【推荐2】Food experts say washing could spread the germs on your turkey in the kitchen sink or nearby food. But it's been a challenge trying to convince cooks to stop rinsing(冲洗) off raw poultry. Germs that can make people sick are common in the guts of healthy poultry and are legally allowed to be on raw turkey and chicken. The assumption is that nobody eats their poultry raw, and that thorough cooking will kill the bacteria.

The do-not-wash raw poultry advice from the USDA is relatively new and perhaps hasn't caught on because it goes against the common belief that washing makes things clean, said Chapman. Benjamin Chapman, a study author and food safety expert at North Carolina State University, said the instinct to wash raw poultry goes back at least decades when people relied more on visual clues to spot problems with poultry. Meanwhile, washing hands and surfaces are also important.

But food preparation is a complicated act, and germs from poultry can be spread even if it's not washed, especially when birds are removed from packaging.

The USDA-funded study stresses that point. Researchers sprayed raw chicken with a harmless strain of E. coli (大肠杆菌) and watched volunteer cooks at test kitchens. Among those who washed their raw chicken, about a quarter ended up spreading the bacteria to their lettuce. But even some of those who did not rinse the chicken got germs on the lettuce. And there are other opportunities for germs to survive on turkeys: melting and cooking.

To ensure a bird is thoroughly cooked, they say to use a thermometer to check that the deepest and thickest parts of it have reached 165 degrees. Even after the meal is cooked, you aren't out of the danger zone. To keep turkeys and other leftovers safe, experts say they should be refrigerated after two hours.

1. People don't accept USDA's advice because _______.

A．the advice is relatively new.

B．cooks clean the turkey before cooking it.

C．cleaning seems more trustworthy.

D．heat can kill most germs and no one eats raw food.

2. What can be concluded from Paragraph 4?

A．Food packages carry germs.

B．Germs from a turkey can be spread whether it is washed or not.

C．Hands and surfaces are easy to get E coli.

D．Multiple methods should be applied to food to get rid of germs.

3. Which way may help to cook a turkey safely?

A．Rinse off the turkey before it is heated.

B．Keep the turkey away from the lettuce and refrigerator.

C．Wash hands and packages before taking out the turkey.

D．Use a thermometer to check the temperature of the turkey.

4. From which section of a magazine is the text probably taken?

A．Cooking.

B．Technology.

C．Science.

D．Medicine.

【推荐3】America has more than enough food for everyone to eat. But each year, billions of pounds of perfectly good food go to waste. Meanwhile, 34 million face hunger in the United States. As the country’s largest food rescue organization, Feeding America partners with food manufacturers, grocery stores, restaurants, and farmers to rescue food and deliver it to food banks serving our neighbors.

Each year, 108 billion pounds of food is wasted in the United States. That equates 130 billion meals and more than $408 billion in food thrown away each year. Shockingly, nearly 40% of all food in America is wasted.

Food goes to waste at every stage of food production and distribution — from farmers to packers and shippers, from manufacturers to retailers to our homes. Food waste in our homes makes up about 39% of all food waste — about 42 billion pounds of food waste, and commercial food waste makes up about 61% of all food waste or 66 billion pounds of food waste. Feeding America focuses on reducing food waste on farms and in food service, manufacturing, and retail. Last year, the Feeding America network and our partners rescued 4. 7 billion pounds of groceries. That food went directly to meals for people facing hunger. This makes Feeding America the largest food rescue organization in the country.

Food rescue, or food recovery, is the practice of collecting high-quality food that would otherwise go to waste and distributing it to people facing hunger. We work with manufacturers, retailers, and farmers to reduce food waste and get rescued food to people in need. We identify food at the risk of going to waste, offer rescued food to food banks, safely ship food over long distances and keep food fresh longer once it reaches a food bank.

1. What is the present situation of the food in America?

A．It is barely enough.	B．It is increasingly insufficient.
C．It is quite abundant.	D．It is easily available.

2. What does the underlined phrase “distribution” in paragraph 3 mean?

A．Delivery.

B．Collection.

C．Waste.

D．Reduction.

3. How does the author reveal the food waste in America?

A．By making comparisons.	B．By presenting data.
C．By listing reasons.	D．By offering examples.

4. What is the purpose of Feeding America?

A．It teaches people how to grow food.	B．It urges government to take action.
C．It helps to relieve world hunger.	D．It saves food from being wasted.

【推荐1】Calorie(卡路里)counts are everywhere. They appear on restaurant menus, milk boxes and bags of baby carrots. Grocery stores display lots of foods packaged with bright and colorful “low-calorie” claims.

A calorie is the measure of stored energy in something---energy that can be released as heat when burned. The term calorie on food labels is short for kilocalorie. A kilocalorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius. But what does boiling water have to do with your body’s release of energy from food? After all, your body doesn’t start boiling after eating. It does, however, chemically break down food into sugars. The body then releases the energy to fuel processes and activities throughout each hour of the day.

Food contains three main types of nutrients that deliver energy: fats, proteins and carbs(碳水化合物). A process called metabolism(新陈代谢) first cuts these into small pieces; Proteins break down into amino acids(氨基酸), fats into fatty acids and carbs into simple sugars. Then, the body uses oxygen to break down these materials to release heat.

Most of this energy goes toward powering the heart, lungs, brain and other vital processes. Exercise and other activities also use energy. If energy-rich nutrients aren’t used right away, your body will hoard them---first in the liver(肝脏), and then later as body fat.

In general, someone should eat the same amount of energy each day as his or her body will use. If the balance is off, they will win lose or gain weight. It’s very easy to eat more calories than the body needs. Having two 200-calorie donuts in addition to regular meals could easily put teens over their daily needs. At the same time, it’s nearly impossible to balance overeating with extra exercise. Running a mile burns just 100 calories. Knowing how many calories are in the food we eat can help keep the energy in and out balanced.

1. How much energy does it need to lift the temperature of 5 kilograms of water by 10 degree Celsius?

A．One kilocalorie.	B．Five kilocalories.
C．Ten kilocalories.	D．Fifty kilocalories.

2. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?

A．How the nutrients are classified.

B．How oxygen works in human body.

C．How the food types affect metabolism.

D．How the body gets heat from nutrients.

3. What does the underlined word “hoard” in Paragraph 4 mean?

A．Store.	B．Remove.
C．Replace.	D．Burn.

4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．It is good for our health to do exercises.

B．It’s really difficult to control our weight.

C．It is important to control the calories we take.

D．It is good for our body to eat the same type of nutrients.

【推荐2】Fast-food chains including Burger King and Starbucks have brought in plant-based meat products in China in an effort to promote healthy eating and protect the environment. Readers share their opinions.

Linda (China)

I just don’t get it. If you want something that tastes like meat, you’d better eat meat. Plant-based meat is highly processed. It is not as healthy as vegetables. It contains unhealthy amounts of fat, salt and artificial additives. Regular exercise, along with a well-balanced diet, is the best way to stay healthy.

Terryfoy (UK)

Our human body was not designed for us only to eat vegetables. We are designed to eat meat. The protein that our body must have to survive comes from the meat we eat. Our bodies function properly with the correct balance of meat and vegetables. Too much meat and we get fat, too little meat and we get skinny and weak. If you want to be healthy, you must eat a balanced diet of both meat and vegetables.

Taikor (Malaysia)

Start with a huge cutdown on meat. Regarding pigs, do you know they could outsmart you on Playstation games? Don’t be surprised. They’re much smarter than dogs. So they do better at video games than some primates (灵长类动物). Pigs are extremely clever animals. They're gentle, defenseless creatures. Start doing it now. It’s time we made a change.

Sockmonkey (Singapore)

I could never be a vegetarian. I eat very little meat, but I love the meat I do eat! If one has to cut down on meat, it seems that red meat is the first thing to be minimized since it’s not as good for you as other types.

1. What does Linda think of plant-based meat?

A．Unhealthy.

B．Necessary.

C．Delicious.

D．Well-balanced.

2. Who suggests that humans have less red meat?

A．Linda and Taikor.	B．Linda and Terryfoy.
C．Taikor and Sockmonkey.	D．Terryfoy and Sockmonkey.

3. What’s the main purpose of the passage?

A．To introduce the harm of eating too much meat.

B．To show us different opinions about eating meat.

C．To inform us of the advantages of a balanced diet.

D．To state the necessity of protecting the environment.

【推荐3】A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body building elements in food. If you have ever been without meat or animal foods for some days or weeds (say, for religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak. You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal.

Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called “amino-acids”, which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein. This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great deal of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism.

The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. However, since only a small proportion of tae vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with. In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day.

Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources.

A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed.

Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable digestible and next come milk, fish and eggs. Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body. When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-soluble vitamin C, should be lost through overcooking.

1. A vegetarian is a person who _____.

A．eats the meat of animals only	B．eats the vegetable only
C．drinks milk only	D．eat nothing at all

2. Compared with vegetable food, animal food contains ____.

A．more proteins	B．more nutrients
C．more minerals	D．more amino-acids

3. Which“fast”in the following sentences has the most similar meaning to the underlined word“fast”（in Para.1）?

A．Johnny ran off as fast as his legs could carry him.

B．Gandhi drank some orange juice to break his three-week fast.

C．I always keep my watch 15 minutes fast.

D．The rainforests are being chopped down at an alarmingly fast rate.

4. From the passage, we know that _____.

A．to gain enough protein, one must consume much more vegetable food than animal food

B．cooking vegetables for long time makes it more digestible

C．milk is the best source of usable animal protein

D．the most common deficiencies in Western diets are those of vitamins

5. Which of the following best reflects the author’s attitude?

A．Vegetarianism is not good for one’s health.

B．Vegetarianism should be advocated for adults.

C．A lacto-vegetarian diet is the best as it provides adequate nutrition.

D．One should have a well-balanced diet containing elements of all foods.

【推荐2】When people hear “artificial intelligence (AI)”, many think of big data. There’s a reason for that: some of the most prominent AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and the research in small data approaches has grown extensively over the past ten years.

If you take the top 100 biggest innovations of our time, perhaps around 60% to 65% are really based on small data. Big data is all about finding connections, but small data is all about finding the causation, that is, the reason why.

Sokkelund was bought by an experienced industry professional. The restaurant has a French cafe, in the mid-to high price-segment. At the starting point in 2009 the restaurant had 40 seats and an annual turnover of about USD 1 million. In 2017, 34 seats were added acquiring the neighboring shop and by building a small veranda (阳台). The turnover was about USD 6 million — an impressive level of grow driven by a talented team and innovative business thinking.

In the case of Sokkelund, the process of transforming the company to take advantage of small data was started with a focus on improving the traditional competitive parameters (规范；范围) of a restaurant in a structured step-by-step plan. This required managerial skills and industry experience. In terms of the effects on the business model, these changes not only led to cost reductions, but lowered customer acquisition costs, increased the number of customers retention and added new revenue (收益) channels.

1. What can we know from the first two paragraphs?

A．Research in small data approaches has grown widely.

B．People have more research in big data.

C．Most of the innovations are based on big data.

D．AI breakthroughs have nothing to do with small data.

2. What does the underlined word “turnover” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．The money paid to the government.	B．The money added to someone’s wage.
C．The amount of business done in a period.	D．The amount of the goods bought annually.

3. Why did Sokkelund’s income grow dramatically?

A．It was mainly due to industry experience.	B．Small data has been made good use of.
C．Big data was adopted to lower customer acquisition.	D．It benefited from the traditional business model.

4. What’s the purpose of the passage?

A．To clarify some misconceptions.	B．To introduce a big data approach.
C．To predict the future of AI.	D．To stress the significance of small data.

【推荐3】How does an ecosystem (生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.

With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator (掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey (猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction (灭绝) of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.

And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.

Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, which scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point (临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.

1. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?

A．The living habits of species in food webs.

B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.

C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.

D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.

2. A strong link is found between two species when a predator ______.

A．has a wide food choice	B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species	D．can quickly move to another place

3. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?

A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.

B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.

C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.

D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.

4. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?

A．By getting illegal practices under control.

B．By stopping us from killing large predators.

C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.

D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.

【推荐1】To many people, honey bees symbolize development, sustainability (可持续性) and environmentalism. But as a honey bee researcher, I have to tell you that only the first item on that list is reasonable. Although they are important for agriculture, honey bees also damage natural ecosystems by competing with native bees — some of which are species at risk.

The rise in honey beekeeping, now a popular activity for hundreds of thousands of Americans, followed strong awareness campaigns to “save the bees.” But as a species, honey bees are least in need of saving. Media attention unfairly covers them over native bees, and vague messaging has led many citizens — myself once included — to believe they are doing a good thing for the environment by putting on a beekeeper’s veil. Unfortunately, they are probably doing more harm than good.

“Beekeeping is for people; it’s not a conservation practice,” says Sheila Colla, an assistant professor and conservation biologist at Toronto’s York University, Canada. “People mistakenly think keeping honey bees, or helping honey bees, is somehow helping the native bees, which are at risk of extinction.” She is frustrated the ones in more neon on saving honey bees when, from a conservationist’s point of view, native bees are the ones in more need of support.

For some reason, maybe because they are small, honey bees are not generally viewed as the massively distributed livestock animal that they are. There are millions of honey bee colonies in North America, 2.8 million of which are in the U.S. Approximating around 30,000 bees per colony (the size of a pollination unit), that’s roughly a billion honey bees in Canada and the U.S. alone — almost triple the number of people. High densities of honey bee colonies increase competition between native bees, putting even more pressure on the wild species that are already in decline.

I used to believe that honey bees were a gateway species, and that concern over their health and development would spill over onto native bees, benefitting them, too. While this may have happened in some cases, evidence is increasing that misguided enthusiasm for honey bees has likely been to the native bees’ damage. Beekeeping doesn’t make me feel good, anymore. In fact, quite the opposite.

1. What makes bee keeping gain great popularity among Americans?

A．Several campaigns have been launched to advocate bee saving.

B．Citizens believe native bees are no longer in need of protection.

C．Little importance are attached to protecting the environment.

D．Citizens hope to make a fortune from the bee keeping business.

2. What is the Colla’s possible attitude towards the beekeeping?

A．Objective.

B．Unfavorable.

C．Supportive.

D．Neutral.

3. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．The author’s attitude towards the beekeeping has changed.

B．People’s enthusiasm for keeping honey bees is increasing.

C．In some cases evidence has proved honey bees are in danger.

D．Keeping native bees is of great benefit to people’s health.

【推荐2】Selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable traits. It can be used to produce tastier fruits and vegetables, crops with greater resistance to pests, and larger animals that can be used for meat.

Perhaps the earliest example of selective breeding is the domestic dog. Scientists believe that the domestic dog evolved from the wild gray wolf, and through artificial selection, humans were able to create hundreds of different dog breeds. As people domesticated and bred dogs, they favored specific traits, like size or intelligence, for certain tasks, such as hunting, shepherding, or companionship. As a result, many dog breeds vastly differ in appearance, a unique phenomenon in the animal world, as different breeds of a single species generally look like each other. The Chihuahua and the Dalmatian, for instance, are both dogs, yet they share few physical features.

Selective breeding has also been practiced in agriculture for thousands of years. Almost every fruit and vegetable eaten today is a product of artificial selection. By picking out wild cabbage plants with specific characteristics, farmers were able to create a variety of vegetables from a single source, each with differing flavors. Broccoli, for example, was developed from wild cabbage plants that hadn't enough flower development while kale came from Brassica oleracea with larger leaves.

Corn is an unusual product of selective breeding. Unlike rice, wheat, and cabbage, which have clear ancestors, there is no wild plant that looks like corn. The earliest records of corn indicate that the plant was developed in southern Mexico 6,000—10,000 years ago from a grass called teosinte. Scientists believe that early Mexican farmers selected only the largest and tastiest seeds of teosinte for planting. This process allowed Mexicans to develop corn very quickly, as small changes in the plant's genetic makeup had dramatic effects on the grain's taste and size.

Without selective breeding, many of the plants and animals on earth today would not exist. However, every coin has two sides.

1. What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 1 ?

A．Introduce a new topic for discussion.	B．Add some background information.
C．Provide scientific data for readers.	D．Explain a scientific study method.

2. Chihuahua and Dalmatian are mentioned to show           .

A．selective breeding is very successful

B．selective breeding leads to biodiversity

C．selective breeding brings difference in appearance

D．selective breeding might bring about new species

3. What is special about corn as a product of selective breeding?

A．It has genetic makeup opposite to teosinte.	B．It is the earliest plant developed by Mexicans.
C．It hasn't an ancestor in Mother Nature.	D．It shares few physical similarities with its ancestors.

4. What might be discussed in the paragraphs following the last one?

A．More examples of selective breeding.	B．Disadvantages of selective breeding.
C．Influence of selective breeding on species.	D．Comparison between natural and selective breeding.