet the challenge from Marcy’s restaurants. |
| A．changed people’s views on pop stars |
| B．amused the public with original songs |
| C．focused on the superiority of its products |
| D．influenced the eating habits of the audience |
| A．He managed to pay off Sparrow’s debts. |
| B．He made Sparrow much more competitive |
| C．He helped Sparrow take over a company |
| D．He improved the welfare of Sparrow employees |
【推荐3】Barcelona's famous Segrada Familia is finally set to get a building licence, 137 years after work on the still uncompleted church began.
Construction on the UNESCO World Heritage basilica(长方形基督教堂), which is Barcelona's most visited tourist attraction, began in 1882 based on a design by architect Francisco Lozano. However, when he stepped down, architect Antoni Gaudi took over the design in 1883. The building won't be finished until 2026-one hundred years after the architect was killed by a streetcar in the city. His body was buried in a room under the floor of the Sagrada Familia.
To get its paperwork rubber stamped, the church authorities have agreed to finally pay the government a∈36 million fee for a building permit. Gaudi was told to get the paperwork processed, but the architect failed to do so—proceeding with construction regardless. The money from the church's permit will be used to upgrade transport links and beautify the area. Gaudi and his works have become symbols of Barcelona, the capital city of Catalonia, northeast Spain.
Gaudi played an active role in directing the construction of the Sagrada Familia until his death in 1926. He would often request that work be modified and adjusted until it was exactly what he had in mind. However, interpretation of the designs by present day architects is particularly challenging because of the nature of the existing designs.
The unfinished building is called a masterpiece of Gothic architecture and it is perhaps the most unique and mysterious building in the style ever constructed. The popularity of the site with tourists has helped fund the push to complete the church and pay for the paperwork.
1. What do we know about the Segrada Familia?| A．It has been completely constructed. |
| B．It was first designed by Antoni Gaudi. |
| C．It will get a building permit in 2026. |
| D．It began to be built 137 years ago. |
| A．He wished to be buried in the church |
| B．He is remembered as a great architect. |
| C．He didn't know a permit was necessary. |
| D．He is to blame for the unfinished church. |
| A．Its unusual design style |
| B．Its two famous architects. |
| C．Its special building materials. |
| D．Its illegal construction paperwork |
| A．in the support of the government |
| B．by reducing construction costs |
| C．with the aid of tourist income |
| D．through donations from architects |
【推荐1】Keeping habitat free from development seems to be gaining a fresh understanding from the Australian public. It may have something to do with the bad situation of our beloved koala. If a canary（金丝雀）in the coal mine means something giving people an early warning of danger, the canary in Australia’s habitat coal mine is probably the koala.
Koalas live where humans want to live. Up to now, the koalas have rarely won against the special economic interests of housing, industrial development and roadways.
The net result is that mature gumtree（桉树）habitat for local koala populations is cruelled, and the “soils library” of the area is lost forever under concrete and blue grassland. Worse still, once those trees are gone replanting will take at least 10 years before they are suitable for eating. The Australian Koala Foundation maps future solutions. But time is running out.
Thankfully, the Australian public at large seems more aware of habitat protection issues. The results of the 2021 National Parks Australia Council survey tell that story. It found 91 percent of Australians agree that national parks and conservation areas are desirable to protect nature from resource extraction（开采）. More importantly, protecting koalas for current and future generations, topped the list of the most important benefits of national parks and conservation areas for Australians.
Besides, Australians are now modelling the way of “untouched wilderness” areas being managed by First Nations people, who developed vast scientific knowledge and experience over 60,000 years of habitation and “natural” development. Australians come to understand a universal truth that conservation ultimately depends on repairing the broken relationship between people and wildlife. Saving natural ecosystems and biodiversity is directly saving humanity.
1. What is the problem with the koala habitat?| A．It is occupied by canaries. | B．It is the focus of public attention. |
| C．It is unsuitable for planting trees | D．It is lost to being developed. |
| A．Acquiring vast scientific knowledge. | B．Making full use of valuable resources. |
| C．Establishing protection zones for them | D．Creating national parks for Australians. |
| A．They lead to habitat protection issues. |
| B．They are favorable and worth following. |
| C．They are more advanced than present ones. |
| D．They remain unchanged for thousands of years. |
| A．The Koala in the coal mine. | B．The Method of development. |
| C．The Function of national parks. | D．The Importance of koala food. |
【推荐2】After traveling more than seven months in space, Tianwen I is one step closer to Mars! Tianwen I, China’s first Mars probe, successfully entered Mars orbit in February, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA).
A small step on the red planet will be a big step for human beings. Humans have launched 46 Mars exploration missions since October 1960, but only 19 of them have been successful.
Among the three tasks, touchdown on the red planet is the most difficult. The result mainly depends on the breathtaking seven minutes, which will deploy multiple cutting-edge technologies and accurate timing of each action, including the burning of engines and opening of parachutes to ensure a safe landing.
February was Mars month. NASA’s Perseverance Rover landed on Mars on Feb 19, and China’s Tianwen I and United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) Hope have arrived within orbit of the redplanet.
| A．Although they started their Mars journeys at almost the same time, their missions vary. |
| B．It’s China’s first spacecraft to Mars, and the missions are rather ambitious. |
| C．It will stay in orbit for about three months before landing on the red planet. |
| D．After the “Chang’e series” lunar exploration mission came another space exploration project. |
| E．CNSA is willing to work together with the international community to make new and greater contributions to exploring the mysteries of the universe. |
| F．The previous success of Chang’e 5 has accumulated experience in this regard, which boosts confidence. |
【推荐3】The power of modern electronic media-the net, mobile phones and video games to capture the attention of the human mind particularly the young mind and then distract it, has lately become a subject of concern. We are, say the worriers, losing the ability to apply ourselves properly to a single task, like reading a book in its entirety or mastering a piece of music on an instrument with the result that our thinking is becoming shallower
Nicholas Carr, the American writer, has explored this theme for his new book The Shallows, in which he argues that new media are not just changing our habits but our brain too. It turns out that the mature human brain is not an immutable seat of personality and intellect but a changeable thing, subject to “neuroplasticity” (神经可塑性). When our activities alter so does the architecture of our brain “I’m not thinking the way I used to think,” writes Carr. “I feel it most strongly when I’m reading.” Years of internet use have, he suspects, dented his ability to read deeply to absorb himself in books: “My brain wasn’t just drifting. It was hungry. It was demanding to be fed the way the net fed it.” He describes getting fidgety when faced with a long text: “When we go online, we enter an environment that promotes cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and superficial learning.”
Carr cites research by Gary Small, a professor of psychiatry at UCLA, who concluded that constant exposure to modern media strengthens new neural pathways while weakening older ones. Just five hours of internet use is enough to awaken previously dormant parts of the brain’s prefrontal cortex (前额叶皮层), concluded Small. For Carr, this is proof that the net can rewire the mind. He sees dangers. Deep thought, the ability to immerse oneself in an area of study, to follow a narrative, to understand an argument and develop a critique, is giving way to skimming. Young users of the Internet are good at drawing together information for a school project, for example, but that does not mean they have digested it.
1. The underlined word “dented” in paragraph 2 means ______.| A．strengthened | B．exhausted | C．stimulated | D．damaged |
| A．five hours of net use can rewire the mind |
| B．modern electronic media help focus users attention on the task |
| C．electronic media have affected his fulfillment of reading books |
| D．our brain evolves when fed with information and knowledge from the net |
| A．The sharper the attention, the sharper the memory. |
| B．Nicholas Carr’s book on the subject is a bestseller. |
| C．Superficial thinking and learning are associated with the new media. |
| D．Years of internet use do harm to people’s management over multi-tasking. |
| A．Young users cannot digest information from the Internet. |
| B．Using the Internet will cause damage to our prefrontal cortex. |
| C．Constant internet use will impair our intensive reading ability |
| D．The Internet can waste young users’ time to an alarming extent |
【推荐1】Villa d’Este, Tivoli (Italy) --- Official Site Useful Information
Call Center 199766166
Number to dial from all of Italy for pre-sales and reservations for: tickets, guided tours, school groups, instructional visits.
Bookings from abroad:
email: villadestetivoli@teleart.org fax: 0039 0412770747
Visiting Hours:
Opening 8.30 – closed one hour before sunset.
The ticket office closes one hour before the closing of the monument.
The hydraulic organ of the Organ Fountain is active daily, from 10.30 am, every two hours.
The Fontana della Civetta functions daily, from 10.00 am, every two hours.
Ticket Prices:
(from May 17 to October 20, 2015)
Full ticket (exhibition + villa and gardens, not divisible): €11.
Reduced ticket: €7.
These prices will be valid during the daytime openings of the Villa until the closure of the exhibition, due on the 20th of October, 2015 (From the 22nd of October, 2015)
Full ticket: €8 Reduced ticket €4
These fares may vary in conjunction with exhibitions set inside the Villa. The right to purchase reduced price tickets belongs to all citizens of the European Union between the ages of 18 and 24 as well as permanent teachers of state schools (upon presentation of identity documents).
School Visits:
Reservations are required. The management of Villa d’Este, in the aim of preserving the monument and better distributing the flow of students, has limited the number of students allowed into the Villa to 100 students per hour. Should any school group arrive at the Villa without having made a reservation, it will be admitted to the Villa according to space availability at a particular time and asked to wait until such space becomes available. Right of reservation cost: €1,00.
Notices:
Certain areas of the villa may be closed for restoration: for information inquire at the ticket office. Please pay particular attention to the areas marked with signs indicating danger (in Italian: pericolo).
1. How can a visiting Chinese professor of architecture in Rome make a booking?| A．By dialing 199766166. |
| B．By writing an email to villadestetivili@teleart.org. |
| C．By calling 0039 04127 19036. |
| D．By sending a fax to 0039 0412 770747 |
| A．the exhibition inside the villa | B．the Organ Fountain |
| C．the gardens | D．the Fontana della Civetta |
| A．Reservations are more economical. |
| B．Reservations enable as many students as possible to visit the monument. |
| C．Reservations ensure a pleasant visit for students and a manageable one of the Villa. |
| D．Reservation fees can help preserve the site. |
【推荐2】When you feel a sneeze or a cough coming on, covering your mouth prevents the spread of infectious germs(细菌). You probably knew that. But the way you cover up also matters, and there are plenty of people who haven’t yet heard the advice from health officials: If no tissue is available, you should aim into your elbow(肘部), not your hand. Even if that means breaking a long-held habit.
If somebody sneezes into their hands, that creates an opportunity for those germs to be passed on to other people, or pollute other objects that people touch, said Dr. Vincent Hill, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). Germs are most commonly spread by the respiratory droplets(呼吸道飞沫) produced from sneezing and coughing. These troublemakers are a real headache. When they land on your hands, they’re passed on to things like door knobs(把手), lift buttons and other surfaces the people around you are likely to also touch.
“You or your co-workers might be forgiven for not knowing that. The CDC guidance has become official only in the last 10 to 15 years,” Dr. Hill said Dr. Georges Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association, said he began hearing the suggestion more often about 10 years ago. That means that adults may have missed the advice. Children, however, are frequently taught in school the proper way to cough or sneeze. Mary Anne, a professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, traced the suggestion to sneeze into your arm to 2003, when SARS fears were widespread.
To be clear, the method doesn’t get rid of all risk. Studies have shown that even masks can’t prevent all droplets from floating in the air. A drum that can never be beaten enough: Make sure you pay more visits to your bathroom sink and make your hands clean, Dr. Jackson suggested.
1. According to Paragraph 1, what is the advice from health officials?| A．Keep tissue at hand. |
| B．Sneeze into your arm. |
| C．Avoid coughing in front of other people. |
| D．Cover your mouth with a hand when coughing. |
| A．Bad habits. | B．Polluted objects. |
| C．Sneezing and coughing. | D．The respiratory droplets. |
| A．It was made official in 2003. | B．It was an idea of a SARS patient. |
| C．It is relatively new to the public. | D．It is hard to practice in schools. |
【推荐3】Described as the world’s most environmentally friendly protein, Solein is made by applying electricity to water to release bubbles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Living microbes(微生物) are then added to the liquid to feed on the carbon dioxide and hydrogen bubbles and produce the Solein, which is then dried to make the powder. It’s a natural fermentation(发酵) process similar to beer brewing. The dried Solein has a protein content of 50 percent and looks and tastes just like wheat flour.
“It is a completely new kind of food, a new kind of protein, different to all the food on the market todav in how it is produced as it does not need agriculture.” Dr Pasi Vinikka, the chief executive of Solar Foods told The Guardian. The process used to produce Solein — converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide to calories — is amazing, as the wonder food can be produced anywhere in the world. It’s also 10 times more energy-efficient per hectare than photosynthesis (光合作用), and 10 to 100 times more environment and climate-friendly in water use than animal or plant based food production.
“Solein also contains all the essential amino acids(氨基酸), but because it is produced using carbon dioxide and electricity, it does not require large amounts of land to produce,” the Solar Foods website explains. “Another unique characteristic of Solein is that it is able to take carbon directly from carbon dioxide without needing a source of sugar.”
While Solar Foods does not expect Solein to challenge conventional protein production methods in the next two decades, it does expect it to become a “new harvest” for humanity, which is significant considering so far we have only relied on plants and animals for sustenance. The Helsinki-based company plans to open its first Solein factory at the end of 2021 and scale up production to two billion meals per year by 2022.
1. Which of the following statements best describe the features of Solein?| A．It is a new kind of food containing all the nutrition. |
| B．It is made from water and carbon dioxide by applying electricity. |
| C．It is produced without consuming much land and energy. |
| D．It is a kind of man-made wheat flour. |
| A．relating | B．changing |
| C．contributing | D．adapting |
| A．The company thinks Solein would have a rewarding future. |
| B．Solein is supposed to challenge traditional protein production. |
| C．There is still a long way for Solein to be put into production. |
| D．Humans can completely rely on Solein to survive. |
| A．To promote a new kind of technology. |
| B．To introduce a new kind of food. |
| C．To make an ad for a new kind of protein. |
| D．To call on people to protect the environment. |
【推荐1】Reducing class size has traditionally been seen as an important way to improve a student's educational experience.
Many public opinion studies have shown that both teachers and parents favor small class size. Teachers who go on strike are often seeking lower classroom numbers among other better working conditions. Many often believe that smaller classes would permit teachers to give more personal attention to their student. This can theoretically lead to improved academic results for student.
But one recent study suggests there is not much research-based evidence to support this idea. The researchers say the idea of smaller class sizes has been studied and debated for many years. However, they noted a lack of clear research to support class size reductions.
The study notes that one of the main problems with reducing class sizes is that it can have very high costs. Increasing class size is one of the most common ways school systems control education spending. Financial limitations make it very difficult for many schools to reduce the number of students in the classroom.
The teachers' goal was to examine the major research studies already completed on the subject. They especially centered on studies that tried to measure whether the smaller class size resulted in greater success for students.
'The researchers conclude that there is some evidence to suggest that reducing class size may lead to some improvement in a student's rending achievement. But they said "the effect is very small." They found just a 53-percent chance that a randomly selected test score from a student from a small class would be higher than the selected score of a student from a lager class. For mathematics achievement, the result was 49 percent. This led the researchers to conclude that there would be little benefit to math students in a smaller class size.
1. Why do some teachers prefer reducing class size?| A．They believe it may help improve students' academic performance. |
| B．It'll greatly better their working conditions. |
| C．They think it will bring much attention to their efforts. |
| D．It will offer them more time to relax. |
| A．Making more profits. |
| B．Attracting more students to study. |
| C．Cutting down education expenses. |
| D．Handling the problem of a lack of teachers. |
| A．has nothing to do with students' scores |
| B．has a minor effect in some fields |
| C．has already led to greater academic success |
| D．isn't practical because parents object to it |
| A．The Future of the Class Size Development |
| B．People's Preference for Class Size |
| C．The Cost of Reducing Class Size |
| D．The Little Influence of Reducing Class Size |
【推荐2】A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇×5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
1. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?| A．It’s delicate. | B．It’s expensive. |
| C．It’s complex. | D．It’s portable. |
| A．The tube. | B．The still. |
| C．The hole. | D．The cup. |
| A．Dig a hole of a certain size. | B．Put the cup in place. |
| C．Weight the sheet’s center down. | D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. |
| A．the plastic tube | B．outside the hole |
| C．the open air | D．beneath the sheet |
【推荐3】Being able to tell human faces apart is a skill that almost every person has,although some are far better at it than others.But a new study says that this is not just a skill that humans have. Even fish can do it.
Following up on research studying different species’(物种)abilities to recognize human laces(sheep,dogs,cows,horses,and birds have all been tried),the researchers from the University of Oxford decided to pick an animal that does not have an evolved neocortext,the part of the brain that processes sight and sounds,and doesn’t have a close relationship with humans.That way,there would be no reason why these test subjects(实验对象)would have a past history of identifying human faces.
So they picked the archerfish,a reef fish variety that shoots water into the air to knock its prey(猎物)out of the sky.They used this adaptation to have the fish spray water at a face on a monitor hanging over their tanks for a reward.Most of the fish were able to pick apart their learned face,even when colors were taken away.
This study gives more support to the assumption that distinguishing between faces is not just a skill that big-brained organisms are born with.It is possible that a good percentage of recognizing faces is learned over time.The development of neocortext may contribute only to quickly processing a large number of faces in varying situations.
But more work needs to be conducted to find a deeper link to this possible learned behavior. The sample size of this study was very small-only eight fish were used altogether.Also,the faces displayed were only white,female faces from a German database,shown in a front view, with no expressions.Other animal trials have shown that some species,like pigeons,respond more to different angles and varied expressions.
1. The archerfish were picked as test subjects because they| A．have no evolved neocortext |
| B．have close relationship with human |
| C．have a skill of spraying water for a reward |
| D．have a past history of recognizing human faces |
| A．Some animals possess the ability to tell human faces apart. |
| B．Some animals gain the ability to recognize faces by learning. |
| C．The fish’s ability to tell human faces apart is a natural skill. |
| D．The fish’s ability to recognize human faces is related to neocortext. |
| A．To show more faces in a front view. |
| B．To display more white,female faces. |
| C．To test more fish samples to gather more data. |
| D．To test pigeons’ response to varied expressions. |
| A．A diary. | B．A biography. | C．A mystery. | D．A magazine. |
