It’s hard to say no to hamburgers, French fries and all of the other junk food. However, eating too much junk food can harm your body, especially if you’re between the ages of 10 and 19. “Junk food shapes teenage brains in ways that harm their ability to think, learn and remember. It can also make it harder to control impulsive (冲动的 ) behaviors,” said Amy Reichelt, at Western University, Canada. “It may even raise a teen’s risk of mental (精神上的) problems.”
Reichelt and two other researchers reviewed more than 100 studies, about how poor food choices can affect teenage brains. They found teenagers are more sensitive (敏感的) than any other age group to foods with a lot of fat and sugar as their brains are not yet fully formed.
Teenage brains are still developing the ability to notice risks and control actions. The prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) is the part of the brain that tells us we shouldn’t eat chips all the time and helps us control ourselves. However, this part doesn’t fully develop until we are in our early 20s.
Meanwhile, teen brains get more excited from rewards (奖励). The parts of the brain that make us feel good when we do something enjoyable — like eating tasty foods — are fully developed by the teen years.
In fact, these parts are even more sensitive when we are young. That’s because dopamine (多巴胺 ), a natural chemical that makes us feel happy when we experience something good, is especially active in teenage brains.
Therefore, the teen brain has two attacks against it when it comes to saying no to junk food. “It has an increased drive for rewards and reduced self-control,” said Reichelt.
Reichelt and her team did their own study using mice, whose brains develop much like our own. They discovered that “teenage” mice that had high-fat foods performed worse on memory tests than those eating normal foods. Researchers said the high-fat foods may make the mice’s prefrontal cortex work less effectively.
So, what’s the best way to say no to junk food? The answer is exercise. When we exercise, the brain becomes less sensitive to food, besides this, it also helps our brains grow and become better able to make wise decisions and control our behaviors.
1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?| A．What problems are caused by junk food. |
| B．What junk food teenagers like most. |
| C．How junk food harms teenage brains. |
| D．How junk food shapes teenage brains. |
| A．Teenagers are less sensitive than any other age group to junk food. |
| B．Junk food may make people’s prefrontal cortex work less effectively. |
| C．Dopamine helps our brains become better able to make wise decisions. |
| D．The prefrontal cortex makes us happy when we do something enjoyable. |
| A．Teenage Brains | B．Healthy Food for Teenagers |
| C．Food for Thought | D．Exercise: the Best for Brains |
相似题推荐
Make time for a walk and do some exercises every day. Don’t wait for the lift if you want to go upstairs. Just take the stairs (楼梯).
Make time for breakfast. Even a quick breakfast, like fruits or juice, can stop hunger(饥饿) during the day.
Drink at least eight glasses of water every day. Enough water can stop you from feeling hungry (饥饿的) or tired. You can take some good drinks like water, juice and milk.
Eat at least five kinds of fruits and vegetables every day. If you want to eat something between breakfast and lunch, pick fruits and vegetables. They are great snacks (小吃).
Wish all of you a very wonderful and happy holiday season.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案
1. What do people want to do during their holidays?
| A．eat delicious food |
| B．stay with their family |
| C．A and B |
| A．3 | B．4 | C．5 |
| A．apples | B．rice | C．hamburgers |
| A．Taking the stairs is a good way to do exercise. |
| B．If you have no time, you can go out without breakfast. |
| C．We must drink enough water every day. |
| A．In a story book |
| B．In a novel |
| C．In a newspaper |
But bad eating habits go beyond fast food. We find many teenagers eat unhealthily. Some don’t have breakfast before they go to school. During the day, some don’t have a proper meal for lunch. In a recent survey at one school, scientists found that over two thirds of the students didn’t follow a healthy diet. They didn’t like vegetables, and many of them didn’t like to eat fruits. They preferred to eat food with a lot of salt, sugar, or fat.
Parents today also worry about their children’s diet. Some doctors give the following advice:
Teenagers shouldn’t eat too much junk food.
Teenagers shouldn’t eat food with too much salt. Salt can cause high blood pressure in the future.
Teenagers should eat food without much fat, oil and sugar.
Teenagers need to eat some fruits and vegetables every day. Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins（维生素）and have little fat.
Teenagers need to drink more milk. Milk will help their bones grow.
Teenagers need to eat breakfast every day. It is good for their body and mind.
1. How many pieces of advice are given by the doctors in the passage?
| A．Five | B．Eight | C．Six | D．Seven |
| A．Today all teenagers are overweight. |
| B．Scientists found two thirds of the students didn’t have a healthy diet. |
| C．Parents are worried about their children’s diet today. |
| D．Milk, fruits and vegetables are not good for children. |
| A．eat junk food | B．eat food with too much salt |
| C．drink milk and eat junk food often | D．eat vegetables that are rich in vitamins |
| A．how to keep a healthy diet | B．to eat fruits and vegetables |
| C．how to have a proper meal for lunch | D．not to eat junk food |
【推荐3】
| Having breakfast | Drinking milk | Going to bed | Eating fruit | |
| Common time | 6:30 - 7:00 | during breakfast time | about 22:30 | after meals |
| Right time | about 7:00, 20 minutes after getting up | before sleeping | around 21:00 | an hour before meals |
| Benefits (优点) | 1 or 2 eggs will provide you with protein (蛋白质) to begin your body. | Milk can help your bones become strong. It also helps you sleep better. | The right time of sleep can help you get a deep sleep. | Fruit can keep your body strong and make your face better. |
| Other things | Quit junk food and eat some healthy food. | You can make fruit salad with some milk. | Have enough sleep, at least eight hours a night. | Clean fruit carefully before you eat it. |
1. From the text we know that teenagers often go to bed _______ later than the right time.
| A．twenty minutes | B．one hour | C．one and a half hours |
| A．Eating eggs. |
| B．Drinking milk and eating fruit. |
| C．Eating fruit before going to bed. |
| A．You’d better sleep for 7 hours at night. |
| B．If you eat eggs for your breakfast, you can get proteins. |
| C．If you sleep later than the right time, you will get a deep sleep. |
A password is like a key to your home. If someone steals it, he’ll get chances to steal something else. We use passwords everywhere in our life. We are so used to passwords that we don’t pay any attention to them until we lose or forget one.
A study of 28,000 passwords recently stolen from a popular website showed that people often do the easy thing. It found that 16% took a first name as a password. Another 14% used the easiest keyboard combinations such as “12345678”or “QWERTY”. 5% of the stolen passwords were names of television shows or stars popular with young people. 3% of the passwords expressed feelings like “I don’t care”, “Whatever”, “I love you” or their opposite, “I hate you”.
Robert Graham, who did the study, advises people to choose a password that is longer than eight characters with one capital letter(大写字母) and one symbol.
Of course, safe passwords don’t mean those hard to remember. Forgetting your password is sometimes a big headache for you. Maybe, the perfect password is easy for you and hard for others.
根据短文内容，选择最佳答案，并将其字母标号填入答题卡相应的题号内。
1. The underlined word “password” in Paragraph 1 means “_________”.
| A．标志 | B．护照 | C．密码 | D．口诀 |
| A．busy | B．lazy | C．stupid | D．careful |
| A．ZWVHPO. | B．password34 | C．wy64#OMv | D．Ihateyou |
| A．16% | B．14% | C．5% | D．3% |
| A．Someone will steal your password if it is very simple. |
| B．28,000 passwords were stolen recently from a popular website. |
| C．The harder to remember the passwords, the safer the passwords are. |
| D．Password is very important in our life. |
【推荐2】Scientists have shown that humans appear to have an ability to understand the signs of apes.
As we all know, humans use words to talk to each other. But we also point, nod, and use our hands to show what we mean. We’ve been doing this for tens of thousands of years.
Apes have their own system of gestures to show what they mean. Chimpanzees and bonobos （ 倭黑猩猩） are two kinds of apes that are the closest to humans. They use about 80 different gestures to show what they mean. For example, a gesture the researchers call “big loud scratch” means “help pick insects off me”.
Scientists have learned the meanings of these gestures by studying chimpanzees and bonobos for years. Besides, scientists have studied how apes use gestures. But no one had studied whether humans could understand the gestures of apes.
Researchers Kirsty Graham and Catherine Hobaiter at the University of St. Andrews decided to test this idea. They wanted to see if humans with no training or experience could understand the gestures of chimpanzees and bonobos. The researchers created a game for people to play online. The game was simple. People watched short videos of apes making a gesture. Then they had to choose the correct meaning of the gesture out of four possible answers. Thousands of people played the game.
The researchers were surprised to find that people were able to choose the correct meaning of the gestures over 50% of the time. For some of the gestures, people were able to choose the correct meaning about 80% of the time. The scientists believe that humans may have a natural ability to understand the gestures of apes. But it’s not clear why.
Humans and other apes all developed from an earlier kind of ape that lived long ago. One possibility is that the body language of these gestures has been passed down from this shared ancestor （祖先）. Another possibility is that the gestures are a natural result of humans and apes sharing similar body shapes and needing to communicate similar ideas. It’s also possible that the gestures simply look like the actions they are requesting.
The researchers say that they need to study how humans are able to understand the gestures of apes. They’re also curious about how humans understand other animals, like dogs.
1. How does the writer develop Paragraph 3?| A．By telling a story. | B．By giving an example. |
| C．By giving a suggestion. | D．By expressing an opinion. |
| A．They were required to find out the truth. |
| B．They wanted to prove that chimpanzees are human ancestors. |
| C．They wondered if humans had the natural ability to understand the gestures of apes. |
| D．They wanted to create an interesting game about chimpanzees for people to play online. |
| A．Pass down the bus and make room for more passengers. |
| B．The tradition has been passed down for hundreds of years. |
| C．Why did he keep passing down the ball back to the goal keeper? |
| D．His orders were passed down from the small group to the other workers. |
| A．Begin to study dogs. |
| B．Encourage people to do research on apes. |
| C．Create more games for people to play online. |
| D．Study how humans can understand the gestures of apes. |
【推荐3】Every morning, the newspaper chief editor (主编) holds a meeting with the reporters. They discuss the main events of the day. Reporters are then sent to cover the events.
As soon as the reporters know what to write about, they get down to work. They telephone people and fix a time for a face-to-face interview with them. Sometimes they do telephone interviews. Checking information is very important. They go to the newspaper’s own library to look up any information that they need. This is called “doing one’s homework”.
At the same time, the picture editor decides which photographs will be used for the next day’s paper. All the people who work on a newspaper must be able to work fast. Reporters have to stop working on one story and start working at once on the important new one. They must find out the new information as quickly as possible. Later in the day, everything is put together at the news desk. Reporters return, type their stories into the computer and hand them to the editor.
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. Sometimes this will have to be changed if something more important happens late in the day. Other editors read the stories which the reporters have written and make any necessary changes.
Finally, there is no more time left for adding new stories, and the time for printing (印刷) the newspaper has come. This is done on fast-moving printing machines. The newspapers are then delivered (发送) by truck, plane or rail. Speed is important. People want to buy the latest newspaper; nobody wants to buy yesterday’s.
1. What is the work in a newspaper office like?| A．Interesting and confusing. | B．Important and patient. |
| C．Particular and necessary. | D．Fast and busy. |
a.writing stories
b.doing interviews
c.joining in a discussion
d.doing homework
e.handing stories to the editor
| A．c, b, a, d, e | B．c, d, e, a, b | C．c, b, d, a, e | D．c, a, d, b, e |
| A．the importance of the events | B．how well the stories are written |
| C．the knowledge of the chief editor | D．whether they are the latest |
| A．How a Newspaper Is Produced | B．How Newspapers Are Delivered |
| C．What Kind of Papers Readers Like | D．Whose Work Is More Important |
| A．help the chief editor with the morning discussion | B．decide when and how the papers can be printed |
| C．read the stories and make necessary changes | D．get together information from reporters and photographers |
Tomb Sweeping Day is a one-day Chinese holiday that has been celebrated in China for centuries. Every year in early April, tens of thousands of people in China visit the tombs of their ancestors to show their respect.
On the day, Chinese families will sweep the tombs and clean away the grass around them. Then they burn paper money and put flowers and fruit in front of the tombs. They hope the dead can enjoy them and bring the family good luck.
However, it is not only the Chinese who remember the dead. People in other countries also have festivals for the dead.
In Japan, O-Bon Festival is one of the most important festivals. It is held from August 13 to 16. It is also a holiday that serves as a family reunion (团圆). During O-bon, Japanese people return to their hometown and visit their ancestors’ tombs. They also believe their ancestors’ spirits return home to be reunited with their family. People perform a “bon odori” dance to welcome the spirits. On the last day of O-bon, they put paper lanterns in a river to send off the spirits.
In Russia, people remember their ancestors on the Day of Rejoicing (欣慰). It’s usually in late April or early May. The name of this festival means birth and happiness. Russians believe that people shouldn’t feel sad for the dead because death means birth in another world. On the Day of Rejoicing, Russian people draw beautiful pictures on eggs and put them in front of tombs. After that they have a picnic together. They hope for a good life for both the living and the dead.
1. What do we know about Tomb Sweeping Day?| A．It falls on April 4 every year. |
| B．It’s a day to remember the dead. |
| C．People grow grass beside the tombs on that day. |
| D．It’s said that people can see the dead on that day. |
| A．China. | B．Japan. | C．Russia. | D．Korea. |
| A．it is a Japanese festival | B．it lasts four days in August |
| C．it’s also a family reunion day | D．paper lanterns are used to welcome the spirits |
| A．It’s a sad thing. | B．They feel happy about it. |
| C．It means birth in another world. | D．It means a good life for the dead. |
| A．History of Tomb Sweeping Day. |
| B．How to remember the dead. |
| C．Meanings of death in different countries. |
| D．Festivals in some countries to remember the dead. |
【推荐2】Medicine development is a dangerous and expensive business. Many possibly useful medicine fails to cut the mustard during the experiments. One reason is that medicine which works on lab animals may not work quite so well in human tests. Being able to pick winners and losers as early as possible would save money, and the One Health Company thinks it may have found a way. It is offering to help medical groups test their cancer medicine on sick pets.
There are several advantages. By treating animals with cancers, it hopes to avoid a problem with modern animal research, which is that the “model”animals and diseases that are used to test medicine are not always good stand-ins (替身) for the natural illness. For example, mice used to test cancer medicine may have had their turmors (肿瘤) placed into their bodies (免疫系统) weakened with medicine.
Another advantage is that pet owners who are very knowledgeable about their four-legged friends can take care of their pets. They are likely to report even small changes in behaviors. However, lab animals are checked far less often.
Perhaps the most useful aspect of using pets for medicine experiments, however, is that there is no law on animals’ medical records. One Health has been able to get 98% of records on animals from hospitals—a number that is impossible for humans. That allows the company to find the right animals for a medicine experiment.
Based on the advantages above, the company hopes that pets will prove useful in other diseases in addition to cancers. Horses, for example, seem to be good stand-ins for humans when it comes to arthritis (关节炎) . Cats, meanwhile, may be useful in breast cancer research.
1. What do the underlined words “cut the mustard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?| A．Reduce the pain | B．Reach the goal |
| C．Change the test results | D．Tell the differences |
| A．the animals with natural diseases are used. |
| B．the model animals are checked more often. |
| C．most animals’ medical records are possible to get. |
| D．the model animals are in healthy condition. |
A． | B． | C． | D． |
| A．How to improve medicine experiments |
| B．Help sick pets, help human beings |
| C．The development of medicine experiments |
| D．How to deal with some pet diseases |
【推荐3】Have you ever wondered why some people live long, but others don’t? Many scientists have studied the mysteries of a long life for years.
Thousands of studies support the idea that a long life is influenced by two major things.
Genetics（遗传） is a major influence. Some people’s bodies simply have special advantages. They have parents and grandparents who lived long lives. Their parents have passed on these positive genes to them. Howard Friedman is a health scientist. He wrote a book about living a long life. He says genetics explains about 1/3 of why people live to an old age.
The other major influence is basic health care. Good food, clean water and medical care all help a lot.
However, recently, scientists have found the way a person thinks about life can influence how long that person lives!
Many studies show that having a sense of purpose is important. For example, in Okinawa, Japan, plenty of people are over the age of 100.They have an idea called ikigai or life purpose. Scientists believe it’s one of the reasons why Okinawa has so many long﹣lived people.
Staying active is the second important personal quality. It’s not the same as doing difficult exercise. Instead, it’s the most important to remain active in a natural way, doing something you enjoy.
Another quality is helping people.Feeling loved makes people feel good. However, loving and caring for others makes people live longer.
The final one is conscientiousness（尽责）.Conscientious people are responsible. They plan for things and think about details. Some people believe being conscientious means living a boring life. However, the opposite is true.
People cannot change their genes. And it’s difficult to improve a whole community’s health care system. However, the new research results show there are things each of us can do to help improve how long we live.
1. Why does the writer mention Howard Friedman in Paragraph 3?| A．To introduce a really great health scientist to us. |
| B．To encourage us to read his book about living a long life. |
| C．To describe how parents pass on positive genes to children. |
| D．To show genetics influences how long a person lives greatly. |
a. being active b. feeling loved c. being conscientious d. giving others a hand
e. having their life purpose
| A．acde | B．abce | C．abcde | D．abde |
| A．Being conscientious means leading a long life. |
| B．Conscientious people usually prepare for everything well. |
| C．Conscientious people have an exciting and interesting life. |
| D．Conscientiousness is the most necessary quality for living a long life. |
A． | B． |
C． | D． |
| A．The meaning of life. | B．The keys to a long life. |
| C．The importance of a long life. | D．The influence of health care on life. |
