From goldfish to sharks, fish of all sizes have lived on Barth for hundreds of millions of years. But do they ever get thirsty?
The answer is yes! Some fish do, at least. But there is a big difference between fish that live in saltwater and ones that live in freshwater.
Bony fish have some salt concentration (含盐量) in their bodies. For bony fish in saltwater, their concentration is lower than the water they live in. Through osmosis (渗透作用) these fish will lose lots of water through their bodies. In order to make up for this loss, they drink lots of water, so it’s easy to say that they can be thirsty. Although drinking saltwater is never a good idea for humans, fish can drink it because they can get rid of the salt through their gills (鳃).
But sharks are an exception. Sharks can make their concentration match the water around them. They do this by building up urea (尿素) in their blood, so they probably don’t get very thirsty. But blood with a high salt concentration can also be bad. The high concentration means sharks won’t do very well in freshwater-water can enter the sharks’ bodies by osmosis and even cause them to explode!
Freshwater fish, on the other hand, are unlikely to become thirsty. Because they live in a less salty environment, they have a different problem: water goes inwards and dilutes (冲淡) their blood. Freshwater fish therefore need to get rid of this extra water. So now we know that saltwater fish can become thirsty and drink water, while freshwater fish will avoid drinking but pee (小便) a lot.
1. What’s the writer’s purpose of this article?| A．To show that fish have a long history of living on Earth. |
| B．To explain why fish of all sizes can become thirsty like humans. |
| C．To prove that fish are different in terms of whether they get thirsty. |
| A．Because they have a high salt concentration |
| B．Because they need to take in salt through their grills |
| C．Because they will lose lots of water through their bodies. |
| A．They don’t get thirsty at all because they live in saltwater. |
| B．Too much water in their blood can be bad. |
| C．They pee a lot after drinking too much water. |
| A．A science book | B．A travel guide | C．A fashion magazine |
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【推荐1】Science is proving what pet owners have long believed: Dogs understand what we’re feeling. Especially, dogs can recognize(识别) the difference between a happy and an angry human face, a study published on Thursday in Current Biology suggests.
“It’s the first research to show that dogs are sensitive(敏感) to our facial expressions,” says the author Ludwig Huber at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna.
In the Austrian study, 20 different kinds of pet dogs were taught to play a computer game through a series of exercises. In the first step, the dogs were shown two touch screens, one with a circle and the other with a square. Through the exercises, they learned that a treat would appear if they chose the right one.
Eleven of the 20 dogs were able to catch on to rules of the game and make it to the next test, where they were shown photos of happy and angry faces. The dogs were rewarded if they picked certain expression correctly. During the test, the dogs were shown only the upper half or the lower half of a face.
“It was easier to teach the dogs to choose a happy expression than an angry one, suggesting the dogs do understand the meaning behind the expression,” Huber says.
As a test, the dogs were then presented with:
the same half of the faces they saw during the training, but from different people,
the other half of the faces used in training,
the other half of new faces,
the left half of the faces used in training.
In the cases, the dogs chose the right answer 70 to 100 per cent of the time.
Dogs who had been trained to recognize an expression of anger happiness on the upper part of a face could find the same expression when they were shown only the lower part. Huber says, “The only possible explanation is that they recall from the memory of everyday life how a whole human face looks when happy or angry.”
Dog owners know their pets not only recognize emotions but also understand the feelings.
1. The passage may come from ________.| A．a news report | B．a science magazine | C．a pet guide | D．a history book |
| A．11. | B．20. | C．70. | D．100. |
① the other half of some new faces
② the right half of the faces used in training
③ the other half of the faces used in training
④ the same half of the faces they saw but from different people
| A．①③④ | B．①②③ | C．①②④ | D．②③④ |
| A．Because dogs wanted to make a happy expression. |
| B．Because dogs were rewarded for picking a happy expression. |
| C．Because dogs saw a happy expression more often from their owners. |
| D．Because dogs indeed didn’t understand the meaning behind the expression. |
| A．Dog owners know if their pets are happy. | B．Dog owners know how to train their dogs. |
| C．Dogs can make different facial expressions. | D．Dogs can understand their owners’ feelings. |
【推荐2】20,000 local sea creatures, from dolphins to otters（水獭）, await you at Aquarium（水族馆）of the Bay, San Francisco, CA（California）. When you see a river otter in the wild, you know that water system is healthy. Plus, they’re fun to watch! Here come the Aquarium’s popular and lovable river otters：Tahoe, Ryer and Shasta.
 | Me: I was born at the Oakland Zoo. I’m the half-brother of Ryer. February 20, 2016 is my birthday and I joined the Aquarium’s river otter family in January, 2017. I’m named after Lake Tahoe, CA. How to find me: My fur is reddish in color. I am the youngest but the longest of the group. Hobbies: I enjoy playing with rope and toys, running and jumping around. |
 | Me: I’m a male river otter named after Ryer Island, CA. I was born in February, 2013 at the Oakland Zoo and joined the Aquarium’s otter team in 2014. How to find me: I have the widest head and the fattest face. Hobbies: What could be more fun than playing with my food and balancing rocks, and curling up with a warm blanket for a nap （a short sleep）?We river otters can sleep up to 18 hours a day. |
 | Me: I’m a 7-year-old male river otter named after Mount Shasta, CA. I was saved from the fur trade in Louisiana and found a new home at the Aquarium in 2013. How to find me: I’m the largest of the otters. I have large close-set eyes. Which of the three is me? Hobbies: I enjoy long afternoon naps, throwing leaves and sticks into the water. |
1. The passage mainly talks about________.
| A．how to play with the otters in the zoo | B．how to protect river otters in the wild |
| C．the importance of protecting river otters | D．the river otter family at Aquarium of the Bay |
| A．He was born in February, 2014. | B．He has large close-set eyes. |
| C．He is the half-brother of Tahoe. | D．His fur is reddish in color. |
| A．They are all named after a place in California. | B．They were all born at the Oakland Zoo. |
| C．They can sleep at most 8 hours a day. | D．They enjoy playing with food and rocks. |
【推荐3】People say the lion is the “King of Animals” because we are very strong. So people watch us live in zoos behind bars or in parks when they drive in cars. But we are not happy there. We should live in grassy land in Africa. We live in families, too. In a lion’s family, there are usually about 12 members. We live and work together to get food and help the small ones. The mother lions usually get food for the baby lions . The father lions sleep most of the day. But you don’t think we are lazy. We are listening and watching all the time.
Now there are only a few thousand lions in the world. People are killing us.
1. How many members are there in the lion families?| A．Ten | B．Eleven | C．Nine | D．About twelve |
| A．They live each alone( 独立 ) |
| B．All of the members of a family live together. |
| C．They live on grass ( 以……为主食 ) |
| D．They live on fish. |
| A．Father lions | B．Grown-up lions. | C．Young lions | D．Mother lions |
Because _________
| A．they kill their baby lions |
| B．people have killed many of the lions |
| C．they don’t want to feed too many baby lions |
| D．many of them die from illness （死于疾病） |
| A．they are very small. | B．they are very big. | C．they are very weak. | D．they are very strong. |
【推荐1】Some say giraffes（长颈鹿） are “living lightning rods” （活体避雷针）. Is this true? On a rainy day in a nature park in South Africa, two giraffes died after lightning（内电）hit them. “Lightning often hits tall things, especially in open places, and the height of the giraffes might make it easier for them to get hit,” said Ciska PJ Scheijen, a South African animal expert.
An adult male giraffe usually stands about 5.5 meters tall, while females are about 4.3 meters tall. There were no trees near the two giraffes. This meant they were more likely to（更有可能地）get hit by lightning. Besides the height, the animals’ body length can also make the problems worse.
It’s something called step potential（跨步电压）. Currents（ 电流）can move between animals’ front feet and back feet through the ground. The larger the space（空间）is, the greater the current is. So bigger animals like giraffes will get hit more easily.
How to, avoid getting hit by lightening?
*Stay away from open places and make as little（少的）contact（接触）with the ground as possible.
*Don’t stand near tall trees or other tall things.
*Stay away from large metal objects（金属物体）such as bikes. Small objects like your phones are usually safe to hold. But you’d better not use your phone.
*Do not take a shower or use the sink（水槽）.
*Unplug（拔掉插头）TVs and washing machines.
*Keep your windows closed. Currents can’t move through glass.
1. Which of the following is most likely to be hit by lightening?| A．A giraffe standing among tall buildings. | B．Animals in African forests. |
| C．A tree in an open places. | D．Small animals that living underground. |
| A．避免 | B．发现 | C．察觉 | D．对抗 |
| A．stand near a small tree | B．make a telephone call |
| C．stay in your own car | D．stand near a river |
| A．Why giraffes are dying out. | B．What “living lightning rods” are. |
| C．How to stay away from lightning. | D．Why giraffes get hit by lightning easily. |
Air is always around us. It is around us when we walk and play. From the time we are born, air is around us. When we sit down, it is around us. When we go to bed, air is also around us.
All the animals and plants need air too.
We live in air, but we can’t see it. We can only feel it. We can feel it when it is moving. Moving air is called wind.
| A．Living things can’t live without air. |
| B．How can we make air move? |
| C．We live in air. |
| D．Close it quickly! |
| E．When we are asleep, we need less air. |
【推荐3】 Sometimes, you just can't help it. Maybe you're watching a sad movie, or thinking about the friend who moved away. Why do people cry? What are tears? Scientists are working hard to find the answers to these questions.
Ad Vingerhoets is a professor of psychology（心理学） at Tilburg University in the Netherlands. He is one of the few scientists in the world who have studied crying. According to Vingerhoets, there are three types of tears. Basal tears are the first type. They act as a protective object between the eye and the rest of the world. Next are reflex tears. They wash your eyes clean when something gets in them. Finally. there are emotional tears. “These are connected with our feelinngs,” explains Vingerhoets. “Especially when we feel helpless.”
Scientists believe that crying has something to do with how humans developed and learned to depend on each other. “Humans are very complex（复杂的）social creatures. ” says Lauren Bylsma, a professor from the USA. “It seems that tears serve to arouse help and support from others.” She says another reason we cry is that humans have the longest developmental period of almost any animal. It takes a long time for humans to grow up.”
Vingerhoets ______. “I think that the reason why humans cry has something to do with our childhood.” he says. “That's the time when we are still dependent on adults for love and protection and care. Tears were a safer way to be noticed by others. In this case, it is better to use a silent signal to ask for help,” he says.
Vingerhoets and Bylsma do lots of studies to better understand why humans cry. According to Bylsma, there is still much more to discover. “It's surprising,” she says, “how much we still don't know.”
1. What kind of tears will run down your face when something gets into your eyes?| A．Basal tears. | B．Reflex tears. |
| C．Joyful tears. | D．Emotional tears. |
| A．agrees. | B．cheers. | C．repeats. | D．succeeds. |
| A．It's easy to understand why humans cry. |
| B．Basal tears are a type of protective object. |
| C．Emotional tears are better than reflex tears. |
| D．The reason why humans cry has nothing to do with childhood. |
| A．In a novel. | B．In a sports newspaper. |
| C．In a science magazine. | D．From a piece of business information. |
【推荐1】Imagine a group of people are talking about something happily. But there is one man who cannot follow them. Why? He has a hearing problem. How can we help such people?
Now a new and exciting invention allows deaf people to see conversations in real time. Using augmented reality (AR) (增强现实技术) glasses and a smartphone, deaf people are also able to join in everyday conversations.
The AR glasses were developed by Dan Scarfe after he spent Christmas dinner with his family. The man saw his 97-year-old bearing-impaired grandfather sitting alone in silence while the rest of the family were talking excitedly. The images of his grandfather always watching TV shows with subtitles (字幕) crossed Scarfe’s mind. He suddenly realized that maybe the AR glasses could help.
Scarfe got to work, working with Nreal, an AR glasses maker. Six months later, a new pair of AR glasses came out. The glasses have a microphone that receives the audio (音频) from the environment and sends it to a connected smartphone. The phone then creates subtitles from that audio and these subtitles then appear on the user’s glasses screen.
The company first tested the glasses in the UK. The UK was chosen as a testing ground as over 13 million adults in Britain have hearing loss. However, when the product goes global, it could change the lives of 430 million people.
This is a great change for the deaf. Mark Atkinson, who is using the AR glasses, says, “As a deaf person myself, I am blown away by this new technology. When I tried on the glasses for the first time, I was so surprised. Real-time subtitles made me become part of the conversation as never before.”
1. What tools must a deaf person have if he wants to join in the conversation?①A microcomputer.②A mobile phone.
③A pair of AR glasses.④A laptop.
| A．①② | B．②③ | C．①③ | D．②④ |
| A．His father. | B．His friend. | C．His grandfather. | D．A glasses maker. |
| A．Because it has a large population with hearing loss. |
| B．Because the company Nreal is based in the UK. |
| C．Because the government provided the money. |
| D．Because Dan Scarfe is from the UK. |
| A．Be scared of. | B．Be excited at. | C．Be surprised at. | D．Be bored with. |
| A．The AR glasses are very popular among deaf people. |
| B．There are 470 million people with hearing loss in UK. |
| C．Subtitles can be turned into audio and people can hear it. |
| D．A microphone in the AR glasses collects sounds around. |
【推荐2】The Spring Festival is one of the most famous Chinese cultures, it is the biggest festival for Chinese people. It usually lasts for 15 days. Most people come back home to enjoy it with family. Before the Spring Festival, families clean their houses, they think they can clean up bad luck in the last year. They also spend much money buying clothes, food and drink. On the eve of the Spring Festival, family members get together and have a big meal, the most popular food on this day is dumplings. After that, they sit together, chatting and watching TV.
The color red is everywhere during the Spring Festival. People think red is a happy color and will bring them good luck. Kids get a lot of hongbao. It is a red paper bag with money in it. Usually, older people give younger ones hongbao. They think it brings good luck.
Everyone wants to be lucky on the festival, So don’t say any bad words or do anything that will bring unhappiness to other people. For example, you can’t say any bad words like “death”.
根据短文内容，判断下列句子 （T） 误 （F）。
1. Spring Festival is one of the most important festivals in China.
2. Chinese people only eat dumplings on this festival.
3. People think red will bring the bad luck.
4. Children will get money from older people on Spring Festival.
5. On Spring Festival you can say good words to others.
【推荐3】Qatar is a small country in the Middle East. It is the host country for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Here are some fun facts about this Asian country.
Though small, Qatar is also among those richest countries. It is natural rich because the oil and gas under the ground are more than you can imagine! The country spends on the 2022 FIFA World Cup 60 times as much money as South Africa once did.
Qatar is warm all year round and gets very hot in summer. Sandstorms happen from time to time and it seldom rains! The weather is the main reason for Qatar to hold the 2022 World Cup in November and December, different from the previous（以前的）events in June and July. But can you imagine Qatar is also the only country where the sea meets the desert? How interesting it is!
People around the country are football fans. Football is the most popular sport and it has many beautiful football stadiums. Cycling and running are people’s daily sports because the country is very flat, actually the second flattest in the world.
Qatar welcomes people from all over the world! Not only does it have the best airline service but also it is the safest place for visitors. Why not spread your wings and visit Qatar?
1. Where is Qatar?| A．In Europe. | B．In Africa. | C．In Asia. | D．In North America. |
| A．Cool and windy. | B．Hot and dry. | C．Warm and rainy. | D．Cold and wet. |
| A．Delicious food in Qatar. | B．Popular sports in Qatar. |
| C．Traditional activities in Qatar. | D．Places of interest in Qatar. |
| A．Qatar is rich because it has a lot of oil and gas. |
| B．Qatar is a country where the sea meets the forest. |
| C．Qatar holds the 2022 World Cup in June and July. |
| D．Qatar is the smallest and flattest country in the world. |
| A．In a news report. | B．In a storybook. | C．In a sports magazine. | D．In a travel guide. |
