1 . Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite.
Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this
After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them
In related work, the authors also show that the same model can
These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at
Representativeness helps describe
A.Consequently | B.Furthermore | C.Nevertheless | D.Meanwhile |
A.curious | B.controversial | C.concerned | D.optimistic |
A.In brief | B.By contrast | C.In addition | D.Without doubt |
A.engagement | B.concentration | C.puzzle | D.definition |
A.memorize | B.prioritize | C.modernize | D.fertilize |
A.representative | B.argumentative | C.executive | D.sensitive |
A.harsh | B.adaptable | C.crucial | D.rare |
A.cheers | B.disappoints | C.stabilizes | D.improves |
A.account for | B.count on | C.suffer from | D.hold up |
A.pouring | B.admitting | C.integrating | D.tempting |
A.pretend | B.afford | C.offer | D.tend |
A.effects | B.delights | C.intervals | D.codes |
A.companions | B.scales | C.expectations | D.findings |
A.necessity | B.involvement | C.perseverance | D.reluctance |
A.equivalent | B.exceptional | C.mysterious | D.distressing |
Japan’s robot revolution in senior care
Japan’s artificial intelligence expertise is transforming the elder care industry, with
The rapidly graying population
The long-standing shortage of professional care workers has encouraged the Japanese government
3 . Scientists know that the internal forces that generate Earth’s magnetic field (磁场) can change and that the strength of the field swings over time. This can lead to gradual shifts in the intensity and location of Earth’s magnetic north and south poles and even reversals where Earth’s magnetic poles trade places.
But are these geomagnetic events responsible for extreme weather, extinction, and even disasters? Claims that Earth’s magnetic field is responsible for climate change are widespread online, but scientists say the theory has no basis. “At this time there aren’t any credible mechanisms that could make it a possibility,” says Gavin Schmidt, a climatologist in New York.” It’s not that we’re ruling out magnetic effects on climate without thinking about it, we collectively have thought about it, and it’s been found devoid.
There are three north poles on Earth: true north, geomagnetic north, and magnetic north. True north is a fixed position on the globe that points directly towards the geographic North Pole. But geomagnetic north, currently located over Canada’s Ellesmere Island, is not a fixed point — it represents the northern axis (轴) of Earth’s magnetosphere and shifts from time to time. Magnetic north corresponds to magnetic field lines and is what your compass locates.
During a pole reversal, Earth’s magnetic north and south poles exchange locations. This happens on average every 300,000 years or so, but the last reversal occurred around 780.000 years ago. Some scientists have assumed that reversals and the corresponding decrease in strength of the magnetic field could cause a big problem that increased solar radiation was able to enter Earth’s atmosphere, altering ozone levels and driving global climate shifts and extinctions.
Kirk Johnson, a director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, has spent much of his career studying the extinction of dinosaurs. While analyzing fossil records and timelines surrounding his research, Johnson zeroed in on the magnetic reversal that occurred around 66.3million years ago.
Deep ocean samples revealed significant climate change around 66.3 million years ago. But this also coincides with a large volcanic eruption in India called the Deccan volcanism, which produced some of the longest lava (熔岩) flows on Earth. “We’ve always owed that transition to the carbon dioxide released by the Deccan volcanism and the increase of greenhouse gases,” says Johnson. “There are two things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan volcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. So that would be an example of coincidental climate change.”
1. The underlined word “devoid” in paragraph 2 probably means .A.fruitless | B.obvious | C.reasonable | D.misleading |
A.True north. | B.Geomagnetic north. | C.Magnetic north. | D.Geographic north |
A.The geomagnetic events are to blame for the climate change. |
B.The decrease in strength of the magnetic field resulted in extinction. |
C.The magnetic field is changing all the time with the climate warming. |
D.Internal forces which produce Earth’s magnetic field can alter over time |
A.A magnetic reversal doesn’t necessarily cause climate change. |
B.A magnetic reversal is accompanied with significant climate change |
C.The extinction of the dinosaurs is due to the magnetic reversal. |
D.Climate change is not relevant to the carbon dioxide emission. |
4 . Social Masking
Amanda is always an expert at working the room. She would adopt the manner of the people around her to fit in while hiding her true personality. This is social masking, the process of hiding your natural way of interacting with others so you can feel accepted.
In a world that often tells us to just be ourselves, you might wonder why we are still dependent on these social masking behaviors. “Social masking happens because we as a species want to be included,” says Tara. “It has been a tribal thing of being together rather than being on our own, from a historical perspective.
There is a huge difference between naturally identifying with someone and consciously social masking.
A.Social maskers do not try hard to match other people in pace and tone. |
B.Social masking is something we all engage in to some extent. |
C.Social maskers are not trying to fox anyone. |
D.When we are in natural identification with someone, it happens naturally, and there is very little effort involved. |
E.It’s adopted by people unable to naturally act in a way considered socially acceptable. |
F.That is, it’s an ancient part of our evolution to socialize, rather than be anti-social or a misfit. |
5 . Antibiotics, which can destroy or prevent the growth of bacteria and cure infections, are vital to modern medicine. Their ability to kill bacteria without harming the patient has saved billions of lives and made surgical procedures much safer. But after decades of overuse, their powers are fading. Some bacteria have evolved resistance, creating a growing army of superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrobial (抗菌的) resistance, expected to kill 10 million people a year by 2050 up from around 1 million in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
It would be unwise to rely on new antibiotics to solve the problem. The rate at which resistance emerges is increasing. Some new drugs last only two years before bacteria develop resistance. When new antibiotics do arrive, doctors often store them, using them only reluctantly and for short periods when faced with the most persistent infections. That limits sales, making new antibiotics an unappealing idea for most drug firms.
Governments have been trying to fix the problem by channeling cash into research in drug firms. That has produced only limited improvements. But there is a phenomenon worth a look. Microbiologists have known for decades that disease-causing bacteria can suffer from illnesses of their own. They are supersensitive to attacks by phages, specialized viruses that infect bacteria and often kill them. Phages are considered a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Using one disease-causing virus to fight bacteria has several advantages. Like antibiotics, phages only tend to choose particular targets, leaving human cells alone as they infect and destroy bacterial ones. Unlike antibiotics, phages can evolve just as readily as bacteria can, meaning that even if bacteria do develop resistance, phages may be able to evolve around them in turn.
That, at least, is the theory. The trouble with phages is that comparatively little is known about them. After the discovery of penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, they were largely ignored in the West. Given the severity of the antibiotic-resistance problem, it would be a good idea to find out more about them.
The first step is to run more clinical trials. Interest from Western firms is growing. But it is being held back by the fact that phages are an even less appealing investment than antibiotics. Since they are natural living things, there may be trouble patenting them, making it hard to recover any investment.
Governments can help fun d basic research into phage treatment and clarify the law around exactly what is and is not patentable. In time they can set up phage banks so as to make production cheaper. And they can spread awareness of the risks of overusing antibiotics, and the potential benefits of phages.
1. We can learn from paragraphs 1 and 2 that .A.doctors tend to use new antibiotics when the patients ask for them |
B.antimicrobial resistance is developing more rapidly than predicted |
C.new antibiotics fail to attract drug firms due to limited use of them |
D.previous antibiotics are effective in solving modern health problems |
A.They can increase human cells when fighting bacteria. |
B.They are not particular about which cells to infect and kill. |
C.They can evolve accordingly when bacteria develop resistance. |
D.They are too sensitive to be infected by disease-causing bacteria. |
A.there is little chance of patenting phages in the future |
B.governments provide financial support for other research |
C.the emergence of superbugs holds back drug firms’ interest |
D.over-dependence on antibiotics distracts attention from phages |
A.Governments fail to stop the use of antibiotics. |
B.Phages could help prevent an antibiotics crisis. |
C.Development of antibiotics is limited by phages. |
D.Antimicrobial resistance calls for new antibiotics. |
Buy Now, Pay Later Spending
Buy now, pay later(BNPL) spending is expected to rise to record levels this holiday season. With so many young “buy now, pay later” shoppers already in debt from this short-term financing tool not requiring interest, questions emerge: Why do these shoppers use such a tool? And what risks does it pose to their budgets in the months
The many Generation Z and millennials (typically around 40 years and younger) tend to use this short-term financing,
However, since BNPL
Life May Actually Flash Before Your Eyes on Death
New data from a scientific “accident” has suggested that life may actually flash before our eyes as we die.
A team of scientists set out to measure the brainwaves of an 87-year-old patient who
It revealed that in the 30 seconds before and after, the man’s brainwaves followed the same patterns as dreaming or recalling memories. Brain activity of this sort could suggest that a final “recall of life” may occur in a person’s last moments, the team wrote in their study,
Dr Ajmal Zemmar, a co-author of the study, said that what the team, then based in Vancouver, Canada, accidentally got,
Dr Zemmar, now a neurosurgeon at the University of Louisville, said in the 30 seconds
8 . Why working from anywhere isn’t realistic
For most white-collar workers, it used to be very simple. Home was the place you left to go to work. The office was almost certainly where you were
The pandemic has thrown these neat
Another set of obstacles is more
The option to work from anywhere will be most attractive to people who have well-paid jobs and fewer
Adding it to the menu of working options for sought-after employees
A.heading | B.resisting | C.worrying | D.navigating |
A.demanded | B.modified | C.defined | D.served |
A.programs | B.means | C.cases | D.categories |
A.merely | B.properly | C.responsibly | D.remotely |
A.However | B.Therefore | C.Instead | D.Besides |
A.isolated | B.unrestricted | C.complicated | D.distinguished |
A.principles | B.insights | C.barriers | D.arguments |
A.In other words | B.On the contrary | C.What’s more | D.After all |
A.compensation | B.enforcement | C.pressure | D.sympathy |
A.distinct | B.complicated | C.personal | D.unnoticeable |
A.realize | B.escape | C.disappear | D.make |
A.visions | B.outlooks | C.perspectives | D.obligations |
A.jealousy | B.cooperation | C.appreciation | D.interaction |
A.takes time | B.steals the show | C.makes sense | D.works wonders |
A.review | B.blueprint | C.source | D.sacrifice |
9 . Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Will Plant-based Protein Continue to be an Appetizer in Food World?
A good vegan milk needs to look like milk and taste like milk, whether it’s a fatty version, preferred by bakers, or a skimmed one, favored by the health-conscious. For years, manufacturers of plant-based protein have had trouble hacking this delicate imitation game and it seems that they are winning back a bit. The global revenues (收益) from alternative proteins could reach $290 billion by 2035 and that is a cautious estimate. However, can it last?
Unlike those early products, which were neither terribly tasty nor particularly nutritious, cleaver (剁肉刀) processing improves textures, additives boost taste and a pinch of specially engineered peas and beans adds nutrient in the latest products. Still, ultra-processed substitutes seldom match animal proteins in nutritional value. Animal products, including milk, are better for children’s bone development, though lab- grown versions of meat or dairy are becoming more nutritious. Meanwhile, green-minded consumers are realizing that plant-based does not necessarily mean sustainable in that it still takes a lot to obtain raw materials. Farming almonds (杏仁) to make a milk-like drink, for example, uses huge quantities of water.
Plant-based proteins are also a tough sell in giant markets like India, where diets are already rich in plants and vegetables, or Nigera, where meat-eating is a sign of wealth. That limits their global appeal.
All these suggests that alternative proteins have far to go to replace the animal kind. The limitations may be weighing on the firms involved. Oatly’s market value has fallen by about 80% since its listing, partly because of production difficulties. That of Beyond Meat, whose burgers feature in McDonald’s latest menu, is down by 90% from its peak. Plant-based foods may no longer be only an appetizer in diets, but their maker remain one in food business.
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10 . Back in 1930, the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have
One of the things Keynes underestimated is the human desire to
Thanks to computerization and globalization in the 1980s, managers could demand more of employees under the
But far from delivering productivity, value, or personal fulfillment, overwork has been proven to lead to burnout, stress, greater risk of heart disease and even shorter lifespans.
Besides making us work longer hours from home, COVID-19 has also
There are
Those whose work falls outside the caring, cleaning or creative field will still work in future, just
A.declined | B.increased | C.continued | D.kept |
A.disagree | B.compete | C.cooperate | D.identify |
A.working | B.tough | C.leisure | D.active |
A.fantasy | B.influence | C.threat | D.impression |
A.joy | B.cash | C.ambition | D.pressure |
A.excitedly | B.willingly | C.dramatically | D.hopefully |
A.Otherwise | B.Still | C.Furthermore | D.Therefore |
A.speeded up | B.followed up | C.prepared for | D.planned for |
A.overwork | B.labour | C.automation | D.science |
A.dreams | B.models | C.expectations | D.exceptions |
A.cause | B.cease | C.survive | D.undergo |
A.caring | B.cleaning | C.curing | D.coaching |
A.assist | B.exist | C.believe | D.understand |
A.hardly | B.differently | C.unfortunately | D.probably |
A.lost | B.recovered | C.substituted | D.created |