组卷网 > 试卷详情页

江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
江苏 八年级 开学考试 2020-03-02 454次 整体难度: 适中 考查范围: 语法、词汇、单词辨析、语用、主题、语篇

一、单项选择 添加题型下试题

单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
1. ---What _______fine weather it is!
---Yes. Why not play_________ guitar in the garden?
A.a; theB.an; aC.\; theD.\; an
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
2. Some people in Western China are in need. Most of us in our class        some food and clothes for them. The rest        them money.
A.provide;offerB.offer;provideC.send;provideD.offer;sends
2020-03-02更新 | 97次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
3. My cousin was born        a cold winter morning        the year 1996.
A.on;onB.in;inC.on;inD.in;on
2020-03-02更新 | 79次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
5. —Tom, why did you make no reply when I called your name in the street just now?
—Sorry, Jim. I        to my wife on the phone.
A.talkedB.am talkingC.was talkingD.had talked
单项选择 | 较难(0.4)
名校
6. —I don't know if they        the Great Wall next Sunday.—They won't go there if it       .
A.visit;snowsB.visit;will snowC.will visit;will snowD.will visit;snows
2020-03-02更新 | 370次组卷 | 2卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
7. The number of pandas is becoming because there are living areas for wildlife.
A.fewer and fewer; less and lessB.smaller and smaller; less and less
C.fewer and fewer; smaller and smallerD.smaller and smaller; fewer and fewer
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
8. Choose the right sentence structure. “She saw a baby panda drink her mother's milk.”
A.S+V+DOB.S+V+IO+DOC.S+V+PD.S+V+DO+OC
2020-03-02更新 | 201次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
真题 名校
9. –Which basketball player do you like best, Kobe, James or Jordan?
-- _______ of them .Lin shuhao is my favorite.
A.AllB.NoneC.EitherD.Neither
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
10. All the changes         stronger and powerful China.
A.lead inB.lead toC.cause ofD.because of
2020-03-02更新 | 101次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
11. -- I felt __________ last night and then I fell ____________ quickly.
– I think you need more rest.
A.sleepy; asleepB.asleep; asleep
C.sleepy; sleepyD.asleep; sleepy
单项选择 | 较易(0.85)
名校
12. ___   six years old, Millie took a train to Beijing____ the first time.
A.In; atB.Of; atC.At; forD.At; of
单项选择 | 较易(0.85)
名校
13. Timmy tried to lose_____ by eating less last month, but he put on two kilos instead.
A.heightB.sightsC.weightD.temperature
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
14. —Mom, can I have something _________?
—Oh, dear. You can only drink some water. There is_________ in the kitchen.
A.to drink.; nothing elseB.drinking; something else.
C.to eat; something elseD.eating; nothing else
2021-11-14更新 | 461次组卷 | 24卷引用:2012届安徽省安庆市十校九年级上学期期中联考英语试卷
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
15. —Shall we take Linda to the Ice Festival?—        .She likes ice lanterns very much.
A.That sounds goodB.Have a good time
C.That's not a good ideaD.That's true
2020-03-02更新 | 38次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
16. He took a notebook with him in order to         what he saw and heard.
A.break downB.write downC.cut downD.calm down
2020-03-02更新 | 43次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
17. The mother was worried _______ the baby kept ______________ .
A.because; cryingB.because of; to cry
C.because of; cryingD.because; cried
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
18. —Don't walk through the flood water, boys.—OK,        .
A.we willB.we doC.we don'tD.we won't
2020-03-02更新 | 73次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 适中(0.65)
名校
19. —What a pity! Why didn't you watch the final of the football competition last night?
—I        the history project with my friends at that time.
A.discussedB.was discussingC.have discussedD.discuss
2020-03-02更新 | 70次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单项选择 | 较难(0.4)
名校
20. This winter, schools in Taixing start___ than before but the students stay at school as___ as before.
A.earlier;longerB.earlier;shorterC.later;longD.late;shorter
2020-03-02更新 | 211次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题

二、完形填空 添加题型下试题

完形填空(约300词) | 适中(0.65)
名校

When I was a junior high school student in 1980, God gave me a gift, it was happiness.

One weekend, I went to visit my grandparents in the countryside. On my way home a car ran over me and cut off my _________ because of its high speed. Several days later when I woke up at the hospital, I realized I had to spend the rest of my life without arms. How sad I felt at that time! Even I was full of fears._________ slowly I knew I had to face the fact and got over it. I couldn’t get my arms back even though I cried every day.

However, it’s easier said than done. It _______ me nearly half a year to get out of the sadness completely. I got so much from my past story.

From then on, I could treat my life with a normal mind. But in our daily life, I often see my classmates _________ about little things: They get a bad grade on a test; their bus comes late; they don’t have a mobile phone, but _________ have, and so on. But I only _______ life. I was lucky to realize from an accident.

It is a waste of our life to focus on what you have _______. We should always think of what we have. So why are so many people unhappy? Someone may say, “My whole life would improve _______ I have a new car.” But when you get the car and what _________? For a whole week you are walking on air. Then you go right back to being unhappy.

Happiness depends on what we have! It’s in our heart. It’s a state of mind, even though you own the whole world, you may still feel ________.Happiness comes from mastering the art of appreciating(感激) and taking pleasure in what you really have.

21.
A.feetB.legsC.armsD.ears
22.
A.OrB.ButC.SoD.Once
23.
A.costB.spentC.tookD.gave
24.
A.excitedB.nervousC.seriousD.worried
25.
A.the otherB.one anotherC.otherD.others
26.
A.hateB.dislikeC.enjoyD.save
27.
A.lostB.hadC.foundD.spent
28.
A.becauseB.asC.ifD.whether
29.
A.happensB.takes placeC.usedD.uses
30.
A.funnyB.happyC.excitedD.unhappy
2020-03-02更新 | 55次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题

三、阅读理解 添加题型下试题

阅读理解-单选(约340词) | 适中(0.65)
真题 名校
A group of swans flew down to a beach where a crow(乌鸦) was jumping around. The crow watched them with disdain(鄙视).
“You have no flying skills at all!” he said to the swans. “All you can do is to move your wings. Can you turn over in the air? No, that’s beyond you. Let’s have a flying competition. I’ll show you what real flying is!”
One of the swans, a strong young male, took up the challenge. The crow flew up and began to show his skills. He flew in circles, performed other flying tricks, and then came down and looked proudly at the swan.
Now it was the swan’s turn. He flew up, and began flying over the sea. The crow flew after him, making all kinds of comments(评价) about his flying. They flew on and on till they couldn’t see the land and there was nothing but water on all sides. The crow was making fewer and fewer comments. He was now so exhausted that he found it hard to stay in the air, and had to struggle to keep himself from falling into the water.
The swan pretended(假装) not to notice, and said, “Why do you keep touching the water, brother? Is that another trick?”
“No,” said the crow. He knew he had lost the competition. “I’m in trouble because of my pride! If you don’t help me, I’ll lose my life…”
The swan took pity on him, and took him on his shoulders and flew back to the beach.
31. What’s the correct order of the following events?
a. The crow showed off its flying skills.
b. The swan felt pity for the crow and saved it.
c. The crow laughed at the swan’s flying.
d. The crow followed the swan and got into trouble.
e. The crow challenged the swans and a strong young swan accepted it.
A.e, c, d, a, bB.a, e, c, d, b
C.c, e, a, d, bD.e, a, d, c, b
32. What does the underlined word “exhausted” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.Tired.B.Angry.
C.Frightened.D.Regretful.
33. Why did the crow keep touching the water?
A.It was showing another flying skill.
B.It was struggling to keep itself from falling into the water.
C.It was thirsty and wanted to drink some water.
D.It was enjoying itself by doing so.
34. What can we infer(推断) from the passage?
A.The crow didn’t know flying.
B.Flying skills were useless.
C.The swan saved the crow because they were good friends.
D.The swan was better at long-distance flying than the crow.
35. What does the story tell us?
A.No pains, no gains.
B.The early bird catches the worm.
C.Pride goes before a fall.
D.Practice makes perfect.
阅读理解-单选(约330词) | 较难(0.4)
真题 名校

Almost every Chinese person can recite the two lines of the famous poem, “Every grain on the plate comes from hard work(谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦).” But sadly, many of us don’t actually get the real meaning of these lines: Don’t waste food.
A CCTV program, News One Plus One, reported that the food Chinese people throw away every year is enough to feed 200 million people for a year.
Do we have too much food? Of course not. According to the UN World Food Program, there were 925 million hungry people around the world in 2010, especially in developing countries. Six million children die of hunger every year.
Chinese people are well known for being hospitable(好客的) and generous. Many even feel that they lose face if their guests have eaten all the food on the table.
Luckily, a number of people have realized the importance of saving food. Last November, Li Hong, a waitress in a restaurant in Nanjing, got fired because she took some leftover food home for her son. Many people stood by her side and criticized(批评) the waste of food.
What should we do in our daily lives to waste less food? Here are some tips:
1. Do not order too much in a restaurant. Only order as much as you want to eat. If you cannot eat all the food you ordered, take the rest of it home.
2. Don’t be too picky(挑剔的) about food. Some food may not taste great, but your body needs it.
3. Keep an eye on what food you have at home. Don’t buy too much, especially for vegetables and fruit.
36. How many people were hungry in the world in 2010 according to the UN World Food Program?
A.200 million.B.Six million.C.925 million.D.625 million.
37. What does the writer want to show us through Li Hong’s story?
A.Many Chinese restaurants waste a large amount of food.
B.Many Chinese people are kind-hearted and ready to help the weak.
C.Chinese people feel that they lose face if their guests eat all the food.
D.Many Chinese people don’t agree with the behavior of wasting food.
38. The underlined word “leftover” means          in Chinese.
A.过期的B.剩余的C.腐烂的D.难吃的
39. According to the passage, we shouldn’t waste food because         .
A.food comes from very hard work
B.six million children die of hunger every day
C.there is enough food to feed all the people
D.Chinese are hospitable and generous
40. Which of the following is a good way to save food?
A.Ordering more than you need at a restaurant.
B.Taking home restaurant leftovers.
C.Not knowing what you already have at home when shopping.
D.Not eating the food you don’t like even if it’s healthy.
阅读理解-单选(约280词) | 适中(0.65)
名校
A man made a nice talking machine. It could weigh people. The man wanted to try the machine before he could make a lot of these kinds of machines.
He put the machine into the waiting room of a station . There were always lots of people in   and out there.
The first one began to use the machine. It was an Indian woman. When she stand on the machine, the machine thought for a few minutes to decide which language it should speak.   “Good morning, madam,” it said in Indian. “Your weight is 72 kilos. That’s three kilos more. If you eat more fruit and vegetables, you will be soon all right. Wish you a nice day.”
The second one who used the machine was a nice Chinese girl. She stood on the machine and waited to hear her weight. “Good morning , Miss ,”the machine said in Chinese. “Your weight is 45 kilos. It’s all right for your age and height. Go on to eat what you eat every day. Wish you a nice day.”
The third one to use the machine was a very fat American woman. She thought for a long time before standing on the machine. But as soon as she stood on the machine, the machine spoke quickly in English , “Good morning . Will one of you get off?”
41. The nice talking machine could_____
A.tell people what they should eat
B.weigh and talk to people
C.tell people how old they are
D.tell a story
42. First the man put his machine       .
A.in the doctor’s waiting roomB.in a museum
C.in a stationD.in a train
43. What did the machine tell the Indian woman?
A.She was a little lighter.
B.She was just all right.
C.She needed to eat more and exercise more.
D.She was a little bit heavy.
44. Which of the following is RIGHT?
A.The machine tested only two people.
B.The Chinese girl was too thin.
C.The Indian woman was in fact heavier than the American woman..
D.Of the three the Chinese girl was the lightest.
45. The machine said quickly “Will one of you get off?” because            
A.two people were on it
B.the third woman was too fat
C.something was wrong with it
D.the machine didn’t know where the third woman was from
阅读理解-单选(约330词) | 适中(0.65)
名校

It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers(祖先) had lived in the same way for centuries. 

Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.

This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn't last long. 

No one noticed the change at first, but it seemed to be more insects around recently. So they had to use the money they made to buy pesticides(杀虫剂)and medicines. Soon there was no money left.

The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately. 

Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had been doing an important job-eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading(传播) diseases.

Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.

46. From Paragraph 1 we learn that the villagers _____.
A.worked very hard for centuries
B.dreamed of having a better life
C.were poor but somewhat content
D.lived a different life from their forefathers
47. Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs?
A.The frogs were easy money.
B.They needed money to buy medicine.
C.They wanted to please the visitors.
D.The frogs made too much noise.
48. What might be the cause of the children's sickness?
A.The crops didn't do well.
B.There were too many insects.
C.The visitors brought in diseases.
D.The pesticides were overused.
49. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?
A.Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country.
B.Health is more important than money.
C.The harmony between man and nature is important.
D.Good old days will never be forgotten.
2020-02-29更新 | 45次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题

四、单词拼写 添加题型下试题

单词拼写-根据首字母填空 | 适中(0.65)
名校
根据括号中所给的汉语写出单词, 使句子意思完整正确。
50. With our teacher's____(支持),we finally won the game.
51. People ran in all_____(方向)and shouted in fear when the earthquake happened.
52. We need to protect the pandas and other animals in____(危险).
53. Wolong Nature Reserve is in Sichuan Province, you'll____(容易地)find it on the map.
54. The Chinese______(政府)has made many laws to protect the wild animals.
55. Max has a good______(感觉)of humour. He often tells funny jokes.
56. _____(令人遗憾地),tigers face serious problems at present.
57. He will_____(返回)to his hometown after he finishes college.
58. Look______(从头到尾)this book and tell me what you think of it.
59. Daniel doesn't know how to communicate with others. He is often too____(紧张不安的)to say a word.
2020-03-02更新 | 51次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题
单词拼写-用单词适当形式填空 | 适中(0.65)
名校
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
60. —Whose is this pair of binoculars, Lucy?
—They are that____(fish).
61. The teacher advised him____(not stick)the tape on the desk.
62. The twins tried to pull____(they)slowly up the rocks.
63. Among all the girls,Amy spends the____(little)time on her hobbies.
64. The Chinese government has made some laws_____(prevent)people from killing rare birds.
65. Grandpa got a lot of presents from his friends on his____(ninety)birthday.
66. _____(luck),I fell down from my bike and hurt my left leg.
67. I didn't do well in the exam and Peter did even______(badly)than me.
68. Many______(tour)feed animals in the zoo,we should tell them not to do it.
69. “You can do anything you like.Help_____(you),children!"said Sand's mother.
70. I______(eat)strawberries when my mother came into the room yesterday.
71. —What a pity!You missed the firework show last night.
—Yes.But I______(write)an important report then.
72. —The rainy season is coming,so bad!
—I agree, and there______(be)much rain then.
73. I saw her______(dance)on the square at eight yesterday evening.
74. While I was cooking,he suddenly______(fall)onto the ground.
2020-02-29更新 | 88次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题

五、完成句子 添加题型下试题

完成句子 | 适中(0.65)
名校
句型转换
75. It took my cousin two hours to draw an eagle on the poster. (改成同义句)
My cousin________two hours___________the eagle on the poster.
76. Kitty often reads English magazines. (用at 7 p.m. yesterday改写句子)
Kitty_____________________an English magazine at 7 p.m. yesterday.
77. Simon went to the supermarket. Simon bought some juice.(合并为一句)
Simon went to the supermarket____________________to buy some juice.
78. Tony' s bike isn' t as expensive as Mike's.(改为同义句)
Mike's bike is_____________________than Tony's.
79. If we do nothing,there will not be any pandas left.(改为同义句)
If we don't do_________, there will be__________pandas left.
80. 一年后,他不再是个小婴儿了
One year later, he isn't a small baby_______
81. 在这个镇,竹林正变得越来越小
The bamboo forest is becoming_______in this town.
82. 许多野生动物长年生活在自然保护区。
Many wild animals live in nature reserves_________
83. 观鸟者们记录下了他们种类和数量上的变化。
The birdwatchers recorded their types and changes_________
84. 秋天是登山最棒的时间
_______to climb the mountains is autumn.
2020-02-29更新 | 86次组卷 | 1卷引用:江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2018-2019学年八年级下学期开学考试英语试题

六、任务型阅读 添加题型下试题

任务型阅读-阅读填表(约340词) | 较难(0.4)
名校
阅读短文,根据短文信息完成文后表格,每空一词。
The haze(雾霾)season is back. How much do you know about haze? Haze can also be called “Smog”. The word "smog" is from the words “smoke” and “fog”, it first appeared in the early 20th century, It is a kind of air pollution(污染)caused(导致)mostly by cars and factories.
Smog will do great harm(伤害)to your health, especially lungs(肺).It can make you cough and cause skin and eye problems. It seems that we can do nothing to stop it, but only wait until the wind blows all the smog away. However, there are some easy ways to prevent it hurting you. Here are some of them.
1. Don’t do exercise in the open.
Exercising in the open makes you breathe(呼吸)deeply, and you will take in the particles(颗粒物)deep into your lungs.
2. Stay indoors and keep the air clean.
If you can, just stay in your room and keep the doors and windows closed. Remember to air your room twice a day, you can open the window at noon or at night for half an hour.
3. Wear a mask.
Paper and cotton masks can not help you in the haze weather. Some special masks, such as N95 masks, can keep you from breathing in the particles in the air.
4.Change your diet.
Scientists find that vitamin A, C and E can greatly help protect your eyes, nose and lungs.
So eat more green vegetables and fresh fruit everyday. What’s more, do not eat food with too much fat(脂肪),it’s bad for your lungs.
The haze weather
What is haze?
The haze weather
What is haze?·It    85    smog, a kind of smoky and    86    weather.·It is a kind pollution caused by cars and    87    .
What is the harm?·It is    88    for our health.
    89    to prevent the haze?·Don’t    90    outside.
·Stay indoors as    91    as possible with the doors and windows closed.·Remember to open the windows for a while to keep the    92    clean.
·    93    a mask to prevent taking in the particles.
·Change your diet. Vitamins can make you healthy. So, please eat more vegetables and fruit and    94    meat.

七、短文填空 添加题型下试题

短文填空-首字母填空(约190词) | 适中(0.65)
名校
短文首字母填空。

When you wave to a friend, you are using sign language. When you smile at someone, you mean to be f    95    . When you put one finger in front of your m    96    , you mean "Be quiet."

Yet, people in different countries may use different sign languages.

Once an Englishman was in Italy. He could speak little Italian. One day w    97     he was walking in the street, he felt h    98     and went into a restaurant. As the waiter came, the Englishman o    99     his mouth, put his fingers into it and took them out again and moved his lips. In this way, he meant to say, "B    100     me something to eat." But the waiter gave him a lot of things to d    101    . First tea, then coffee, then milk, but no food. The Englishman was sorry that he wasn't a    102     to tell the waiter what he wanted. He was ready to leave the restaurant when a    103     man came in and put his hands on his stomach. And this sign was good e    104       for the waiter. In a few minutes, the waiter brought him a large plate of bread and meat. At last the Englishman had his meal in the same way.

试卷分析

整体难度:适中
考查范围:语法、词汇、单词辨析、语用、主题、语篇

试卷题型(共 30题)

题型
数量
单项选择
20
完形填空
1
阅读理解
4
单词拼写
2
完成句子
1
任务型阅读
1
短文填空
1

试卷难度

知识点分析

序号
知识点
对应题号
1
语法
2
词汇
3
单词辨析
4
语用

细目表分析 导出

题号 难度系数 详细知识点 备注
一、单项选择
10.65用在乐器名称前  What+形容词+不可数名词+主谓
20.65动词短语  动词辨析
30.65时间介词  介词辨析
40.65before  until  when (当…时候)  while (和…同时/当…时候)  从属连词辨析
50.65表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作
60.4if/only if引导条件状语从句  if/whether引导宾语从句
70.65形容词比较级的用法
80.65主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补  动词的不定式作宾语补足语
90.65both/all/none  代词辨析
100.65动词短语  介词短语
110.65动词短语  形容词作表语
120.85介词辨析
130.85名词辨析
140.65动词不定式作定语  nothing
150.65劝告/建议  同意和不同意
160.65动词短语
170.65动名词作宾语  because引导原因状语从句
180.65祈使句的否定形式
190.65表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作
200.4副词原级  副词的比较级
二、完形填空
21-300.65哲理感悟  事故
三、阅读理解
31-350.65哲理感悟  寓言童话  记叙文  细节理解  推理判断  词句猜测单选
36-400.4环境保护  青少年问题  说明文  细节理解  词句猜测单选
41-450.65寓言童话  发明与创造  记叙文  细节理解  推理判断单选
46-490.65人与动植物  记叙文  细节理解  推理判断单选
四、单词拼写
50-590.65动词短语  名词作主宾表补定  固定搭配/句型  可数名词复数规则变化  副词修饰动词  副词修饰整个句子  's所有格根据首字母填空
60-740.65反身代词  分词作宾语补足语  过去进行时含when、while  形容词最高级变化规则  副词修饰整个句子  动词不定式作目的状语  's所有格用单词适当形式填空
五、完成句子
75-840.65介词短语  固定搭配/句型  表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作  anything  it固定句型  两者相比较(含than)  比较级and比较级
六、任务型阅读
85-940.4方法/策略  环境污染  说明文阅读填表
七、短文填空
95-1040.65体态语  文化差异首字母填空
共计 平均难度:一般