1 . Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget Line

The term “budget line" has several related meanings, including a couple that are self-evident and a third that is not.

The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer Understanding

The budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations—it's the household budget, for example.

Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.

Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0. 75 X, she can then spend only 0. 25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.

This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept——one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it—is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics, which is explained below.

Lines in a Budget

Before turning to the economics definition of “budget line" , consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There's nothing very complicated about this； in this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified.

The Budget Line as an Economics Concept

One of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above— a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.

In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.

A Simple Budget Line Graph

To understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $ 150 to spend. In the example below, assume that each movie costs $ 10 and each crime novel costs $ 15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.

If movies cost $ 10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the extreme left above "0" on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books—the number of books available in this example is 0.

You can also graph the other extreme—all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $ 15 and you have $ 150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.

You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $ 0 available for movie tickets.

If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.

1. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?

A．It is a limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.

B．Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.

C．It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.

D．It can be expressed as a mathematical equation.

2. What is the purpose of the passage?

A．To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.

B．To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.

C．To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.

D．To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.

3. Assume that each movie costs $ 10 and each crime novel costs $ 15, you have $ 150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage?

A．The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.

B．The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.

C．You can buy 7 crime novels and see 5 movies.

D．You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.

4. What is the best title of this passage?

A．Are we really know the economic concept of a budget line?

B．The Budget Line as an Economics Concept

C．The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer Understanding

D．The Complex Concept—Budget Line

2 . When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. _____, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock- climbing or talking about books.

They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into _____. The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous (急剧的) _____ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.

To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the _____ have slimmed considerably. Teens have also reported a steady decline in sexual activity in recent decades, as the portion of high school students who have had sex fell from 54 percent in 1991 to 41 percent in 2015, according to Centers for Disease Control statistics. ^u People say, 'Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, ' but they're _____ the larger trend," said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less _____ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today's society, they no longer need to.

According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's "life strategy" slows down or speeds up depending on his or her _____, exposure to a "harsh and unpredictable" environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the _____ effect, the study said. In the first _____, "You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more _____and fewer resources, " said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of "iGen： Why Today's Super- Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy-and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood."

In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more _____ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “ establishing mate value based on procurement of resources," the study said. But America is shifting more toward the _____model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. ^uEven in families whose parents didn't have a college education. . . families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully   _____ has really sunk in. ‘‘ The _____of ⁴¹ adult activities'' could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurriculars as they did in the 1990 s (with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the _____, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.

1.

A．Therefore

B．Rather

C．Moreover

D．Besides

2.

A．childhood

B．neighborhood

C．adolescents

D．adulthood

3.

A．escapes

B．ends

C．decreases

D．changes

4.

A．minorities

B．majorities

C．masses

D．amounts

5.

A．taking

B．avoiding

C．sending

D．missing

6.

A．interested

B．envied

C．relieved

D．realized

7.

A．emotions

B．surroundings

C．customs

D．habits

8.

A．wrong

B．same

C．opposite

D．similar

9.

A．event

B．issue

C．case

D．occasion

10.

A．trouble

B．questions

C．benefits

D．diseases

11.

A．respectively

B．delicately

C．seriously

D．considerably

12.

A．slower

B．better

C．smaller

D．faster

13.

A．emphasized

B．related

C．organized

D．educated

14.

A．implement

B．postponement

C．achievement

D．payment

15.

A．cause

B．impact

C．fact

D．result

3 .

Moving a Giant

The logistics of excavating(挖掘)and relocating a town's century-old, living sequoia(红 杉)tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall conifer(针叶树)stood stood in the way of its planned hospital expansion, officials called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.

The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800,000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. "I (had) lost enough sleep over this," says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president—and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder, measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to adapt to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo

1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter, 44-foot-long steelbars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags (shown in gray). The team also dug a shallow ramp.

2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.

3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of the hole while staying level. A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.

4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.

5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.

6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.

7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole. The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.

8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.

1. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined " stood in the way of" ?

A．Resisted.	B．Balanced.
C．Blocked.	D．Promoted.

2. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?

A．Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.

B．Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.

C．Because it corresponds to government’s plan of Environmental Design.

D．Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.

3. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?

A．They will be given new soil in the new living environment.

B．Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.

C．They will be kept in transport bags all the time.

D．They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.

4 . Bitcoin and other so-called cryptocurrencies （加密货币）have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank—or a specific country—is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that： A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. （In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.）.

In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum （银金矿），objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copper were used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used to replace coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U. K.

Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency—and some people there are even hoarding（贮存）it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most-populated island that's part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in exchange for goods.

"How much tuna（金枪鱼）you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape," Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. "One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more. For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time."

Just like a mint that creates coins, there's only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned（困住）out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.

Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like cryptocurrencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to—and probably less durable over time than those shells.

1. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A．Money was created and was widely used in the world.

B．Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.

C．The ingredients of world’s first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.

D．Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.

2. The word "mint" in paragraph 5 is closest in the meaning to     .

A．a kind of money that can exchange

B．the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candied

C．a place to produce and polish shells

D．a factory that produces currency

3. What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?

A．Reasonable.	B．Imaginary.
C．Convenient.	D．Inventive.

4. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A．The History of Bitcoin

B．Shells Still Money

C．The Currency Is of Great Use

D．Some Shells

5 . For some people,music is no fun at all. About four percent of the population is what scientists call “amusic.” People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes(音调). Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs. Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale.

As a result, songs sound like noise to an amusic. Many amusics compare the sound of music to pieces of metal hitting each other. Life can be hard for amusics. Their inability to enjoy music sets them apart from others. It can be difficult for other people to identify with their condition. In fact, most people cannot begin to grasp what it feels like to be amusic. Just going to a restaurant or a shopping mall can be uncomfortable or even painful. That is why many amusics intentionally stay away from places where there is music. However, this can result in withdrawal and social isolation. “I used to hate parties,” says Margaret,a seventy-year-old woman who only recently discovered that she was amusic. By studying people like Margaret, scientists are finally learning how to identify this unusual condition.

Scientists say that the brains of amusics are different from the brains of people who can appreciate music. The difference is complex, and it doesn't involve defective hearing. Amusics can understand other nonmusical sounds well. They also have no problems understanding ordinary speech. Scientists compare amusics to people who just can't see. certain colors.

Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed(诊断). For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say,” No thanks, I'm amusic,'“says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy.”

1. Which of the following is true of amusic?

A．Listening to music is far from enjoyable for them.

B．They love places where they are likely to hear music.

C．They can easily tell two different songs apart.

D．Their situation is well understood by musicians.

2. According to Paragraph 3, a person with “defective hearing” is probably one who ___________.

A．dislikes listening to speeches

B．can hear anything nonmusical

C．has a hearing problem

D．lacks a complex hearing system

3. In the last paragraph, Margaret expressed her wish that __________.

A．her problem with music had been diagnosed earlier

B．she were seventeen years old rather than seventy

C．her problem could be easily explained

D．she were able to meet other amusics

4. What is the passage mainly concerned with?

A．Amusics' strange behaviours.

B．Some people's inability to enjoy music.

C．Musical talent and brain structure.

D．Identification and treatment of amusics.

6 . For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.   Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing _______.

What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, _______ revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.

When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had _______ several revisions due, in part, to problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆). For instance, Lloyd Webber _______ some of the music because the Phantom’s makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.

When you revise, you change aspects of your work in _______ to your evolving purpose, or to include _______ ideas or newly discovered information.

Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. _______, it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to _______ topics while prewriting is a type of revising. However, don’t make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows _______. Always make time to become your own ____________and view your dress rehearsal, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you ____________ new ideas.

Revising involves ____________ the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing, making your purpose more clearly, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose ____________ throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the ____________ that is, facts, opinions, inferences — that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many ____________ details that may confuse readers?

1.

A．technique

B． style

C．process

D．career

2.

A．in particular

B．as a result

C． for example

D．in other words

3.

A．undergone

B．skipped

C．rejected

D． replaced

4.

A．rewrote

B．released

C． recorded

D． reserved

5.

A．addition

B．response

C．opposition

D．contrast

6.

A．fixed

B．ambitious

C．familiar

D．fresh

7.

A．However

B．Moreover

C． Instead

D．Therefore

8.

A．discuss

B．switch

C． exhaust

D．cover

9.

A．drafting

B．rearranging

C．performing

D．training

10.

A．director

B．master

C．audience

D．visitor

11.

A．personal

B．valuable

C． basic

D．delicate

12.

A．mixing

B．weakening

C．maintaining

D．assessing

13.

A．amazing

B．bright

C．unique

D．clear

14.

A．angles

B．evidence

C． information

D．hints

15.

A．unnecessary

B．uninteresting

C．concrete

D．final

7 . Stonehenge（巨石阵）may have been a prehistoric health center rather than a site for observing stars or a temple in honor of the dead, scientists said yesterday. New evidence unearthed at the World Heritage Site in more than 40 years suggests that the monument was a place where the diseased and injured went in groups, seeking cures.
After a two-week dig, scientists have concluded that Stonehenge was “the ancient healthcare centre of southern England” because of the existence of “bluestones”---the smaller columns of dolerite（辉绿岩）that formed an earlier stone structure.
By dating pieces of remains to around 7330BC, Tim Darvill, of Bournemouth University, and Goff Wainwright, of the Society of Amtiquaries have found that hunter-gatherers were at the site on Salisbury Plain 4,000 years earlier than thought. The first stage of Stonehenge, a round earthwork structure, was built around 3000BC. Professor Wainwright added: “I did not expect the degree of complexity we discovered. We’re able to say so much more about when Stonehenge was built and why---all of which changes our previous understanding of the monument.”
The research reveals the importance of the henge’s famous bluestones. Hundreds of bluestone chips gathered at the site have led the team to conclude that the bluestones were valued for their curing effects---the key reason that about 80 of them, each weighing up to 4 tons and a half, were dragged more than 150 miles from the Preseli Hills to Wiltshire. After years of research, Professors Darvill and Wainwright have concluded that, for thousands of years, the Preseli mountain range was home to magical health centers and holy wells.
Even today there are those who believe in the curing powers of the springs for coughs and heart disease, and people who use crystals and bluestones for self-curing. Radiocarbon tests have also revealed that the construction of the original bluestone circle took place around 2300BC, three centuries later than originally thought. Interestingly, on the same day died the “Amesbury Archer”---a sick traveler from the Swiss or German Alps who had an infected knee---whose remains were discovered about five miles from Stonehenge. The professors believe that he was a devoted religious person who was hoping to benefit from the curing powers of the monument.
1. Stonehenge is recently believed to be a place for people .

A．to recover from poor health	B．to observe star movements
C．to hold religious ceremonies	D．to gather huge bluestones

2. What can be inferred about Stonehenge from the passage?

A．The springs could cure coughs and heart disease best.

B．The new discovery was the same as what had been expected.

C．Some huge bluestones were not produced at Stonehenge.

D．The original bluestone circle was thought to be constructed around 2000BC.

3. The sick traveler in the passage is supposed to be           

A．a devoted religious person from Stonehenge

B．one of the earliest discoverers of Stonehenge

C．the first explorer to test the magical power of bluestones

D．a patient trying to cure his infection at Stonehenge

4. Which the following might be the best title for the passage?

A．Stonehenge: A New Place of Interest	B．Stonehenge: Still Making News
C．Stonehenge: Heaven for Adventurers	D．Stonehenge: Still Curing Patients

8 . In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _______ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

In any case, despite so much evidence to the _______, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, ___________, that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _______ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.

Different cultures have different ways of _______ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making — all members of the department or work group are asked to _______ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _______. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _______ managers cannot.

A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _______ managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:__________ the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be __________ with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has __________ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to __________ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

Another trend is off-site or __________ management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the __________ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

1.

A．desire

B．seek

C．lose

D．dislike

2.

A．contrary

B．expectation

C．degree

D．extreme

3.

A．vice versa

B．for example

C．however

D．otherwise

4.

A．outside

B．inside

C．below

D．above

5.

A．replacing

B．assessing

C．managing

D．encouraging

6.

A．refer

B．contribute

C．object

D．apply

7.

A．agreement

B．practice

C．election

D．impression

8.

A．bossy

B．experienced

C．western

D．male

9.

A．asking

B．training

C．warning

D．firing

10.

A．doubling

B．maintaining

C．reducing

D．estimating

11.

A．honored

B．left

C．crowded

D．compared

12.

A．economically

B．traditionally

C．inadequately

D．occasionally

13.

A．deny

B．admit

C．assume

D．ensure

14.

A．virtual

B．ineffective

C．day-to-day

D．on-the-scene

15.

A．opinion

B．risk

C．performance

D．attractiveness

9 . If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."
The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.
To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.
Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.
The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."
1. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.

A．building

B．exchanging

C．controlling

D．transplanting

2. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.

A．our feelings are related to our bodily experience

B．we can learn to take control of other people's bodies

C．participants will live more passionately after the experiment

D．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes

3. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.

A．they fought strongly against racism

B．they scored lower on the test for racism

C．they changed their behaviour dramatically

D．they were more biased against those unlike them

4. It can be concluded from the passage that______.

A．technology helps people realize their dreams

B．our biases could be eliminated through experiments

C．virtual reality helps promote understanding among people

D．our points of view about others need changing constantly

10 .

Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen? Consider putting the habit loop to use.
Here's how it works:
A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.
Here's how to apply it:
Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?
1. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?

A．Pick a new cue.	B．Form a new habit.
C．Choose a new reward.	D．Design a new resolution.

2. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.

A．changing the routine	B．trying it for a week
C．adjusting your goal	D．writing it down

3. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?

A．To test out different kinds of cues.

B．To do something as a habit even without rewards.

C．To work out the best New Year's resolution.

D．To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.

4. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?

A．The Harry Potter poster.

B．Reading 30 pages of an English novel.

C．An English newspaper.

D．Watching TV for half an hour.