1 . Thanks to its harsh environment, Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for many millennia, allowing a thriving ecosystem to evolve. However, since the 1990s, the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists. Now, a new study declares that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria which could devastate the area's native bird population.

Humans can infect animals with illnesses such as the flu. Researchers, however, believed that the Antarctic animals were immune to the danger due to the continent's extreme weather. However, microbiologist Marta Cerda-Cuellar was not convinced.

She and some colleagues decided to examine waste samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria. To ensure the waste was not polluted, the scientists had to collect it from the birds themselves.

The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste. This included a common strain (品种) of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans. The researchers say the bacteria strains were resistant to commonly-used human antibiotics, indicating they were brought in by the visitors, rather than migratory birds (候鸟).

“These strains, which are a common cause for infections in humans and livestock, do not usually cause death outbreaks in wild animals," says Gonzalez-Solis. "However, the emerging or invasive pathogens (病原体) that arrive to highly sensitive populations could have severe consequences and cause the local collapse and extinction of some populations." The researcher also fears the presence of these bugs could foreshadow the arrival of other, more deadly, pathogens as the number of tourists people increases.

Experts believe the only way to prevent the mass destruction of the birds is to impose stricter regulations or, at least, put the ones already in place into effect. For example, while the Antarctica Treaty requires visitors to carry their waste back home to safeguard the pristine environment, the regulation is rarely enforced. Nowadays, some officials are taking steps to save the vulnerable birds before it's too late.

1. What problem is Antarctica facing according to Paragraph 1&2?

A．The increasing number of tourists.	B．The worsening wilderness.
C．The replaced native bird population.	D．The spread of infectious illnesses.

2. What does the underlined word "devastate" mean?

A．Destroy.

B．Increase.

C．Protect.

D．Benefit.

3. Why did the scientists need to catch some Antarctic animals?

A．To treat their illness.	B．To get their waste.
C．To raise them as pets.	D．To study their lifestyles.

4. What did the scientists prove in their study?

A．Bacteria can be killed by human antibiotics.

B．Extreme weather keeps Antarctic animals healthy.

C．Humans bring bacteria to Antarctica.

D．Antarctic animals are immune to human bacteria.

5. What is the author's attitude towards the prospect of bird population in Antarctica?

A．Indifferent.

B．Doubtful.

C．Ambiguous.

D．Optimistic.

6. In what section in a newspaper can you find the passage?

A．Entertainment.

B．Travel.

C．Nature.

D．Education.

2 . A night in the African rainforest camping under the stars is just one of the many never-to-be-forgotten experiences of our latest offer to Weekly News readers.

Day 1: The 5* Victoria Falls Hotel will meet your needs during your first day in Africa after the 30 km drive from the international airport. Located only minutes from the falls, the hotel has splendid views of the breathtaking waters.

Day 2: Your night under the stars, within few minutes’ walk of the Victoria Falls. Our purpose-built campsite offers our guests a chance to feel the atmosphere of the rainforest. Your evening starts with a great barbecue cooked by our head chef, followed by a program of African music and dance. Then, as moon rises and the stars shine, you retire to your tent to sleep or to listen to the fascinating sounds of the African rainforest.

Days 3-4: The 5* Zimbabwe National Hotel will accommodate you in the heart of the Zimbabwean wilderness. By jeep from your campsite near the Falls, you arrive at midday via the Zambezi river. The hotel offers you everything you would expect from 5* luxury hotel. In the evening, enjoy our international menu, or relax in the gardens. Those who love adventure can join our specially arranged rafting trip down the Zambezi river.

Days 5-6: Arrive by helicopter at the 5* Plaza Hotel, only 20 minutes’ drive from the airport. Day 5 includes an amazing safari to see some of the world’s most unusual animals in their natural habitats. On the final day, you can make shopping trip into town.

Included in this special offer: 6 nights in 5* hotel accommodation. Depart from London Heathrow Airport. Bed and breakfast meal basis. Price (£1, 355) is per person based on two people sharing a room.

1. During Day 2, the tourists will have a chance to _________.

A．cook a barbecue	B．dance African dances
C．have a sleep outdoors	D．walk around the rainforest

2. The tourists will go to the Zimbabwe National Hotel by________.

A．helicopter

B．ship

C．jeep

D．raft

3. The tourists will have time to do some shopping on________.

A．Day 1

B．Day 2

C．Day 3

D．Day 6

4. We can learn from the text that the tourists ________.

A．can enjoy free meals during the whole trip

B．have to pay extra money for a single room

C．should book in advance to get a discount

D．are required to be London locals

5. Where does the text most probably come from?

A．A travel guide.	B．A geography textbook.
C．A hotel advertisement.	D．An introduction to Weekly News.

3 . Renewable energy projects, including onshore and offshore wind and solar farms, have so far been subsidized (资助) by government support schemes. This has led to some to complain that clean energy is pushing up bills.

However, the most recently approved offshore wind projects will most likely operate with ‘negative subsidies’ -- paying money back to the government. The money will go towards reducing household energy bills as the offshore wind farms start producing power in the mid-2020s.

This is the conclusion of an analysis by an international team led by Imperial College London researchers published today in Nature Energy.

Lead researcher Dr Malte Jansen, from the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial, said: “Offshore wind power will soon be so cheap to produce that it will undercut   fossil-fueled power stations and may be the cheapest form of energy for the UK. Energy subsidies used to push up energy bills, but within a few years cheap renewable energy will   see them brought down for the first time. This is an astonishing development.”

The analysis for five countries in Europe, including the UK, focused on a series of government auctions (拍卖) for offshore wind farms between February 2015 and September 2019. Companies that want to build wind farms bid in the auctions by stating the price at which they will sell the energy they produce to the government.

These are known as ‘contracts for difference’ or CfDs. If a company’s bid is higher than the wholesale electricity price on the UK market once the wind farm is up and running, then the company will receive a subsidy from the government to top up the price.

However, if the stated price (规定价格) is less than the wholesale price, then the company will pay the government back the difference. This payback is then passed through to consumer’s energy bills, reducing the amount that homes and businesses will pay for electricity.

The winning companies said they could build new offshore wind farms for around £40 per megawatt hour (MWh) of power. This was a new record set by these wind farms with bids 30 percent lower than just two years earlier.

1. What does the passage mainly talk about?

A．Offshore wind farms to be built in the UK could reduce household energy bills by producing electricity very cheaply.

B．Offshore wind farms will not be subsidized by government in the near future.

C．The importance of CfDs.

D．The operation of negative subsidies.

2. According to Paragraph 2, offshore wind farms .

A．will stop producing power in the mid-2020s

B．are paying money back to the government

C．will help reduce household energy bills

D．will all operate with ‘negative subsidies’

3. The underlined words “top up” in Paragraph 6 probably mean .

A．make up

B．take up

C．cover

D．fill up

4. What can be inferred from the passage?

A．The renewable energy projects will lead to some to complain that clean energy is pushing up bills.

B．The company whose bid is less than the wholesale electricity price will receive a subsidy.

C．The stated electricity price is now higher than the wholesale electricity price.

D．Fossil-fueled power will be soon produced cheaply.

5. What is the author’s attitude towards the offshore wind farms?

A．Curious.

B．Pessimistic.

C．Indifferent.

D．Optimistic.

6. Where does this text probably come from?

A．A science fiction.

B．A financial magazine.

C．An advertisement.

D．A science report.

4 . Should swimming lessons be mandatory in schools?

Guangdong province is set to make swimming lessons compulsory in primary schools starting from 2020, and proposing the courses be given from the fourth grade. Do we need to make swimming compulsory in schools? Forum readers share their opinions.

White Bear (Poland)

In Poland swimming lessons are not compulsory, but most of the schools have them. I think that when it is only possible—there should be the swimming lessons for kids. It is a lifesaving skill.

Mister Panda (France)

I come from France where swimming lessons in school are compulsory. I even got my lifesaving certificate in school.

Jet Feng (China)

As a boy born in a rural area, I learnt swimming in a river near my home when I was 7 or 8 years old. I used to play in the river with boys my same age every summer, which was also the only entertainment we could make at that time, but we enjoyed it so much! I just learnt how to dog paddle because no one taught us. Until I entered university, I got a chance to enhance my swimming skills in PE lessons. Compared with my classmates, I felt lucky because most of them couldn't swim.

I think it's a good idea for schools to teach students to swim. But as a matter of fact, not every school in China has the conditions to do that. In some less-developed areas, there is not even a swimming pool.

Boilermaker21 (Expat in China)

There are swimming lessons in my city, but I was very disappointed in how they were taught. The kids spent 45 minutes of the one-hour lesson practicing strokes ON DRY LAND. They only spent 15 minutes in the water. All of the children panicked and sank immediately to the bottom. Then all of the parents berated the children, telling them that they weren't paying attention to the teacher and that they were failures.

Cecilia Zhang (China)

It is a pity that many Chinese athletes won world championships in swimming while most schools don't have the swimming facilities. Swimming is an essential lifesaving skill that everyone should access to. The earlier, the better. The government needs to put money into the popularity of the sport.

1. What can be concluded from White Bear's opinion?

A．In Poland, swimming lessons must be given at school.

B．In Poland, the swimming sport is very popular.

C．Most of the schools have swimming pools in Poland.

D．In Poland, students are required to swim every day.

2. What do we know about Jet Feng when he was a child?

A．He didn't know how to swim.	B．He was brought up .1n a city.
C．He lived a colorful life in his childhood.	D．He didn't receive formal swimming training.

3. How did Boilermaker21 feel about the swimming lessons in his city?

A．Disappointed.

B．Satisfied.

C．Excited.

D．Bored.

4. What can be indicated from Cecilia Zhang's words?

A．Chinese athletes won world championship in swimming events.

B．Chinese schools have not paid any attention to the swimming lessons.

C．The government hasn’t spent enough money on the popularity of the sport.

D．It is a pity that few Chinese athletes won world championships in swimming.

5. In which section of the newspaper can you find the passage?

A．Entertainment.

B．Advertisement.

C．Education.

D．Technology.

5 . Assistant Professor, Musical Theatre Dance

Wichita State University seeks to hire a full-time, 9-month assistant professor, beginning in August. Applicants are required to have a degree in dance, teaching experience at the professional or college level, the ability to direct and teach stage movement. The salary depends on qualifications and experience.

For complete information see https://www.wichita.edu.

Associate/Full Professor in Theatre and Dance

The Department of Theatre & Dance at the University of California, San Diego(http://www.theatre.uesd.edu)

is seeking an experienced theatre artist in lighting design. Professional experience is required.

A review of applications will start on June1. The application deadline: September 1.

Technical Director in Performing Arts

DeSales University’s Division of Performing Arts seeks a highly skilled, professional technical director. The position is a 10-month, staff position with the possibility of summer employment with the Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival. BA degree or equivalent professional experience is required; MFA is preferred.

Please email materials to John. Bell@desales.edu.

Screening of applications begins immediately and will continue until the position is filled.

Assistant Director of Media Resources Center

Maryland Institute College of Art is seeking an assistant director of Media Resources Center in the Office of Academic Affaira.

Position qualifications include a degree in Art History or a related field with knowledge of art and design history, excellent interpersonal and communication skills and familiarity with Photoshop and scanning.

A review of applications will begin immediately. Applicants may email a letter of interest to jobs@ mica.edu. The salary differs depending on your experience. Please include desired salary in your letter of interest.

Application

Interested persons should electronically submit a covering letter highlighting their experience and qualifications, and names of three professional references with phone and email contact information using the Apply Now link above.

1. Wichita State University offers_______________.

A．A part-time assistant professor job	B．A job where people can work for many years.
C．A flexible pay to the future assistant professor	D．Work that requires people to act on the stage

2. If you are good at communicating with others, you should apply to ____________.

A．DeSales University	B．Wichita State University
C．The University of California, San Diego	D．Maryland Institute College of Art

3. What do we know about pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival?

A．Applicants can apply for a position in it by sending an email.

B．The technical director has an opportunity to work for it.

C．It will last for 10 months in total in summer season.

D．DeSales University organizes this festival every year.

4. In which section of a newspaper can we probably find the passage?

A．Employment Information.	B．University Introduction
C．Internet Technology.	D．Commercial Advertisement.

6 . Zurich Region is top for leisure and pleasure. Gentle hills, peaceful woods, the unpolluted lakes and rivers, picturesque villages—and all just a stone's throw from the Alps. Zurich Region is the ideal starting point for all kinds of short trips.

Zurich

With opera, ballet, shows, musicals, art exhibitions in over 50 museums and 100 galleries, time never drags in Zurich. The famous Bahnhofstrasse and the Limmatquai are always a shopper's paradise. Over 1,700 restaurants and bars serve both traditional Zurich and Swiss dishes as well as foreign specialties. The evenings will leave you spoilt for choice: indoors or outdoors, anything is possible as far as the nightlife in Zurich goes.

Winterthur

Winterthur has blossomed from a former industrial town to a lively place for all racial groups and types of culture. Winterthur is an important museum town — it has 17 in all—and also offers a wide range of culture, sports and entertainment. Among the numerous night clubs and bars you will also find the only bar in Switzerland that opens 24 hours a day, every day of the year. The Rhine Falls, the biggest waterfall in Europe, is just a 20 minute drive from Winterthur.

Rapperswil & Lake Zurich

Rapperswil, a town at the upper end of Lake Zurich, will charm you with its many attractions: the castle, the medieval(中世纪的) old town, the historical wooden bridge and Knies Children’s Zoo. Equally, however, the Alpamare water park and Atzmännig slide & trampoline paradise are just as much part of this family-friendly destination. Summer or winter, the Lake Zurich region offers many opportunities for sport.

Zug

Even the residents of Zug never get tired of the sunsets: when the sun goes down over the lake, the horizon goes blood-red, and all eyes turn to the romantic show of colour on the water. Equally charming is the historic centre of the town, best experienced by leisurely walking its narrow and winding alleys(小巷), wandering on the pretty lakeside and sitting at one of the many street cafés to watch the world go by.

1. What does the underlined sentence “ time never drags in Zurich” in Paragraph 2 mean?

A．You will regret visiting Zurich.

B．You won’t feel bored in Zurich.

C．You can purchase freely in Zurich.

D．You can experience nightlife in Zurich.

2. What makes Winterthur special?

A．Its museums.

B．Its multi-culture.

C．Its 24-hour bar.

D．Its developed industry.

3. Which destination may be suitable for a family with kids?

A．Zurich.	B．Winterthur.
C．Rapperswil & Lake Zurich.	D．Zug.

4. How can you best experience the charm of Zug?

A．By admiring the sunsets.

B．By walking around casually.

C．By seeing the color of water.

D．By communicating with residents.

5. Where does the passage probably come from?

A．A travel brochure.	B．A news report.
C．A science magazine.	D．A geography textbook.

7 .

It is most important that you read this carefully before first using the wok. Until you become familiar with the product, we advise that you can keep this handy and refer to it when required.

IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS:

* In order to prevent the risk of electric shock, DO NOT IMMERSE （浸泡）the cord or the probe in water or any other liquid.

* Whenever the wok is used near children, it is essential that close supervision takes place.

Never leave the appliance unattended while in use. Before disassembling the wok for cleaning, SWITCH OFF AND REMOVE THE PLUG from the power source.

* DO NOT USE THE Quik-Fry™ WOK OUTDOORS.

* Avoid touching hot surfaces; instead use the heat-resistant handles on the wok or the heat-resistant plastic knob on top of the glass lid. DO NOT OPERATE NEAR HOT SURFACES such as electric hotplates, gas burners or in a heated oven.

* DO NOT COVER the Quik-FryTM wok with the lid while using it to deep fry foods.

Failure to obey will cause condensation （水珠）to drip onto the oil and cause splattering.

* DO NOT ATTEMPT REPAIR of the Quik-FryTM wok. If the cord becomes damaged, or if the appliance doesn't work, do not operate. Return the appliance to the nearest authorized service centre for repair. DO NOT OPEN THE BASE OR TOUCH THE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS INSIDE. Tampering with the base will void the warranty.

Manufactured for operation only from a standard domestic power source.

How to Use the Qulk-Fry™ Electronic Wok:

Be sure to season the wok before using it for the first time. Assemble the wok and heat to the highest setting. Rub the non-stick inner Surface of the wok with I tablespoon of oil. Use thick paper toweling, and be very careful to avoid touching the hot surface.

Cooking Methods:

Cooking Method	Heat Required	Food Preparation	Action Required	Time
Stir Frying	very high	cut into uniform cubes or small shreds	use tossing motion in a small amount of oil	2-3 minutes
Braising	very high	as for stir frying	add liquid after stir frying, then simmer until cooked	5-10 minutes
Deep Frying	high	wipe moisture from food	cook only a few pieces at a time	<5 minutes
Shallow Frying	high	pre-cook food	as for deep frying, but only 2 tbsp of oil	<5 minutes

1. This passage is most probably from _______,

A．a customer review of the wok

B．an instruction booklet for the wok

C．an advertisement for the electronic wok

D．a cooking book designed for customers

2. One of the advantages of the wok is that _______.

A．you don't need to attend it when cooking

B．its solid base makes it very easy to clean

C．its inner surface prevents food from sticking to it

D．you can follow the instruments to repair it by yourself

3. Which of the uses of the wok below can cause electric shock?

A．Using it to deep dry food.

B．Touching the plastic knob on the top.

C．Keeping the cord and probe always dry.

D．Leaving the electrical parts covered in liquid.

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Food doesn't have to be cut into pieces in "Braising" method.

B．No preparation needs to be done the first time the wok is used.

C．The tall sides make the wok ideal cookware for "Deep Frying".

D．The "Shallow Frying" method requires food to be dry and cooked.

5. To ensure safety, you are advised to _______.

A．use the wok outside your house

B．cover the wok to prevent splattering

C．remove the lid when repairing the wok

D．keep close eyes on the wok when it is in use

8 . Does your ideal vacation include going skiing across frozen ice, spying the northern lights, and playing in the snow? Then you’ll want to skate straight to these winter spots.

Fairbanks, Alaska

Alaska is a good choice for a great winter getaway. For winter fun, head to Fairbanks, where you can stay at a new cottage with glass-ceiling domes for aurora (极光) viewing in comfort and then head out ice fishing and snowmobiling. Want even more adventure? Consider a guided adventure that combines northern lights, cross-country skiing, and dog mushing.

Kirkenes, Norway

The Kirkenes Snow hotel here welcomes visitors to its ice-sculpted rooms. Besides, you can jump on a sled (雪橇) pulled by dogs or bring your appetite for a King Crab Safari. First, you’ll be on a sled pulled by a snowmobile across the icy sea. Then crab fishermen drill into the ice to create a hole to pull up the large crabs. Another quick sled trip and you’ve reached a cozy cottage where crab claws as long as your forearm are served up minutes after being pulled from the cold waters, tasting of salt water. A rich reward for braving the cold.

St. Moritz, Switzerland

Skiing down the Alps is obviously a highlight here, but did you know that night skiing in this Swiss town is some of the best in the world? Picture it: Clear sky, full moon, inky quiet, and a sky full of stars. If you need energy for skiing, you can always refuel with pizza from the wood-fired oven at Murtèl middle station. You can keep skiing until the last cable car at 1:40 a. m. Then, check into your room at the Carlton Hotel, where there are a series of daylight activities.

Quebec City, Canada

In the summer months, Quebec City is an excellent destination thanks to its French features and historic old port. But in the winter, don’t miss the Winter Carnival, the Carnaval de Quebec, the largest winter carnival in the world. During 17 days the Carnival offers more than 200 activities and welcomes nearly 500,000 people (upcoming dates are January 26 to February 11, 2018, and February 1 to 17, 2019).

1. What is considered to be the most adventurous activity in Fairbanks, Alaska?

A．Going snowmobiling.

B．Going ice fishing.

C．Appreciating aurora viewing.

D．Conducting a guided adventure.

2. What does the underlined part “a rich reward” refer to?

A．Living in ice-sculpted rooms.

B．Having a sled trip.

C．Tasting the freshly-cooked crabs.

D．Having a taste of salt water.

3. What is the special attraction of St. Moritz, Switzerland?

A．Skiing down the Alps.	B．Night skiing.
C．Watching stars.	D．Tasting pizza.

4. What can we learn about the Carnaval de Québec?

A．It’s second to none in the world.

B．It lasts throughout the winter.

C．Few people show interest in it.

D．It is famous for its French features.

5. Where is the text most likely from?

A．A diary.	B．A novel.
C．A tour brochure.	D．A textbook.

9 . Average age is rising around the world——a demographic （人口统计）change that may pose a significant challenge to efforts to slow down climate change.

Hossein Estiri at Harvard University and Emilio Zagheni of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany, have found that energy use increases as we get older, and not just because we tend to get wealthier. An ageing population could mean a greater proportion of society with higher energy use, their study suggests.

They combined two decades, worth of data from thousands of US households and used this to build a model to reveal how energy use varied across 17 age groups between 1987 and 2009. They found that, on average, children's energy consumption （消耗）climbs as they grow up, before dipping slightly when they leave home. Consumption then rises again when people hit their 30s, before briefly dropping after 55, and then beginning to climb again. The study involved factors such as income, local climate and the age, type and size of a person's home. The increase in energy use at various points in our lifespan （寿命）seems to be the result of life style and how our needs change as we age.

Why does demand grow so much in our 30s? “We need more of everything. More space, a bigger TV two fridges," says Estiri. The study found that, in warmer parts of the US, energy use increases in people over the age of 65—probably as a result of increased use of air conditioning, This suggests that there is a feedback effect between climate change and an ageing population that will only make matters worse.

Heat waves have become more common in the US in recent years and are expected to become more frequent due to global warming. More older people using more electrical energy to keep cool as temperatures rise could add to emissions （排放），and thus drive more warming until our energy supply becomes entirely fossil fuel-free.

“This confluence （汇集）of population, ageing and climate change on energy demand is really important to start thin king about," says Estiri. Benjamin Sovacool at the University of Sussex, UK, says the work shows the importance of demographics when it comes to cutting carbon emissions. Most modelling of climate change mitigation （减缓气候变化的模型） assumes people's energy consumption either stays the same or only changes by a small amount over time.

"This study directly challenges that entire body of research by forcing it to fight with the temporality and complexity of the consumption of energy, says Sovacool.

Catherine Mitchell at the University of Exeter, UK, says the research could have an important influence on policy makers. "What the paper says is that there is a lot of work about how buildings use energy, but probably not enough about how the people in them use energy," she says.

1. By saying “not just because we tend to get wealthier" in Paragraph 2, the writer probably means that .

A．poor people can't bring down the high demand for energy

B．a comfortable life is not the main cause of in creased energy use

C．there are some other reasons leading to the increase in energy consumption

D．people being wealthy or not has nothing to do with the rise of energy consumption

2. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 3?

A．Children consumes more energy when they leave home.

B．Energy consumption drops briefly before people hit 55.

C．The researchers built a model to study the data from US households.

D．Energy consumption varies with the change of lifestyle and demand at different ages.

3. Which of the following statements is Hossein Estiri most likely to support?

A．Energy will stop increasing when people get older.

B．His research could inspire policymakers to change current polices.

C．Various factors influencing energy consumption should be considered.

D．Old people should use fossil fuel-free rather than electrical energy to keep cool.

4. What is the shortcoming of most modeling of climate change mitigation?

A．It is expensive and difficult to promote.

B．It overestimates the household energy consumption.

C．It did not take climate change adaptation into account.

D．It regards energy consumption as stable or as only slightly changing.

5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A．More emphasis should be put on people's energy use.

B．The government can't do much without the support of the study.

C．It is the buildings, not the people in side, that consume the majority of the energy.

D．Policymakers have been working on how to cut down people's energy use.

6. Which column may the article be taken from on the Internet?

A．Health.	B．Environment.
C．Human.	D．Technology.

10 . When people learn to play video games, they are learning a new literacy. Of course, this is not the way the word “literacy” is normally used. Traditionally, people think of literacy as the ability to read and write. Why, then, should we think of literacy more broadly?

Nowadays, language is not the only important communication system. Images, graphs, diagrams and many other visual symbols are particularly significant. Thus, the idea of different types of “visual literacy” would seem to be an important one. For example, being able to read the images in advertising is one type of visual literacy.

Furthermore, very often today words and images of various sorts are juxtaposed in a variety of ways. In newspapers and magazines as well as in textbooks, images take up more and more of the space alongside words. In fact, in many modern high school and college textbooks, images not only take up more space, they now carry meanings that are independent of the words in the text. If you can’t read these images, you will not be able to understand their meanings from the words in the text as was more usual in the past.

Now there are different ways to read different types of texts. Literacy is multiple, then, in the sense that the legal literacy needed for reading law books is not the same as the literacy needed for reading physics texts or cartoon books. And we should not be too quick to dismiss the latter form of literacy. Many cartoon books are full of images that would make a modern literary critic’s heart beat fast and confuse any otherwise normal adult.

Once we see this multiplicity of literacy, we realize that when we think about reading and writing, we have to think beyond print. Reading and writing in any field, whether it is law, rap songs, academic essays or cartoon books, are not the only ways of decoding(解密) print. Video games are a new form of art. They will not replace books; they will sit beside them, interact with them, and change them and their role in society in various ways, as, indeed, they are already doing strongly with movies. We have no idea yet how people “read” video games, what meanings they make from them. Still less do we know how they will “read” them in the future.

1. What is the broad meaning of literacy?

A．The ability to read, write and view.

B．The ability to read, listen and play.

C．The ability to speak, write and think.

D．The ability to listen, speak and think.

2. What does the underlined word “juxtaposed” mean in Paragraph 3?

A．Put together.	B．Pulled out.
C．Taken away.	D．Replaced with.

3. How would cartoon books probably make a modern literary critic feel?

A．Proud.	B．Upset.
C．Grateful.	D．Curious.

4. The author says that video games _______________.

A．are too violent to risk experimenting with for the purposes of understanding literacy

B．are unrealistic and should not fall into the same categories as the other texts he describes

C．are not yet entirely understood in terms of literacy, but are already impacting other forms of expression such as filmmaking

D．are irrelevant in academic discussion because no one has yet determined how to explain the ways that people understand them

5. What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?

A．A historical explanation of the very first video game and its evolution.

B．A technological definition of video games, how they are made, and how they are played.

C．Examples of the way that some people currently interpret video games and what they mean to them.

D．A price comparison of video game consoles and whether or not quality has a direct impact on literacy.

6. In which section of a magazine may this text appear?

A．Education.	B．Health.
C．Advertisement.	D．Traveling.